Gilchrist, J.
It is contended that the use of the horse by Butters, from the time of the first to the time of the second attachment, was ipso fado a dissolution of the first attachment. The case of Dunklee vs. Pales, 5 N. H. Rep. 527, is often referred to as an authority in favor of the position, that wherever goods attached are permitted to return to the possession of the debtor, the attachment is ipso fado dissolved, so that any other creditor may attach and hold them. Indeed, such is the language of Richardson, C. J., in pronouncing the judgment of the court.
It may be well to enquire, what was the precise question in Dunklee vs. Pales, and what point it was necessary to decide. In that case, the property of Taylor was attached and bailed to the plaintiff', who locked it up in a chamber in Taylor’s house, the key of which he retained. He after-wards gave the key to Taylor, who used the property as before the attachment. It was then attached upon another writ against Taylor, by the defendant, Fales, who removed it, and thereupon Dunklee brought an action of trover against him. The second attaching creditor had notice that a previous attachment had been made.
The question, therefore, was whether, when goods attached are found in the possession of the debtor, another creditor, who knows that an attachment of them has been made, may, by another officer, attach and hold the property. The judgment of the court, was, that he might, and that conclusion [506]*506settled the case. The language used by the court is : “ the attachment is ipso facto dissolved, so that any other creditor may attach and hold them.” It was unnecessary to go farther, or to determine whether the attachment were dissolved as to all persons. Now, what is meant by the words ipso facto, in this connection? If they mean only, that by the fact itself of permitting them to return into the possession of the debtor, the attachment is so far dissolved that another creditor may attach them, it is well enough, for the words mean no more than that. They have, of themselves, no peculiar significance beyond that which may be expressed by their literal translation into English. But if the court intended to convey the idea that in all cases where the debtor should be permitted by the bailee to regain possession of the goods, the prior attachment would be dissolved in toto, so that no person could retain any rights under it, we think the position too broad. Such, however, is the ground taken in the argument, but it is inconsistent with the principles recognized by this court in various decisions. We have settled that, notwithstanding the bailment, either the sheriff or the bailee may maintain an action for the property ; the former, because of his special property and right of possession ; the latter, because of his special property and actual possession, Poole vs. Symonds, 1 N. H. Rep. 289. The sheriff may, at his pleasure, re-take the goods into his actual custody, Odiorne vs. Colley, 2 N, H. Rep. 70 ; and this power he possesses, even when his bailee has permitted the property to go into the possession of the defendant. Sinclair vs. Tarbox, 2 N. H. Rep. 135 ; Whitney vs. Farwell, 10 N. H. Rep. 9. The attachment, then, is not entirely dissolved, merely because the property goes into the hands of the debtor; for, if it were, the sheriff could not reclaim it, as he may do now. Nor is the mere fact that the debtor has used the property, enough, according to very respectable authorities, to vacate the attachment. In Baldwin vs. Jackson, 12 Mass. 131, where property attached was put into [507]*507the possession of a boarder in the debtor’s house, and the debtor was permitted to use it, but there was no design to cover the property by a pretended attachment, it was held that the attachment was not dissolved as to a second attaching creditor, who knew of the first attachment. And in Train vs. Wellington. 12 Mass. 495, it was held that the use, by the debtor and his family, of goods attached, by permission of the officer, or his servant, did not dissolve the attachment. Analogous to these cases is that of Latimer vs. Batson, 6 B. & C. 652. There, goods were sold under & fieri facias, and the creditor took a bill of sale of them from the sheriff, and sold them to B., who put a man into possession • but the goods remained in the debtor’s house, and were used by him, as before. Tt was held, that if the jury believed that B. bona fide purchased and paid for the goods with his own money, the sale was good, though the debtor used them, against a seizure by another creditor; Abbott, C. J., remarking, that possession was much to be regarded, but that was with a view to ascertain the good or bad faith of the transaction.
The mere fact, then, that the property is used by the debtor, would not seem to be enough to dissolve the attachment, so that another officer could acquire a lien upon it, particularly where he knew there was a subsisting attachment. The knowledge must, it is true, extend beyond the fact that the goods had been once under attachment. What act, what species of possession, and what degree of vigilance, will constitute legal custody, is often a question of difficulty, depending on a variety of circumstances, having respect to the nature and situation of the property, and the purposes for which custody and vigilance are required ; and especially, to the notice to other officers, and persons having conflicting claims. Sanderson vs. Edwards, 16 Pick. 144. But where goods attached were put into the debtor’s store, but the sheriff did not keep the key, and had no control over the store, nor any possession by any one as his servant, for thirty or forty days [508]*508after the goods were put there, the attachment was held to be lost, as against another officer, who knew these facts. Bagley vs. White, 4 Pick. 398. And where the property is in possession of the owner, and there is no evidence of any attachment upon it, it is liable to be attached by any officer ignorant of a prior attachment. Bruce vs. Holden, 21 Pick. 190. But where the sheriff takes the key of the store where the goods are, though no keeper be placed over them, yet a second officer, knowing of the first attachment, cannot attach them. Denny vs. Warren, 16 Mass. 420. And it is a question of fact, whether the first attaching officer have abandoned the attachment, or have conducted so negligently as to forfeit his rights. Gordon vs. Jenney, 16 Mass. 465.
The cases referred to show that wherever there are conflicting attachments, the knowledge by the officer that the goods have been attached has an important bearing upon his rights. On this point the principles deducible from the cases seem to be these : Where the officer finds property in the possession of the debtor, the mere knowledge on his part that the property has been attached will not prevent him from making a valid attachment of it. This was all the knowledge possessed by the defendant in the case of Dunklee vs. Pales. But if he know that there is a subsisting attachment, and an unrescinded contract of bailment, although the debtor might at the time have the possession of the property, he cannot acquire a lien by attaching it. And these principles are not unreasonable.
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Gilchrist, J.
It is contended that the use of the horse by Butters, from the time of the first to the time of the second attachment, was ipso fado a dissolution of the first attachment. The case of Dunklee vs. Pales, 5 N. H. Rep. 527, is often referred to as an authority in favor of the position, that wherever goods attached are permitted to return to the possession of the debtor, the attachment is ipso fado dissolved, so that any other creditor may attach and hold them. Indeed, such is the language of Richardson, C. J., in pronouncing the judgment of the court.
It may be well to enquire, what was the precise question in Dunklee vs. Pales, and what point it was necessary to decide. In that case, the property of Taylor was attached and bailed to the plaintiff', who locked it up in a chamber in Taylor’s house, the key of which he retained. He after-wards gave the key to Taylor, who used the property as before the attachment. It was then attached upon another writ against Taylor, by the defendant, Fales, who removed it, and thereupon Dunklee brought an action of trover against him. The second attaching creditor had notice that a previous attachment had been made.
The question, therefore, was whether, when goods attached are found in the possession of the debtor, another creditor, who knows that an attachment of them has been made, may, by another officer, attach and hold the property. The judgment of the court, was, that he might, and that conclusion [506]*506settled the case. The language used by the court is : “ the attachment is ipso facto dissolved, so that any other creditor may attach and hold them.” It was unnecessary to go farther, or to determine whether the attachment were dissolved as to all persons. Now, what is meant by the words ipso facto, in this connection? If they mean only, that by the fact itself of permitting them to return into the possession of the debtor, the attachment is so far dissolved that another creditor may attach them, it is well enough, for the words mean no more than that. They have, of themselves, no peculiar significance beyond that which may be expressed by their literal translation into English. But if the court intended to convey the idea that in all cases where the debtor should be permitted by the bailee to regain possession of the goods, the prior attachment would be dissolved in toto, so that no person could retain any rights under it, we think the position too broad. Such, however, is the ground taken in the argument, but it is inconsistent with the principles recognized by this court in various decisions. We have settled that, notwithstanding the bailment, either the sheriff or the bailee may maintain an action for the property ; the former, because of his special property and right of possession ; the latter, because of his special property and actual possession, Poole vs. Symonds, 1 N. H. Rep. 289. The sheriff may, at his pleasure, re-take the goods into his actual custody, Odiorne vs. Colley, 2 N, H. Rep. 70 ; and this power he possesses, even when his bailee has permitted the property to go into the possession of the defendant. Sinclair vs. Tarbox, 2 N. H. Rep. 135 ; Whitney vs. Farwell, 10 N. H. Rep. 9. The attachment, then, is not entirely dissolved, merely because the property goes into the hands of the debtor; for, if it were, the sheriff could not reclaim it, as he may do now. Nor is the mere fact that the debtor has used the property, enough, according to very respectable authorities, to vacate the attachment. In Baldwin vs. Jackson, 12 Mass. 131, where property attached was put into [507]*507the possession of a boarder in the debtor’s house, and the debtor was permitted to use it, but there was no design to cover the property by a pretended attachment, it was held that the attachment was not dissolved as to a second attaching creditor, who knew of the first attachment. And in Train vs. Wellington. 12 Mass. 495, it was held that the use, by the debtor and his family, of goods attached, by permission of the officer, or his servant, did not dissolve the attachment. Analogous to these cases is that of Latimer vs. Batson, 6 B. & C. 652. There, goods were sold under & fieri facias, and the creditor took a bill of sale of them from the sheriff, and sold them to B., who put a man into possession • but the goods remained in the debtor’s house, and were used by him, as before. Tt was held, that if the jury believed that B. bona fide purchased and paid for the goods with his own money, the sale was good, though the debtor used them, against a seizure by another creditor; Abbott, C. J., remarking, that possession was much to be regarded, but that was with a view to ascertain the good or bad faith of the transaction.
The mere fact, then, that the property is used by the debtor, would not seem to be enough to dissolve the attachment, so that another officer could acquire a lien upon it, particularly where he knew there was a subsisting attachment. The knowledge must, it is true, extend beyond the fact that the goods had been once under attachment. What act, what species of possession, and what degree of vigilance, will constitute legal custody, is often a question of difficulty, depending on a variety of circumstances, having respect to the nature and situation of the property, and the purposes for which custody and vigilance are required ; and especially, to the notice to other officers, and persons having conflicting claims. Sanderson vs. Edwards, 16 Pick. 144. But where goods attached were put into the debtor’s store, but the sheriff did not keep the key, and had no control over the store, nor any possession by any one as his servant, for thirty or forty days [508]*508after the goods were put there, the attachment was held to be lost, as against another officer, who knew these facts. Bagley vs. White, 4 Pick. 398. And where the property is in possession of the owner, and there is no evidence of any attachment upon it, it is liable to be attached by any officer ignorant of a prior attachment. Bruce vs. Holden, 21 Pick. 190. But where the sheriff takes the key of the store where the goods are, though no keeper be placed over them, yet a second officer, knowing of the first attachment, cannot attach them. Denny vs. Warren, 16 Mass. 420. And it is a question of fact, whether the first attaching officer have abandoned the attachment, or have conducted so negligently as to forfeit his rights. Gordon vs. Jenney, 16 Mass. 465.
The cases referred to show that wherever there are conflicting attachments, the knowledge by the officer that the goods have been attached has an important bearing upon his rights. On this point the principles deducible from the cases seem to be these : Where the officer finds property in the possession of the debtor, the mere knowledge on his part that the property has been attached will not prevent him from making a valid attachment of it. This was all the knowledge possessed by the defendant in the case of Dunklee vs. Pales. But if he know that there is a subsisting attachment, and an unrescinded contract of bailment, although the debtor might at the time have the possession of the property, he cannot acquire a lien by attaching it. And these principles are not unreasonable. If the officer find property in the possession of the debtor, and know only that it has once been attached, he might well presume that it was there, because the suit had been compromised and the attachment dissolved. But if he know that the attachment and the bailment still subsist, and that the property is in the hands of the debtor merely for his temporary convenience, he will not be misled, and can make no such presumption.
If these principles be correct, in cases where attachments [509]*509are made by different officers, they will apply with still greater force to the case before us. There is not a single fact which might enable another officer to make a valid attachment of which this plaintiff can avail himself. In the first place, while he held the defendant’s contract to deliver the horse to him on demand, he seized and'sold the horse upon another process, without making any demand on the defendant. This is a plain rescission of the contract of bailment; a more unequivocal one cannot be imagined. In the second place, he knew that the debt had not been paid ; that the attachment had not been dissolved ; that the horse was used by Butters merely for his temporary convenience, and that at the time the horse was seized and sold, there was an unrescinded contract of bailment in his hands. None of the circumstances, then, exist which would authorize an attachment, even by another officer.
The plaintiff is met, also, by another difficulty. This is an action of trover, and a conversion must be proved. But the defendant has not converted the property. The sale was by the plaintiff, and that before any demand was made upon the defendant, and while the horse was still in the keeping of Gove. The plaintiff has seized and sold the horse, so that the defendant could not deliver him, and now brings his suit because the defendant has not done that which the plaintiff has rendered it impossible for him to do, and which he might have done, had it not been for the act of the plaintiff. Upon no ground, therefore, can the action be maintained.
It may be said, that as this suit was brought to enforce the lien created by the first attachment, this result is a hardship upon the first attaching creditor. But the care of his rights was entrusted to the plaintiff, his agent; and if that agent have so conducted as to sacrifice any of those rights, the creditor has his remedy against him. It does not follow, because this suit cannot be maintained, that the tenefit of the first attachment must be lost. The course, however, [510]*510necessary to be pursued by the creditor, is not to be inquired into in this case. But the plaintiff cannot be permitted, as the second attaching officer, to say that the first attachment was dissolved, because he, as the first attaching officer, or his agent, had permitted the property to go into the possession of the debtor, to apply the proceeds of the sale in satisfaction of the second debt, and then call on the defendant for the value of the property, to satisfy the first debt. The property should not be made to perform this double duty, at the expense of the defendant. It was not necessary for the plaintiff to pursue the course he adopted. Under the first attachment, he might have taken the horse from the possession of the debtor, as well as from the possession of the receipter, (Whitney vs. Farwell, 10 N. H. Rep. 9 ;) and it might then have been sold to satisfy the debts in the order of the attachments.
Nor has the second attaching creditor any reason to complain. All the facts relating to the transaction were known to the plaintiff, his agent, and notice to the officer is notice to the creditor in such case.
Judgment for the defendant.