Opinion by Mr. Justice Catón :
We will dispose of the questions arising in this case, in the order in which they have been presented upon the argument. On the 23d of May, 1840, Mr. McDowell, the former guardian of Elizabeth and Julia Ann, presented to the Probate Court a resignation of his guardianship, which that Court accepted, and revoked his letters of guardianship, and appointed Thomas Drum guardian of the same wards. It is objected that the former guardian had no right to resign; that the Probate Court could not legally accept his resignation and appoint a successor, and that hence the appointment of Drum was a nullity. It may be admitted, that until the passage of the law of the 13th of April, 1849, a guardian could not, as a matter of right, resign his trust; nor, it is most probable, would the mere acceptance of the resignation, of itself, vacate the office. But we think that under the power given by the seventh section of chapter forty-seven, of Revised Statutes, the Court might consider a resignation a sufficient cause for removal. That section provides, that “the Court of Probate, in all cases, shall have power to remove guardians, for good and sufficient reasons, which shall be entered on record, and to appoint others in their place,” &c. Now it may be well to remember, in the outset, that the objections which are presented to the action of the Probate Court, as also of the Circuit Court, are urged in a collateral proceeding, and not upon an appeal to reverse those orders and proceedings. That the Court of Probate had power to remove the guardian, for good and sufficient reason, is clear, for it is so expressly written j but the statute does not specify any particular reasons, but leaves the sufficiency of the cause with that Court. Admitting that upon an appeal the sufficiency of the reasons might be inquired into, yet, in this collateral action, we are certain that we cannot pronounce them insufficient. That Court had jurisdiction to remove, and was called upon to exercise its judgment, on the sufficiency of the reasons for the removal; and its judgment is valid and binding, until it is reversed, no matter how erroneously the Court may have judged in the exercise of its jurisdiction. The Probate Court considered the resignation sufficient cause for the removal, for immediately it proceeded to revoke the letters of guardianship, which necessarily operated as a removal of the guardian. The appointment of Drum was made in a proper case, and he was a legal guardian, unless the other objections to his appointment shall be sustained.
At the time of Drum’s appointment, one of the wards was nine and the other eleven years of age, and his letter of appointment expressed to be for the full term, until they should respectively attain the ages of eighteen years. It is objected, that here was an excess of jurisdiction, exercised by the Probate Court, and for that reason the appointment was void. Were we to admit that the guardianship of one who is appointed while the ward is within the age of choice, cannot continue beyond that period, still we do not think it would entirely vitiate the appointment, because it professed to be for too long a time. Within the time for which he might have been appointed, his acts would be good. It is not like the case of a lease made by a guardian of the ward’s estate, for a longer term than he had authority to lease it. In such case, the lease might be void, as' being in express violation of the law; and there is a manifest reason why it might not be binding; for the entire term would enter into and constitute one of the principal moving considerations for the tenancy. When void for a part of the term, it might well be considered of no validity. But no such consideration enters into the appointment of a guardian. The letter of appointment might fix its duration, until it should be revoked; and yet, because that might never happen, it would be unreasonable to say that the appointment was good for nothing. That objection, at least, is untenable. Now let us see whether the appointment necessarily ceases when the ward arrives at the age of choice. This appointment was made under the first section of our statute which provides : “ Courts of Probate, in their respective counties, shall admit orphan minors, above the age of fourteen years, the father being dead, to make choice of guardians, and appoint guardians for such as are under the age of fourteen years.” The next section requires the Court of Probate, when informed that there is a minor within the county, over fourteen years of age, without a guardian, to notify the infant to appear and choose a guardian; and if he refuses to do so, the Court shall appoint one for him, the same as if the minor were under that age. The question in this case arises under the first section, and it might admit of a reasonable doubt, whether the right of choice is given to a minor, after he arrives at the age of fourteen, if he then has a guardian holding under a previous appointment. The statute certainly does not limit the appointment to that time, nor does it say that after that time the minor may choose another guardian in place of the former. However, as the statute was framed upon the supposition that, at the age of fourteen, the minor is of sufficient discretion to choose a guardian, and as that discretion would not be likely to be impaired by his having a guardian before that time, we may consider it a part of the policy of the law to allow minors, in all cases, to make choice of guardians, after that time. But there is no intimation that, until that right is exercised, the former appointment shall be superseded. But the reverse may be fairly .intended, from the expressions and provisions of both sections. The first section says, the Court shall admit the minor of the age of fourteen to make choice, &c. ISiow it is under this section, if at all, that minors, having guardians, .may, when they attain that age, have the right to choose others ; and, at most, they are admitted to do so. The Court is not required to call upon them to make a choice, nor is the Court authorized, in case they do not choose, to make appointments, as is provided for another class of cases in the next section. So that, unless the old guardian holds over, the minor will be without a guardian, until the infant shall appear in Court and make a choice. We think it is manifest that the second section was never intended to embrace a case where a guardian had once been appointed. That section provides, that whenever it shall be represented to the Court that there is, within the county, an orphan minor, over the age of fourteen years, who has not a guardian, he shall be notified to appear and choose a guardian; and if he does not do so, the Court shall appoint a guardian for him, “ as if said minor were under the age of fourteen years.55 This evidently contemplates a new case, of which the Court has had.no.previous jurisdiction or knowledge ; and it even seems to require'ibe representation of a third person to set the Court in motion, aníLis not a case where the minor has been under the supervisory control of the Court. Under this section, if the minor refuse to choose, the Court shall appoint, as if the infant had not attained the age of choice. And, in such a case, how long shall the appointment continue ? In terms, at least, until the minor shall attain his majority, and undoubtedly the guardian might continue till that time, unless the infant should sooner choose another, if he should be held to have that right.
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Opinion by Mr. Justice Catón :
We will dispose of the questions arising in this case, in the order in which they have been presented upon the argument. On the 23d of May, 1840, Mr. McDowell, the former guardian of Elizabeth and Julia Ann, presented to the Probate Court a resignation of his guardianship, which that Court accepted, and revoked his letters of guardianship, and appointed Thomas Drum guardian of the same wards. It is objected that the former guardian had no right to resign; that the Probate Court could not legally accept his resignation and appoint a successor, and that hence the appointment of Drum was a nullity. It may be admitted, that until the passage of the law of the 13th of April, 1849, a guardian could not, as a matter of right, resign his trust; nor, it is most probable, would the mere acceptance of the resignation, of itself, vacate the office. But we think that under the power given by the seventh section of chapter forty-seven, of Revised Statutes, the Court might consider a resignation a sufficient cause for removal. That section provides, that “the Court of Probate, in all cases, shall have power to remove guardians, for good and sufficient reasons, which shall be entered on record, and to appoint others in their place,” &c. Now it may be well to remember, in the outset, that the objections which are presented to the action of the Probate Court, as also of the Circuit Court, are urged in a collateral proceeding, and not upon an appeal to reverse those orders and proceedings. That the Court of Probate had power to remove the guardian, for good and sufficient reason, is clear, for it is so expressly written j but the statute does not specify any particular reasons, but leaves the sufficiency of the cause with that Court. Admitting that upon an appeal the sufficiency of the reasons might be inquired into, yet, in this collateral action, we are certain that we cannot pronounce them insufficient. That Court had jurisdiction to remove, and was called upon to exercise its judgment, on the sufficiency of the reasons for the removal; and its judgment is valid and binding, until it is reversed, no matter how erroneously the Court may have judged in the exercise of its jurisdiction. The Probate Court considered the resignation sufficient cause for the removal, for immediately it proceeded to revoke the letters of guardianship, which necessarily operated as a removal of the guardian. The appointment of Drum was made in a proper case, and he was a legal guardian, unless the other objections to his appointment shall be sustained.
At the time of Drum’s appointment, one of the wards was nine and the other eleven years of age, and his letter of appointment expressed to be for the full term, until they should respectively attain the ages of eighteen years. It is objected, that here was an excess of jurisdiction, exercised by the Probate Court, and for that reason the appointment was void. Were we to admit that the guardianship of one who is appointed while the ward is within the age of choice, cannot continue beyond that period, still we do not think it would entirely vitiate the appointment, because it professed to be for too long a time. Within the time for which he might have been appointed, his acts would be good. It is not like the case of a lease made by a guardian of the ward’s estate, for a longer term than he had authority to lease it. In such case, the lease might be void, as' being in express violation of the law; and there is a manifest reason why it might not be binding; for the entire term would enter into and constitute one of the principal moving considerations for the tenancy. When void for a part of the term, it might well be considered of no validity. But no such consideration enters into the appointment of a guardian. The letter of appointment might fix its duration, until it should be revoked; and yet, because that might never happen, it would be unreasonable to say that the appointment was good for nothing. That objection, at least, is untenable. Now let us see whether the appointment necessarily ceases when the ward arrives at the age of choice. This appointment was made under the first section of our statute which provides : “ Courts of Probate, in their respective counties, shall admit orphan minors, above the age of fourteen years, the father being dead, to make choice of guardians, and appoint guardians for such as are under the age of fourteen years.” The next section requires the Court of Probate, when informed that there is a minor within the county, over fourteen years of age, without a guardian, to notify the infant to appear and choose a guardian; and if he refuses to do so, the Court shall appoint one for him, the same as if the minor were under that age. The question in this case arises under the first section, and it might admit of a reasonable doubt, whether the right of choice is given to a minor, after he arrives at the age of fourteen, if he then has a guardian holding under a previous appointment. The statute certainly does not limit the appointment to that time, nor does it say that after that time the minor may choose another guardian in place of the former. However, as the statute was framed upon the supposition that, at the age of fourteen, the minor is of sufficient discretion to choose a guardian, and as that discretion would not be likely to be impaired by his having a guardian before that time, we may consider it a part of the policy of the law to allow minors, in all cases, to make choice of guardians, after that time. But there is no intimation that, until that right is exercised, the former appointment shall be superseded. But the reverse may be fairly .intended, from the expressions and provisions of both sections. The first section says, the Court shall admit the minor of the age of fourteen to make choice, &c. ISiow it is under this section, if at all, that minors, having guardians, .may, when they attain that age, have the right to choose others ; and, at most, they are admitted to do so. The Court is not required to call upon them to make a choice, nor is the Court authorized, in case they do not choose, to make appointments, as is provided for another class of cases in the next section. So that, unless the old guardian holds over, the minor will be without a guardian, until the infant shall appear in Court and make a choice. We think it is manifest that the second section was never intended to embrace a case where a guardian had once been appointed. That section provides, that whenever it shall be represented to the Court that there is, within the county, an orphan minor, over the age of fourteen years, who has not a guardian, he shall be notified to appear and choose a guardian; and if he does not do so, the Court shall appoint a guardian for him, “ as if said minor were under the age of fourteen years.55 This evidently contemplates a new case, of which the Court has had.no.previous jurisdiction or knowledge ; and it even seems to require'ibe representation of a third person to set the Court in motion, aníLis not a case where the minor has been under the supervisory control of the Court. Under this section, if the minor refuse to choose, the Court shall appoint, as if the infant had not attained the age of choice. And, in such a case, how long shall the appointment continue ? In terms, at least, until the minor shall attain his majority, and undoubtedly the guardian might continue till that time, unless the infant should sooner choose another, if he should be held to have that right. If sueh must be the terms of such an appointment, why should they be variant, where the infant is under fourteen, when the statute says that the appointment, in that case, shall be the same as in this? We entertain no doubt, that it was the intention of the Legislature that a guardian appointed for an infant under the age of fourteen, should continue in his appointment after that time, unless superseded, by one selected by the infant himself. There are no terms of limitation in the act, and nothing from which a necessary limitation can be inferred. At most, we may infer that the Legislature intended to admit the ward to choose another, if he should see fit to exercise that right. And the policy of such a provision cannot be doubted. By this construction, no interregnum would occur, either from necessity or inadvertence, and it is the policy of the law that every infant shall be constantly provided with a guardian, to take care of his person and to superintend his estate. We have not thought it necessary to go into an examination of the learning displayed at the bar, relating to the different kinds of guardians known at the common law, and their incidents, rights and duties, nor yet to review the decisions of the Courts of other states—all made upon statutes materially differing from ours, for, at last, we should return from our research with but little light to aid us in the construction of our own statutes, and it-is upon that the decision of the question must at last depend.
We hold, then, that Drum was the legal guardian of these minors, and we will address ourselves to the examination of the third objection, which, to our apprehension, presents more difficulties. This relates to the proceedings before the Circuit Court which granted the order under which the premises were sold. This proceeding was under the tenth section of the statute already-referred to, which provides, that “the Circuit Court may, for just and reasonable cause, being satisfied that the guardian has faithfully applied all the personal estate, order the sale of the real estate of the ward, on the application of the guardian, by petition, in writing, stating the facts,” &c. That section, after providing for the notices, proceeds, “ such order may enable the guardian to sell and convey the real estate, for the support and education of the ward, or to invest the proceeds in other real estate.” This is a proceeding not according to the course of the common law, but is a special jurisdiction, conferred by the statute, and, although in a Court of general common law and chancery jurisdiction, yet when the Court undertakes to exercise this extraordinary jurisdiction, which is not in conformity to either, it must appear upon the face of the record or proceeding itself, that the contingency existed, or at least, was alleged, which authorized it to proceed under the statute, and make the order. Upon a cursory examination of the many decisions which were produced upon the argument, where this question has been elaborately discussed by learned Courts, great incongruity might be supposed to exist in the opinions of different judges, yet upon a more studied investigation, it will be found that they all agree in stating substantially the same rule, and the apparent discrepancy will be found to have originated in the fact, that the force of the argument is always directed either for or against the jurisdiction, according as the decision may be one way or the other. They all agree that enough must appear, either in the application or the order, or, at least, somewhere upon the face of the proceeding, to call upon the Court to proceed to act; and all agree, that when that does appear, then the Court has properly acquired jurisdiction, or, in other words, is properly set to work. When the jurisdiction is thus established, and the Court is authorized to hear, it follows, as a necessary consequence, that it is authorized to adjudge, and that judgment being thus entered by authority of law, no matter how erroneous it may be, or even absurd—though it be made in palpable violation of the law itself, and manifestly against the evidence—is, nevertheless, binding upon all whom the law says shall be bound by it, that is, upon all parties and privies to it, until it is reversed in a regular proceeding for that purpose. While it remains a judgment, it cannot be inquired into, nor its regularity questioned, in any collateral proceeding. In another action the inquiry is not whether the Court acted properly, but had it a right to act at all? Was the judgment rendered in the exercise of an usurped power, or of a conferred authority ? If the former, the whole proceeding is utterly void, every where. If the latter, it is always obligatory, till reversed. The rule, then, is a very simple one, and, ordinarily, of easy application. The inquiry is not whether the proof was sufficient, but was such a case presented to the Court as called upon it, under the statute, to act, to deliberate, and to decide? Was its aid properly invoked? If'so, then the Court acted within its jurisdiction, and every presumption is in favor of its judgment. Indeed, nothing can be alleged against it now.
This statute is far from possessing that clearness, or even consistency, in reason and expression, which might be desired in one of its character and importance ; still we must give if the most reasonable construction of which it will admit, endeavoring, on the one hand, to prevent the rights of infants from being wantonly sacrificed, in violation of the law, and, on the other, to protect the rights of innocent purchasers, when acquired in good faith, under the law. The statute sets out with authorizing the Court, “ for just and reasonable cause, being satisfied that the guardian has faithfully applied all the personal estate,” to order the real estate to be sold; and in a subsequent part of the section, it provides that the sale may be ordered for either of two purposes: first, for the support and education of the ward, and, second, that the proceeds of the sale may be invested in other real estate. Now, by the literal expressions of the act, it might seem that the personal estate must be exhausted before a sale could be ordered, where the sole object was to invest the proceeds in other real estate, but we can hardly believe that such could have been the design of the Legislature, for, certainly, the existence of personal estate could have nothing to do in determining the question whether the interest of the ward would be promoted by a change of the investment in real estate. It would seem to be more reasonable to suppose that the “just and reasonable cause,” which is required to be shown, and the facts of which the statute requires to be stated in the petition, should govern the Court in determining whether the interest of the ward required a change of the investment, without regard to the existence of personal estate. But it is unnecessary to discuss the difficulties which may be found in that part of the statute, or to undertake to explain them, for in this case the application for the sale was not made for the purpose of investing the proceeds in other real estate.
After stating the guardianship, and that the premises belonged to the wards, the petition shows, “ that at the time of the said appointment, nor at any time since, has there come into the hands or possession of your petitioner any personal property of his said wards,” and “ that there is no money, personal property, or means in his hands, for the further support, maintenance or education of his said wards; and that it has, therefore, become necessary, for their support and education, and will be conducive to their interests, to have the same, or some part thereof, sold,” &c. These are the reasons, and these the purposes, for which an order for the sale of these premises was asked; and the sufficiency of these is not impaired by the further statement, that the guardian had already made large advances out of his own funds, for their support and maintenance, and. that there were no means for reimbursing him. The petition does not ask that any portion of the proceeds of the sale should be applied in payment of those advances. In the prayer of the petition, the Court is asked to order a sale of the property, “ for the support and education of his said wards,” and no other purpose is expressed, either in the petition or in the order of the Court. This petition, the averments of which the Court found to be true, states every thing which the statute requires to give the Court jurisdiction, except that instead of averring “ that the guardian has faithfully applied all the personal estate,” it states that no personal property of the wards had ever come to his hands. We do not think this departure from the expressions of the statute fatal to the jurisdiction of the Court, although it must be admitted that the averment is somewhat equivocal. The meaning of the statute is, that the guardian should have faithfully applied all of the accessible personal estate 3 and we are disposed to hold that the averment here was equivalent to that 5 for if there never was any personal estate, that statement must be equally satisfactory. The statute undoubtedly requires the guardian faithfully to seek for personal estate, and the Court should refuse an order of sale, if it appears that there was personal property which the guardian might have made available, by the exercise of proper diligence, and which, by his neglect, he has not obtained and applied. It is true, that such may have been the case here, but we do not think that we ought to intend that it was so, for the purpose of denying the jurisdiction of the Court, and defeating the titles acquired by the purchasers. We are of opinion that the order of the Court, directing the sale of these lots, was valid, and that it cannot be impeached in this collateral action.
Several objections were taken to the notices of the sale and other matters involved in the adjudication of the Circuit Court, either in granting the original order of sale, or in the final order, confirming the report of the guardian; but they can avail nothing. That Court having had jurisdiction to hear and determine, it cannot be permitted now to deny that it proceeded properly and determined correctly. And as to the proceedings in pais, as the posting of the notices of the sale, there are several cases which were referred to on the argument, deciding directly that the same presumption applies to them. The objection, that the report of the guardian was not confirmed by the Court, cannot be sustained. The order made upon the return was a substantial and sufficient confirmation.
There are two supposed ambiguities in the conveyance executed by the guardian. First, the grantees are described as “ Lorain See. 3 ” also, the premises are imperfectly described, the number of the block having been omitted. Admitting that there is more than one block in the town with lots bearing the same, numbers as these, then here is a latent ambiguity. Parol evidence was competent, in either event, to have remedied the defect, and such proof was adduced, showing who the grantees were. In order to explain the second, a mortgage was offered in evidence, dated the 22d of April, 1843, executed by the defendants to Thomas Drum, and also the entry of satisfaction of the mortgage, dated the 23d of May, 1844. These were objected to, admitted, and an exception taken. This evidence was improperly admitted. It was not shown to have had any connection whatever with the deed, to explain which it was admitted. Although'it describes the same premises as the deed, with the addition of the block, and corresponds with it in date, and' may be for the balance of the purchase money due at the time the mortgage bears date, yet that did not prove that it was given for the security of the balance of the purchase money; and, above all, it did not prove that this mortgage was upon the same property which was sold by the guardian. It does not even appear that the mortgage was given to Drum, as guardian. On its face it was a private matter of his own, and there is nothing to show that it was otherwise. Also, for the purpose of explaining the first deed, a subsequent one was offered, executed by Drum to the defendants, dated on the 23d of January, 1847. This deed, which professes to be executed for the purpose of correcting the mistakes in the first deed, gives the proper names of the grantees, and describes the property in controversy. This deed, we also think, was improperly admitted in evidence. At most, it amounted to the declarations of Drum, made some years after the transaction, and when he could not, by such declarations, affect the interests of his wards. If it was designed as a confirmatory conveyance, it was equally improper, for it was made at a time when he was not authorized to convey, or do any act affecting the first conveyance. After his report of the sale had been approved by the Court, thereby giving effect to the sale and conveyance which he had made under the order of the Court, his power was exhausted, so far as it related to that sale and conveyance. His authority to make that conveyance was derived from the order of the Court. That order constituted his warrant of attorney. By that order he was made the agent of the law, and when he had fulfilled that appointment to the satisfaction of tire Court, and his acts were approved, his authority, thereby conferred, was exhausted, and his agency was determined, and any act of his, relating to that appointment, done afterwards, was void.
The only remaining question, which we deem it important to notice, arises under the assignment of error, which questions the finding of the Court upon the evidence before it. The title shown by the plaintiffs was a patent from the United States, dated the 12th of September, 1845, granting the premises in question to them, by the description of Elizabeth and Julia Ann Bates, heirs at law of Nehemiah Bates, deceased. This patent, it will he observed, hears date subsequent to the accruing of the title under which the defendants claim the premises 3 and there is no evidence in the case, showing that whatever interest the plaintiffs may have had in the premises, at the time of the sale under the order of the Court, had any connection with the title subsequently acquired from the government. There can he no just grounds for saying that an independent title, subsequently acquired by the ward, inures to the benefit of a previous purchaser at a guardian’s sale. The ward cannot be estopped by the guardian’s deed from setting up such subsequent title. The guardian can insert no covenants in the deed, which are binding upon the ward. Mason vs. Caldwell, 5 Gilman, 196. And, hence, there can he nothing in the deed which can operate by way of estoppel. If the guardian chooses to insert covenants in the deed, he may be held personally responsible upon them, and to him alone must the grantee look for redress. Whiting vs. Dewey, 15 Pick. R., 428. It was insisted upon the argument, that the patent was issued upon an entry which was made by or for the patentees, anterior to the proceedings in the Circuit Court, which resulted in the sale of their interest in the premises, by the guardian. If this be so, then, indeed, as the patent was but the perfection of a title, which, in fact, had previously accrued, and which, by our statute, is regarded as a legal and disposable title, we have no doubt that the patent could not be used to defeat the estate previously acquired. But there is no sufficient evidence in this record, showing that such was the case, and certainly the Court could not presume that it was so, without evidence. As the case stood, the plaintiffs were entitled to a verdict upon the evidence.
The judgment of the Circuit Court is reversed, with costs, and the cause remanded for further proceedings.
Judgment reversed.