UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA FORT MYERS DIVISION
YONI SIBRIAN,
Petitioner, Case No. 2:26-cv-174-KCD-NPM
v.
DAVID HARDIN, ACTING DIRECTOR TODD M. LYONS,
Respondents. /
ORDER Petitioner Yoni Sibrian has filed a habeas corpus petition challenging his detention by U.S. Immigration & Customs Enforcement. (Doc. 1.)1 He claims that the Attorney General is holding him without a bond hearing in violation of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), and his continued detention without a hearing contravenes the Fifth Amendment. (Id. at 4-8.) Respondents oppose the petition. (Doc. 6.) For the reasons below, the petition is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. Petitioner illegally entered the United States in 2013. (Doc. 1 ¶ 2.) He was recently detained by ICE and is now being held pending removal. (Id.)
1 Unless otherwise indicated, all internal quotation marks, citations, case history, and alterations have been omitted in this and later citations. The heart of this dispute is a question of statutory interpretation involving the interplay between 8 U.S.C. §§ 1225 and 1226. According to
Petitioner, the Attorney General is unlawfully holding him under § 1225(b)(2), which mandates his detention, instead of under § 1226(a)’s discretionary detention scheme, where he could be eligible for release. (Doc. 1 ¶ 16.) As a result, his continued immigration detention without a bond
hearing is unconstitutional. See Jennings v. Rodriguez, 583 U.S. 281, 297 (2018) (“[Sections] 1225(b)(1) and (b)(2) thus mandate detention of applicants for admission until certain proceedings have concluded.”). As the Government concedes, the Court has already covered this
ground and addressed the issues raised by Petitioner. See Hernandez-Lopez v. Hardin, No. 2:25-CV-830-KCD-NPM, 2025 WL 3022245 (M.D. Fla. Oct. 29, 2025); Garcia v. Noem, No. 2:25-CV-00879-SPC-NPM, 2025 WL 3041895, at *6 (M.D. Fla. Oct. 31, 2025). There, the Court was satisfied of its jurisdiction
and found that petitioners were being held in violation of their rights under the INA, entitling them to habeas relief. Since those prior rulings, however, federal courts have split over whether classifying all illegal aliens under § 1225, rather than § 1226,
violates the INA or the Constitution. Compare Cabanas v. Bondi, No. 4:25- CV-04830, 2025 WL 3171331, at *5 (S.D. Tex. Nov. 13, 2025) (collecting decisions holding that the statutory text of § 1225 provides the appropriate framework for evaluating the permissibility of a petitioner’s detention pending otherwise valid removal proceedings), with Lopez-Campos v.
Raycraft, 797 F. Supp. 3d 771 (E.D. Mich. 2025) (collecting decisions holding that the statutory text of § 1226 provides the appropriate framework for evaluating the permissibility of a petitioner’s detention pending otherwise valid removal proceedings). The Court continues to agree that the latter
approach better aligns with the statutory text, respects our foundational rules of interpretation, and follows the Supreme Court’s guidance. Let’s start with what the Supreme Court has told us. In Jennings v. Rodriguez, where the Court analyzed several statutes that provide for the
Government’s detention of aliens during immigration proceedings, it remarked: “§ 1226 applies to aliens already present in the United States.” 583 U.S. at 303. Some courts have waved this language away as a passing remark or out-of-context dicta. But when the Supreme Court provides a
carefully reasoned, multi-section analysis explaining the scope of its own precedents and the statutory framework, we do not just brush it off. “[T]here is dicta, and then there is Supreme Court dicta.” Schwab v. Crosby, 451 F.3d 1308, 1325 (11th Cir. 2006). “Until the Supreme Court speaks directly to the
point here, Jennings is what we’ve got.” Guaiquire v. Quinones, No. 6:26-CV- 169-RBD-RMN, 2026 WL 279369, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Feb. 3, 2026). The underlying text also supports applying § 1226 here. Section 1225 tells us that mandatory detention applies if a person is both an “applicant for
admission” and “seeking admission.” Id. § 1225(b)(2)(A). Use of the present participle “seeking” signals an affirmative, present-tense action. And the thing being acquired or sought is physical entry into the United States. See Kashranov v. Jamison, No. 2:25-CV-05555-JDW, 2025 WL 3188399, at *6
(E.D. Pa. Nov. 14, 2025). You cannot actively “seek” physical entry into a country if you are already living and working inside it. The Government’s proposed reading essentially asks us to believe that everyone who is an “applicant for admission” is automatically “seeking
admission,” making the two phrases identical. But Congress put both phrases in the very same sentence. If they meant the exact same thing, one of them would be useless surplusage. We generally do not read words out of a statute. “That would make us legislators, not jurists.” Guaiquire, 2026 WL 279369, at
*6. Finally, look at the broader statutory picture. Just last year, Congress passed the Laken Riley Act to amend § 1226(c), explicitly requiring the mandatory detention of noncitizens already present in the country who are
accused of certain crimes. 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c)(1)(E). If § 1225 already mandated the indefinite detention of all non-admitted aliens present in the country, as the Government contends, why would Congress bother passing a brand-new law to detain a specific subset of them? They wouldn’t. The Government's interpretation would seemingly render the Laken Riley Act
and § 1226(c) superfluous. See Ndiaye v. Jamison, No. CV 25-6007, 2025 WL 3229307, at *6 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 19, 2025). The Court is aware of the Fifth Circuit’s decision in Buenrostro-Mendez v. Bondi, No. 25-20496, 2026 WL 323330 (5th Cir. Feb. 6, 2026), which
adopted the Government’s interpretation of the INA. That decision is not binding here, and it contradicts most of the cases to consider the issue. The Court respectfully disagrees with the majority’s reasoning and finds Judge Douglas’s dissent more persuasive. And a circuit split is likely. In a
preliminary decision, the Seventh Circuit considered the Government’s position on the scope of § 1225(b)(2) and found it unlikely to succeed on the merits. See Castanon-Nava v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 161 F.4th 1048, 1060-63 (7th Cir. 2025).
Turning back to the claims here, Petitioner seeks a writ of habeas corpus ordering his release from custody. (Doc. 1 at 9.) But that is not something the Court can do. “[Section] 1226(a)(1) grants the executive branch discretion to determine whether to detain or release a noncitizen who is
facing removal proceedings.” Hulke v. Schmidt, 572 F. Supp. 3d 593, 596 (E.D. Wis. 2021). Petitioner is an alien without lawful status. So he is entitled to a bond hearing under § 1226(a), not immediate release. See, e.g., Lopez-Arevelo v. Ripa, 801 F. Supp. 3d 668 (W.D. Tex. 2025). Consistent with the “comfortable majority position,” the Court will instead require the
Government to provide Petitioner with the statutory process required under § 1226(a), which includes a bond hearing. Id. One last issue. Petitioner also challenged his detention under the Fifth Amendment. This claim is not addressed “given that the Court [is granting]
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA FORT MYERS DIVISION
YONI SIBRIAN,
Petitioner, Case No. 2:26-cv-174-KCD-NPM
v.
DAVID HARDIN, ACTING DIRECTOR TODD M. LYONS,
Respondents. /
ORDER Petitioner Yoni Sibrian has filed a habeas corpus petition challenging his detention by U.S. Immigration & Customs Enforcement. (Doc. 1.)1 He claims that the Attorney General is holding him without a bond hearing in violation of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), and his continued detention without a hearing contravenes the Fifth Amendment. (Id. at 4-8.) Respondents oppose the petition. (Doc. 6.) For the reasons below, the petition is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. Petitioner illegally entered the United States in 2013. (Doc. 1 ¶ 2.) He was recently detained by ICE and is now being held pending removal. (Id.)
1 Unless otherwise indicated, all internal quotation marks, citations, case history, and alterations have been omitted in this and later citations. The heart of this dispute is a question of statutory interpretation involving the interplay between 8 U.S.C. §§ 1225 and 1226. According to
Petitioner, the Attorney General is unlawfully holding him under § 1225(b)(2), which mandates his detention, instead of under § 1226(a)’s discretionary detention scheme, where he could be eligible for release. (Doc. 1 ¶ 16.) As a result, his continued immigration detention without a bond
hearing is unconstitutional. See Jennings v. Rodriguez, 583 U.S. 281, 297 (2018) (“[Sections] 1225(b)(1) and (b)(2) thus mandate detention of applicants for admission until certain proceedings have concluded.”). As the Government concedes, the Court has already covered this
ground and addressed the issues raised by Petitioner. See Hernandez-Lopez v. Hardin, No. 2:25-CV-830-KCD-NPM, 2025 WL 3022245 (M.D. Fla. Oct. 29, 2025); Garcia v. Noem, No. 2:25-CV-00879-SPC-NPM, 2025 WL 3041895, at *6 (M.D. Fla. Oct. 31, 2025). There, the Court was satisfied of its jurisdiction
and found that petitioners were being held in violation of their rights under the INA, entitling them to habeas relief. Since those prior rulings, however, federal courts have split over whether classifying all illegal aliens under § 1225, rather than § 1226,
violates the INA or the Constitution. Compare Cabanas v. Bondi, No. 4:25- CV-04830, 2025 WL 3171331, at *5 (S.D. Tex. Nov. 13, 2025) (collecting decisions holding that the statutory text of § 1225 provides the appropriate framework for evaluating the permissibility of a petitioner’s detention pending otherwise valid removal proceedings), with Lopez-Campos v.
Raycraft, 797 F. Supp. 3d 771 (E.D. Mich. 2025) (collecting decisions holding that the statutory text of § 1226 provides the appropriate framework for evaluating the permissibility of a petitioner’s detention pending otherwise valid removal proceedings). The Court continues to agree that the latter
approach better aligns with the statutory text, respects our foundational rules of interpretation, and follows the Supreme Court’s guidance. Let’s start with what the Supreme Court has told us. In Jennings v. Rodriguez, where the Court analyzed several statutes that provide for the
Government’s detention of aliens during immigration proceedings, it remarked: “§ 1226 applies to aliens already present in the United States.” 583 U.S. at 303. Some courts have waved this language away as a passing remark or out-of-context dicta. But when the Supreme Court provides a
carefully reasoned, multi-section analysis explaining the scope of its own precedents and the statutory framework, we do not just brush it off. “[T]here is dicta, and then there is Supreme Court dicta.” Schwab v. Crosby, 451 F.3d 1308, 1325 (11th Cir. 2006). “Until the Supreme Court speaks directly to the
point here, Jennings is what we’ve got.” Guaiquire v. Quinones, No. 6:26-CV- 169-RBD-RMN, 2026 WL 279369, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Feb. 3, 2026). The underlying text also supports applying § 1226 here. Section 1225 tells us that mandatory detention applies if a person is both an “applicant for
admission” and “seeking admission.” Id. § 1225(b)(2)(A). Use of the present participle “seeking” signals an affirmative, present-tense action. And the thing being acquired or sought is physical entry into the United States. See Kashranov v. Jamison, No. 2:25-CV-05555-JDW, 2025 WL 3188399, at *6
(E.D. Pa. Nov. 14, 2025). You cannot actively “seek” physical entry into a country if you are already living and working inside it. The Government’s proposed reading essentially asks us to believe that everyone who is an “applicant for admission” is automatically “seeking
admission,” making the two phrases identical. But Congress put both phrases in the very same sentence. If they meant the exact same thing, one of them would be useless surplusage. We generally do not read words out of a statute. “That would make us legislators, not jurists.” Guaiquire, 2026 WL 279369, at
*6. Finally, look at the broader statutory picture. Just last year, Congress passed the Laken Riley Act to amend § 1226(c), explicitly requiring the mandatory detention of noncitizens already present in the country who are
accused of certain crimes. 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c)(1)(E). If § 1225 already mandated the indefinite detention of all non-admitted aliens present in the country, as the Government contends, why would Congress bother passing a brand-new law to detain a specific subset of them? They wouldn’t. The Government's interpretation would seemingly render the Laken Riley Act
and § 1226(c) superfluous. See Ndiaye v. Jamison, No. CV 25-6007, 2025 WL 3229307, at *6 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 19, 2025). The Court is aware of the Fifth Circuit’s decision in Buenrostro-Mendez v. Bondi, No. 25-20496, 2026 WL 323330 (5th Cir. Feb. 6, 2026), which
adopted the Government’s interpretation of the INA. That decision is not binding here, and it contradicts most of the cases to consider the issue. The Court respectfully disagrees with the majority’s reasoning and finds Judge Douglas’s dissent more persuasive. And a circuit split is likely. In a
preliminary decision, the Seventh Circuit considered the Government’s position on the scope of § 1225(b)(2) and found it unlikely to succeed on the merits. See Castanon-Nava v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 161 F.4th 1048, 1060-63 (7th Cir. 2025).
Turning back to the claims here, Petitioner seeks a writ of habeas corpus ordering his release from custody. (Doc. 1 at 9.) But that is not something the Court can do. “[Section] 1226(a)(1) grants the executive branch discretion to determine whether to detain or release a noncitizen who is
facing removal proceedings.” Hulke v. Schmidt, 572 F. Supp. 3d 593, 596 (E.D. Wis. 2021). Petitioner is an alien without lawful status. So he is entitled to a bond hearing under § 1226(a), not immediate release. See, e.g., Lopez-Arevelo v. Ripa, 801 F. Supp. 3d 668 (W.D. Tex. 2025). Consistent with the “comfortable majority position,” the Court will instead require the
Government to provide Petitioner with the statutory process required under § 1226(a), which includes a bond hearing. Id. One last issue. Petitioner also challenged his detention under the Fifth Amendment. This claim is not addressed “given that the Court [is granting]
the relief [he is entitled to] based on its interpretation of the applicability of § 1226(a).” Pizarro Reyes v. Raycraft, No. 25-cv-12546, 2025 WL 2609425, at *8 (E.D. Mich. Sept. 9, 2025). If the Government does not provide Petitioner with a bond hearing as ordered, he can renew his other claims in a
subsequent complaint.2 For the reasons given, the Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (Doc. 1) is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. The Court orders the Government to provide Petitioner with the statutory process required under §
1226, which includes a bond hearing. All other relief is DENIED. The Clerk
2 Several defendants raise an argument that they are not proper parties (Doc. 6 at 1 n.1), which the Court also rejects. See Sanchez-Penunuri v. Longshore, 7 F. Supp. 3d 1136, 1150 (D. Colo. 2013), Masingene v. Martin, 424 F. Supp. 3d 1298, 1302 (S.D. Fla. 2020). When the Government splits the atom of custody—giving physical control to a local jailer but keeping all legal and administrative authority in the hands of federal agencies—the Court is not going to let the responsible parties off the hook based on a technicality. Because it remains unclear which specific federal or local official must push the button to grant the required bond hearing or facilitate Petitioner’s release, all named defendants will remain in this case. Just as the Court has done in similar cases, the injunction will apply to everyone, as well as their agents, to ensure the Court’s order is actually carried out. is directed to terminate any pending motions and deadlines and close the case.? ORDERED in Fort Myers, Florida on February 24, 2026.
Kyle C. Dudek United States District Judge
3 The Court is aware of a pending California case that certified a class action of aliens who, like Petitioner, are in immigration detention and being denied access to a bond hearing. See Bautista v. Santacruz, No. 5:25-CV-01873-SSS-BFM, 2025 WL 3288403 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 25, 2025). A final judgment has been issued in Bautista, which would ostensibly cover this dispute. Yet neither party seeks to apply Bautista here, nor argues its applicability. In any event, Petitioner would seemingly need to return to this jurisdiction to obtain the habeas relief sought. See, e.g., Alli v. Decker, 650 F.3d 1007, 1015 (8d Cir. 2011); JAM. v. Holder, 107 F. Supp. 3d 1119, 1144 (W.D. Wash. 2015). The Court will thus grant relief here notwithstanding Bautista.