Edwards, J.
This is a suit for damages resulting from a rear-end collision. Plaintiff had stopped her car in line behind others when defendant’s car ran into a third car and drove it into the rear of plaintiff’s car. Trial resulted in a judgment for plaintiff based upon a jury’s verdict of $18,000. Á motion for new trial was made and denied. On appeal defendant claims several grounds for reversal, none of which concerns liability.
Plaintiff suffered a “whiplash” injury in the accident.
For a long period of time prior to the collision plaintiff had suffered occasional migraine headaches. Following the collision she testified she experienced almost continuous neck and head pains. Much of the controversy in this case at trial and on appeal concerns extent of the pain and establishment of a causal connection between plaintiff’s condition and the accident.
The only medical testimony in the trial was offered by plaintiff and included the testimony of 2 doctors who treated her for her complaints. Plaintiff’s
counsel asked a hypothetical question which concluded :
“Now, Doctor, assuming all of those facts to be true, do you have an opinion, based upon a reasonable medical certainty, as to whether they could be, whether there could be a causal connection between the rear-end collision, which I described at the beginning, the rear-end collision accident, and the condition of pain and ill-being as set forth in this question in that person?”
In response, Dr. Taran testified:
“My opinion is that there is a possible relation between the accident so described and the complaints which the patient makes.”
Defendant’s counsel objected and asked that the answer be stricken because it was based upon “possibilities, guesses, or conjectures.” The trial judge refused and defendant claims error, citing
Buehler v. Beadia,
343 Mich 692, 708, and other authorities. At the outset, it must be observed that we are not dealing here with a jury’s verdict which rests alone upon the challenged opinion testimony. The jury had the benefit also of Dr. McIntyre’s testimony which had been taken by- deposition and which was read to the jury. Dr. McIntyre testified:
“My opinion is that the accident caused her to have the bruising of the nerve roots and the pain which developed as a consequence of it.”
■Indeed, Dr. Taran himself testified, on cross examination, that the accident was the most probable cause of plaintiff’s worsened headaches and pain.
At the time of Dr. Taran’s testimony, Dr. McIntyre’s deposition had already been introduced in •evidence and the trial judge then knew that other more direct testimony of causal connection was before the jury. Under such circumstances, there
exists no valid reason for excluding opinion testimony which, was stated in the manner permitted prior to adoption of Court Rule No 37, § 16 (1945). Even in the absence of prior testimony such as Dr. McIntyre’s, expert opinion evidence cast in terms of possibility or probability should be admitted subject to protective instruction by the trial judge in his charge to the jury.
Section 16 was added to Court Rule No 37 in belated recognition of the fact that our prior evidentiary limitations upon expert witnesses, called upon to express opinions concerning matters of specialized knowledge beyond the knowledge of laymen, unduly restricted such witnesses. Such witnesses now may testify, if they can, in terms of the ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of the facts. It would be a strange result if we were to conclude that such witnesses may testify now
only
if they can do so in terms of ultimate fact. Our new rule designed to unseal the lips of experts, instead, would gag them even more effectively than they were before. We find no error in the admission of Dr. Taran’s testimony.
Nor do we find error, as defendant claims, in the trial judge’s failure to instruct the jury specifically as to the “probative value” of Dr. Taran’s opinion testimony. We assume defendant’s claim is that the trial judge should have instructed the jury to disregard the testimony or to give it little weight. Even had defendant requested such instruction (and he did not), we believe the trial judge would not have erred in refusing the request.
The court did charge at length on the jury’s function in determining the facts concerning plaintiff’s claim of injury:
“You shall receive the evidence on damages and discard that which you believe was not caused by, or was not related to the accident. Damages included pain and suffering. There is evidence here that the plaintiff had a history of re-occurring headaches from childhood. Further that her experience with migraine headaches continued to the present time. If you believe that her headaches were caused by the accident then you shall make that decision. In the same way if you find that her headaches were not caused from the accident then you should so determine and disallow as much of such claim as you find was occasioned by her headaches.”
In other paragraphs bearing on the same topic, the circuit judge instructed the jury to find for plaintiff only as to those damages which the jury found to have been “strictly caused” by the accident or occasioned as “a direct result of the accident.” Four times his charge employed the terms “reasonable certainty” or “reasonably certain,” as describing the test to be applied to expert opinion evidence concerning plaintiff’s damage claims.
We find no error which was prejudicial to appellant.
Defendant next claims the trial judge committed reversible error in refusing even to consider certain handwritten requests to charge submitted to him by defendant at the conclusion of proofs. The record indicates that the trial judge’s refusal was based upon the fact that opposing counsel had not had a chance to see them. We think it would have been better practice for the judge to have reviewed defendant’s additional requests with counsel for both parties and to have taken whatever time was necessary to do so. Although trial counsel should be encouraged to prepare requests to charge well in advance of their need by anticipating the issues which the proofs will develop, they should not be
discouraged from making changes therein, or additions thereto, at any time before the jury retires to deliberate if developments in the late stages of the case (or even in the court’s charge) indicate such changes or additions are necessary to the protection of the rights of the parties.
Crippen
v.
Hope,
38 Mich 344.
For a failure to afford counsel an opportunity to submit legitimate requests to charge where prejudice to his client can be fairly inferred, we will not hesitate to reverse. However, in the case at bar, although we conclude error was committed by the summary refusal to consider defendant’s additional requests to charge, we do not reverse on this ground, either because the jury instructions given covered the instructions requested or because defendant was not entitled to them.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Edwards, J.
This is a suit for damages resulting from a rear-end collision. Plaintiff had stopped her car in line behind others when defendant’s car ran into a third car and drove it into the rear of plaintiff’s car. Trial resulted in a judgment for plaintiff based upon a jury’s verdict of $18,000. Á motion for new trial was made and denied. On appeal defendant claims several grounds for reversal, none of which concerns liability.
Plaintiff suffered a “whiplash” injury in the accident.
For a long period of time prior to the collision plaintiff had suffered occasional migraine headaches. Following the collision she testified she experienced almost continuous neck and head pains. Much of the controversy in this case at trial and on appeal concerns extent of the pain and establishment of a causal connection between plaintiff’s condition and the accident.
The only medical testimony in the trial was offered by plaintiff and included the testimony of 2 doctors who treated her for her complaints. Plaintiff’s
counsel asked a hypothetical question which concluded :
“Now, Doctor, assuming all of those facts to be true, do you have an opinion, based upon a reasonable medical certainty, as to whether they could be, whether there could be a causal connection between the rear-end collision, which I described at the beginning, the rear-end collision accident, and the condition of pain and ill-being as set forth in this question in that person?”
In response, Dr. Taran testified:
“My opinion is that there is a possible relation between the accident so described and the complaints which the patient makes.”
Defendant’s counsel objected and asked that the answer be stricken because it was based upon “possibilities, guesses, or conjectures.” The trial judge refused and defendant claims error, citing
Buehler v. Beadia,
343 Mich 692, 708, and other authorities. At the outset, it must be observed that we are not dealing here with a jury’s verdict which rests alone upon the challenged opinion testimony. The jury had the benefit also of Dr. McIntyre’s testimony which had been taken by- deposition and which was read to the jury. Dr. McIntyre testified:
“My opinion is that the accident caused her to have the bruising of the nerve roots and the pain which developed as a consequence of it.”
■Indeed, Dr. Taran himself testified, on cross examination, that the accident was the most probable cause of plaintiff’s worsened headaches and pain.
At the time of Dr. Taran’s testimony, Dr. McIntyre’s deposition had already been introduced in •evidence and the trial judge then knew that other more direct testimony of causal connection was before the jury. Under such circumstances, there
exists no valid reason for excluding opinion testimony which, was stated in the manner permitted prior to adoption of Court Rule No 37, § 16 (1945). Even in the absence of prior testimony such as Dr. McIntyre’s, expert opinion evidence cast in terms of possibility or probability should be admitted subject to protective instruction by the trial judge in his charge to the jury.
Section 16 was added to Court Rule No 37 in belated recognition of the fact that our prior evidentiary limitations upon expert witnesses, called upon to express opinions concerning matters of specialized knowledge beyond the knowledge of laymen, unduly restricted such witnesses. Such witnesses now may testify, if they can, in terms of the ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of the facts. It would be a strange result if we were to conclude that such witnesses may testify now
only
if they can do so in terms of ultimate fact. Our new rule designed to unseal the lips of experts, instead, would gag them even more effectively than they were before. We find no error in the admission of Dr. Taran’s testimony.
Nor do we find error, as defendant claims, in the trial judge’s failure to instruct the jury specifically as to the “probative value” of Dr. Taran’s opinion testimony. We assume defendant’s claim is that the trial judge should have instructed the jury to disregard the testimony or to give it little weight. Even had defendant requested such instruction (and he did not), we believe the trial judge would not have erred in refusing the request.
The court did charge at length on the jury’s function in determining the facts concerning plaintiff’s claim of injury:
“You shall receive the evidence on damages and discard that which you believe was not caused by, or was not related to the accident. Damages included pain and suffering. There is evidence here that the plaintiff had a history of re-occurring headaches from childhood. Further that her experience with migraine headaches continued to the present time. If you believe that her headaches were caused by the accident then you shall make that decision. In the same way if you find that her headaches were not caused from the accident then you should so determine and disallow as much of such claim as you find was occasioned by her headaches.”
In other paragraphs bearing on the same topic, the circuit judge instructed the jury to find for plaintiff only as to those damages which the jury found to have been “strictly caused” by the accident or occasioned as “a direct result of the accident.” Four times his charge employed the terms “reasonable certainty” or “reasonably certain,” as describing the test to be applied to expert opinion evidence concerning plaintiff’s damage claims.
We find no error which was prejudicial to appellant.
Defendant next claims the trial judge committed reversible error in refusing even to consider certain handwritten requests to charge submitted to him by defendant at the conclusion of proofs. The record indicates that the trial judge’s refusal was based upon the fact that opposing counsel had not had a chance to see them. We think it would have been better practice for the judge to have reviewed defendant’s additional requests with counsel for both parties and to have taken whatever time was necessary to do so. Although trial counsel should be encouraged to prepare requests to charge well in advance of their need by anticipating the issues which the proofs will develop, they should not be
discouraged from making changes therein, or additions thereto, at any time before the jury retires to deliberate if developments in the late stages of the case (or even in the court’s charge) indicate such changes or additions are necessary to the protection of the rights of the parties.
Crippen
v.
Hope,
38 Mich 344.
For a failure to afford counsel an opportunity to submit legitimate requests to charge where prejudice to his client can be fairly inferred, we will not hesitate to reverse. However, in the case at bar, although we conclude error was committed by the summary refusal to consider defendant’s additional requests to charge, we do not reverse on this ground, either because the jury instructions given covered the instructions requested or because defendant was not entitled to them. None of the additional requested instructions is of such merit that further discussion thereon in this opinion is warranted.
Finally, defendant directs our attention to plaintiff’s lawyer’s argument to the jury in which he suggested a mathematical formula to aid in determination of damages for pain and suffering.
The trial judge, in whose hands our rules place considerable discretion, did not believe that the mathematical formula employed by plaintiff’s counsel in his jury argument was objectionable. Nor do we. The cases relied upon by appellant which have reversed jury verdicts on this ground have generally cited the impossibility of evaluating pain in dollars and cents (see
Botta
v.
Brunner,
26 NJ 82 [138 A2d 713, 60 ALR2d 1331];
Affett
v.
Milwaukee & Suburban Transport Corporation,
11 Wis2d 604 [106 NW2d 274]). Yet this is exactly the task which is imposed upon the jury and to which the lawyers’ arguments are required to be directed.
' The same speculative quality which exists in a lawyer’s estimate of money value of a day’s pain and suffering exists likewise in plaintiff’s
ad damnum
clause and in the jury verdict to the extent that they allow for pain and suffering.
I Michigan permits plaintiff’s claim as set forth in the
ad damnum
clause to be placed before the .jury. Court Rule No 37, §2 (1945). And, like every other State, we require juries to determine the value of pain and suffering. We see little merit in forbidding lawyers to try to help in that difficult task.
Nor are we impressed that plaintiff’s lawyer’s use of the mathematical formula will lead toward horrendous verdicts. Such an argument is not, like the judge’s instruction, binding on the jury. It will undoubtedly be effectively balanced by defendant’s lawyer’s counterargument. Further, juries automatically discount “lawyer talk” to some degree. And trial judges automatically instruct that such arguments are not evidence.
In addition, if more be needed, the trial and appellate courts have ample means to restrain excessiveness in verdicts.
With respect for the views of our learned brothers in New Jersey
(Botta, supra)
and Wisconsin
(Affett, supra),
we prefer the reasoning on this problem of the Kentucky, Utah, Washington, and Florida courts:
Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, Inc.,
v.
Mattingly
(Ky), 339 SW2d 155;
Olsen
v.
Preferred Risk Mutual Insurance Company,
11 Utah2d 23 (354 P2d 575);
Jones
v.
Hogan,
56 Wash2d 23 (351 P2d 153);
Ratner
v.
Arrington
(Fla), 111 So2d 82.
A lawyer’s attempt in his jury argument to evaluate pain on a daily basis for purposes of illustration, we deem no more objectionable than his at
tempt to place a monetary value on the total pain and suffering experienced.
The defendant made no objection during or after the plaintiff’s closing argument, but now claims that it was so objectionable (on this and another ground) that the trial judge could not have corrected the harm done even if timely objection had been made.
This Court held in
Taliaferro
v.
Pere Marquette R. Co.,
249 Mich 281, 287:
“It has been repeatedly held that, if counsel in their argument make improper statements, the attention of the court should be called to it by counsel on the other side. If they do not do so, they waive their right to objection, unless the statement is so extremely prejudicial that even a correction by the court would not undo the harm. *
* *
The opposite party may not permit such statements to go unchallenged and then on account of them seek a reversal of the case in this Court.
Freeman
v.
Hoag,
217 Mich 587;
Habitz
v.
Wabash R. Co.,
170 Mich 71.”
See, also,
Schankin
v.
Buskirk,
354 Mich 490, 498.
It is interesting to note that defendant does not contend that plaintiff’s closing argument resulted in an excessive jury verdict to his prejudice or that a miscarriage of justice otherwise resulted therefrom. On this record, we cannot infer such result. Plaintiff was about 40 years old at the time of trial her out-of-pocket expenses, some disputed, were approximately $5,000; there was evidence of pain and suffering for more than 2 years preceding the trial and testimony substantiating her claim that it would continue for the rest of her life. The verdict of $18,000 does not so shock our consciences that we would be disposed to set it aside as excessive.
We find no prejudicial error.
Affirmed. Costs to plaintiff.
Dethmers, C. J., and Carr, Kelly, Black, Kavanagh, and Souris, JJ., concurred.
Smith, J., did not sit.