Xu v. Weis

Opinion

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5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 9 AT SEATTLE 10 11 WEI MIN XU, CASE NO. 2:22-cv-00118-TL 12 Plaintiff(s), ORDER REGARDING SUBJECT v. MATTER JURISDICTION AND 13 MATT WEIS; JANE DOE WEIS; and REMANDING CASE 14 ALLSTATE FIRE AND CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY, 15 Defendant(s). 16

17 18 This matter is before the Court on its Order to Show Cause Regarding Subject Matter 19 Jurisdiction. Dkt. No. 16. Having reviewed the Parties’ briefing, their presentation at oral 20 argument, and the relevant record, the Court hereby finds that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction, 21 DENIES Plaintiff’s request for attorney fees and costs, and REMANDS this case to King County 22 Superior Court. 23 24 ORDER REGARDING SUBJECT 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 This case arises out of an underinsured motorist insurance claim related to a motor 3 vehicle collision. Dkt. No. 1-1 at 2. Defendants Matt Weis and “Jane Doe” Weis (the “Weis 4 Defendants”) are residents of the State of Washington, and Defendant Allstate is a foreign

5 insurance corporation that conducts business in the State of Washington. Id. Allstate insured the 6 vehicle that Plaintiff Wei Min Xu was driving at the time of the motor vehicle collision. Id. at 3. 7 Mr. Weis is the claim handler and insurance adjustor with Allstate assigned to Mr. Xu’s claim 8 with Allstate. Id. Ms. Weis is the unknown spouse of Mr. Weis. Id. As relevant to this Order, 9 Mr. Xu asserts a breach of a common law duty of bad faith and a violation of the Consumer 10 Protection Act (“CPA”) against Mr. Weis.1 Id. at 7. 11 Mr. Xu filed this case in King County Superior Court in January 2022. Dkt. No. 3-3 at 2. 12 Allstate timely removed the case to this Court, asserting diversity jurisdiction on the basis that 13 Mr. Weis2 is fraudulently joined as a party to this case and should be disregarded for the 14 purposes of determining diversity jurisdiction. Dkt. No. 1 at 3–4.

15 On April 20, 2022, the Court noted the Weis Defendants appeared not to have been 16 served with process and ordered Mr. Xu to show cause why the Weis Defendants should not be 17 dismissed for failure to serve process under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(m). Dkt. No. 10 at 18 2. Mr. Xu responded by asking the Court to recognize that service was effected as to Defendant 19 Mr. Weis, based on three attempts to serve him. Dkt. Nos. 11, 12. Allstate responded in turn, 20 21

1 The complaint is somewhat unclear as to the exact claims asserted against Mr. Weis. At oral argument, Plaintiff 22 clarified that these two claims are being asserted against Mr. Weis, and Allstate did not object. 2 The citizenship of fictitious defendants, such as Defendant “Jane Doe” Weis, is disregarded in assessing 23 removability. 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b). Therefore, the Court ignores the presence of Defendant “Jane Doe” Weis for the purposes of this analysis. 24 ORDER REGARDING SUBJECT 1 arguing that Mr. Xu failed to demonstrate adequate service of process on Mr. Weis and that the 2 Weis Defendants are improperly joined in this case. Dkt. No. 13 at 2–3. 3 In reviewing the Parties’ responses to the April 20 order, the Court was reminded that it 4 must first assure itself that it has subject matter jurisdiction over this case. Dkt. No. 16 at 2–4. On

5 June 7, the Court ordered Allstate to show cause why the case should not be remanded for lack 6 of subject matter jurisdiction. Dkt. No. 16 at 1. Parties briefed the issue (Dkt. Nos. 17, 18, 20), 7 and oral argument took place on December 1, 2022. 8 II. LEGAL STANDARD 9 “[A] district court ha[s] a duty to establish subject matter jurisdiction over the removed 10 action sua sponte, whether the parties raised the issue or not.” United Investors Life Ins. Co. v. 11 Waddell & Reed, Inc., 360 F.3d 960, 967 (9th Cir. 2004). “If . . . it appears that the district court 12 lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded.” 28 U.S.C. § 1447. 13 III. DISCUSSION 14 A. Length of Defendant Allstate’s Reply Brief

15 As an initial matter, the Court stated in its June 7 Order to Show Cause that “any reply 16 brief shall not exceed six (6) pages.” Dkt. No. 16 at 4. Allstate did not seek the Court’s leave to 17 extend its page limit, yet it filed a reply that is nine pages long. Dkt. No. 20. The Court may 18 refuse to consider any text in excess of the page limit. See Local Civil Rule (“LCR”) 7(e)(6). 19 Here, however, Mr. Xu has not objected to the length of Allstate’s reply brief and in any case 20 was given an opportunity to address any portion of Allstate’s reply brief at oral argument. 21 Therefore, the Court will not strike the extra pages in this specific instance, as Mr. Xu does not 22 suffer prejudice from the length of Allstate’s reply brief. 23

24 ORDER REGARDING SUBJECT 1 B. Fraudulent Joinder 2 Allstate bases its removal on diversity jurisdiction. Dkt. No. 1 at 2; see 28 U.S.C. § 1441 3 (removal statute). “[A] federal court may exercise diversity jurisdiction ‘only if there is no 4 plaintiff and no defendant who are citizens of the same State.’” Weeping Hollow Ave. Tr. v.

5 Spencer, 831 F.3d 1110, 1112 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Wis. Dep’t of Corr. v. Schacht, 524 U.S. 6 381, 388 (1998)); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). 7 There is a strong presumption against federal jurisdiction in a removed case. See, e.g., 8 Hunter v. Philip Morris USA, 582 F.3d 1039, 1042 (9th Cir. 2009). The court must resolve “all 9 ambiguity in favor of remand to state court.” Id. 10 Both Mr. Xu and Mr. Weis are citizens of Washington (Dkt. No. 1-1 at 3), which 11 ordinarily defeats diversity jurisdiction. Allstate argues that Mr. Weis’s presence must be 12 disregarded for the purposes of establishing diversity jurisdiction because he was fraudulently 13 joined in this case. See Dkt. No. 1 at 3–4. 14 When “the plaintiff fails to state a cause of action against a resident [and therefore

15 diversity-destroying] defendant, and the failure is obvious according to the settled rules of the 16 state,” the nondiverse defendant is deemed “fraudulently joined” and ignored for the purposes of 17 determining diversity.3 Morris v. Princess Cruises, Inc., 236 F.3d 1061, 1067 (9th Cir. 2001) 18 (quoting McCabe v. Gen. Foods Corp., 811 F.2d 1336, 1339 (9th Cir. 1987)); see also Weeping 19 Hollow Ave. Tr., 831 F.3d at 1113 (fraudulent joinder looks to whether plaintiff can state 20 reasonable or colorable claim for relief). In short, “if there is a possibility that a state court would 21 find that the complaint states a cause of action against [the nondiverse defendant,] the federal 22

3 Fraudulent joinder may also be established by showing actual fraud in the pleading of jurisdictional facts. See, e.g., 23 Grancare, LLC v. Thrower ex rel. Mills, 889 F.3d 543, 548 (9th Cir. 2018). This form of fraudulent joinder is not at issue in this case. 24 ORDER REGARDING SUBJECT 1 court must find that the joinder was proper and remand the case to the state court.” Grancare, 2 LLC v. Thrower ex rel. Mills, 889 F.3d 543, 548 (9th Cir. 2018) (emphasis in original) (quoting 3 Hunter, 582 F.3d at 1046) (holding that the standard for fraudulent joinder is different from the 4 Rule 12(b)(6) standard).

5 Defendants bear the burden of showing, by clear and convincing evidence, that fraudulent 6 joinder exists and that removal was proper. See, e.g., Hamilton Materials, Inc. v. Dow Chem. 7 Corp., 494 F.3d 1203, 1206 (9th Cir. 2007) (“clear and convincing evidence” standard); see also 8 Grancare, LLC, 889 F.3d at 548 (defendant bears a “heavy burden”). 9 Allstate argues that Mr. Xu’s claims of bad faith and CPA violations against Mr. Weis 10 are barred by Washington law. Dkt. No. 17 at 4. Allstate argues that the Washington Supreme 11 Court decision Keodalah v. Allstate Insurance Co. (“Keodalah II”), 449 P.3d 1040 (Wash. 2019) 12 (en banc), “confirmed” a long-standing stance of Washington courts that such claims are barred. 13 Dkt. No. 17 at 5–6. According to Allstate, no court applying Washington law has recognized a 14 common law bad faith claim against an insurance adjustor, and Keodalah II bars any bad faith or

15 CPA violation claims against an individual adjustor. Dkt. No. 20 at 2. 16 Mr. Xu argues that Mr. Weis is properly joined because Keodalah II only holds that 17 (1) there is no statutory bad faith claim against an individual adjustor (under RCW 48.01.030); 18 and (2) there is no per se CPA claim against an individual adjustor. Dkt. No. 18 at 3. Mr. Xu 19 argues that Keodalah II does not address whether a plaintiff may allege common law bad faith 20 claims or non–per se CPA claims against an individual insurance adjustor, as explained by 21 Justice Mary Yu’s dissenting opinion. Id. at 4. Mr. Xu further notes that several decisions of this 22 District have already held that Keodalah II left open whether common law bad faith and non–per 23 se CPA claims may be asserted against an individual adjustor. Id. at 4–6.

24 ORDER REGARDING SUBJECT 1 1. Keodalah v. Allstate Insurance Co. 2 In 2018, the Washington Court of Appeals held that an individual employee insurance 3 adjustor may be individually liable for bad faith claims and CPA claims. Keodalah v. Allstate 4 Ins. Co. (“Keodalah I”), 413 P.3d 1059, 1065 (Wash. Ct. App. 2018), rev’d by Keodalah II, 449

5 P.3d 1040. Then, in 2019 (notably, before Mr. Xu initiated this action), the Supreme Court of 6 Washington reversed, holding that there is no implied cause of action for insurance bad faith 7 against individual insurance representatives under RCW 48.01.030. Keodalah II, 449 P.3d at 8 1046. The court based this holding on a close analysis of RCW 48.01.030, including its statutory 9 and historical context. Id. The court also held that insurance adjustors are not subject to personal 10 liability for per se CPA claims brought on the basis of violations of Washington Administrative 11 Code (“WAC”) 284-30-330(2), (4), (6)–(8), and (13) and RCW 48.01.030, in part because an 12 insurance agent is outside of the quasi-fiduciary relationship between the insurance company and 13 the insured under RCW 48.01.030. Id. at 1047–48. 14 Justice Mary Yu dissented from the majority opinion in Keodalah II, writing that: (1) the

15 Supreme Court had only reached the statutory bad faith claim but failed to reach whether the 16 plaintiff had asserted a viable common law claim of bad faith; and (2) she would affirm the 17 insured’s per se CPA claim against the insurance representative. Id. at 1050 (Yu, J., dissenting). 18 Justice Yu noted that the Supreme Court had never addressed the question of whether an 19 employee adjustor owes a common law duty of good faith to the insured but argued that there 20 was some basis in Washington precedent to find such a duty. Id. at 1051–52. She also added that 21 “[c]onsiderations of policy, common sense, logic, and justice support recognizing a common law 22 duty.” Id. at 1052–53. 23

24 ORDER REGARDING SUBJECT 1 2. Aftermath of Keodalah II 2 The Washington Supreme Court did not foreclose the assertion of a common law bad 3 faith claim or non–per se CPA claim against an individual employee insurance adjustor—nor 4 does Allstate cite any Washington court holding as much. The inquiry could end there, as neither

5 claim is foreclosed by Washington law. 6 In any case, case law since Keodalah II only confirms this. One Court of Appeals has 7 described Keodalah II as “based solely on an issue of statutory construction and not on whether 8 the adjuster could be individually liable in tort,” R.N. v. Kiwanis Int’l, 496 P.3d 748, 762 (Wash. 9 Ct. App. 2021), which supports Justice Yu’s analysis (and this Court’s analysis) that Keodalah II 10 did not address common law bad faith claims. Mr. Xu also points to a Washington Court of 11 Appeals decision denying discretionary review because it was not obvious error for the trial court 12 to conclude that Keodalah II did not bar common law bad faith claims against employee 13 insurance adjustors. Hunt v. USAA Cas. Ins., No. 54497-1, slip op. at 3–4 (Wash. Ct. App. 14 2021).4 No other Washington state court appears to have ruled on whether a claim of common

15 law bad faith or non–per se CPA violation can be asserted against an individual adjustor. 16 Federal courts have also found that Keodalah II does not extend to common law bad faith 17 claims and non–per se CPA violations. This District has declined to find fraudulent joinder in 18 similar circumstances as here, interpreting Keodalah II as only barring claims of statutory duty 19 of good faith or per se CPA violations against insurance adjustors while leaving open the 20 possibility of common law bad faith and non–per se CPA violation claims. See, e.g., Leonard v. 21 First Am. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., No. C19-6089, 2020 WL 634430, at *2 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 11, 22 2020) (declining to find fraudulent joinder of insurance adjustors); Fiorito v. Bankers Standard 23 4 This is available on the docket as Dkt. No. 19-2. 24 ORDER REGARDING SUBJECT 1 Ins. Co., No. C19-1760, 2020 WL 4333779, at *2 (W.D. Wash. July 28, 2020) (same); Hale v. 2 Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co., No. C19-6059, 2020 WL 3433086, at *2 (W.D. Wash. June 23, 2020) 3 (same).5 4 One such court noted that, even if an insured’s CPA claim against an individual adjustor

5 might be eventually dismissed as a nonviable claim, “it is better to leave such novel questions of 6 Washington State law to Washington courts.” Leonard, 2020 WL 634430, at *2. Another court 7 also noted that it is possible for the Washington Supreme Court to go either way in the future in 8 deciding whether a common law duty of good faith exists between an insured and insurance 9 adjustor. Fiorito, 2020 WL 4333779 at *3; see also Bundrick v. Allstate Fire & Cas. Ins. Co., 10 C20-1334, 2020 WL 6392738, at *2 (W.D. Wash. Nov. 2, 2020) (declining to reconsider 11 Fiorito); Woelfle v. Am. Fam. Connect Prop., No. C21-1073, 2021 WL 4709901, at *1 (W.D. 12 Wash. Oct. 8, 2021) (same). 13 In short, virtually all case law in the aftermath of Keodalah II agrees with Justice Yu, 14 whose dissenting opinion is non-binding but provides a cogent, persuasive analysis, pointing out

15 that the majority opinion left open the question of whether a common law bad faith claim can be 16 asserted against an individual adjustor. Allstate points to no contrary authority. 17 3. Viability of a Common Law Bad Faith Claim Against Mr. Weis 18 Allstate has not met its burden of showing that Mr. Xu’s claims against Mr. Weis are not 19 possible. See Grancare, LLC, 889 F.3d at 548. While the Court is not bound by the prior 20 decisions of courts interpreting Keodalah II (as well as Justice Yu’s dissenting opinion), they are 21

22 5 Another case, Kolova v. Allstate Insurance Co., also touched on the issue, but it is not relevant to the Court’s analysis because there, plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed the insurance adjustor when Keodalah II was issued, and the court did not address the implications of Keodalah II. 438 F. Supp. 3d 1192, 1197 (W.D. Wash. 2020). Plaintiff also 23 relies on Zuniga v. Standard Guaranty Insurance Co., No. C17-5176, 2017 WL 2266243 (W.D. Wash. May 24, 2017), but it relies on pre–Keodalah II Washington law and provides little persuasive value. 24 ORDER REGARDING SUBJECT 1 instructive in demonstrating, at the very least, that a reasonable doubt exists as to whether 2 Keodalah II foreclosed all bad faith claims and CPA claims against individual insurance 3 adjustors. Indeed, the Keodalah II majority opinion grounds its analysis of the bad faith claim at 4 issue in statutory text and history, which of course cannot be applied to common law claims.

5 Allstate argues that Keodalah II found that the common law and statutory duties of good 6 faith are co-extensive and only apply to the insurer-insured relationship.6 Dkt. No. 17 at 6. At 7 oral argument, Allstate further argued that the common law bad faith claim against individual 8 insurance adjustors is purely theoretical and was essentially created by Justice Yu’s dissent in 9 Keodalah II. But this ignores that Keodalah II itself acknowledged existence of a separate 10 common law duty of good faith and only found that RCW 48.01.030 did not create a separate 11 and new cause of action for bad faith insurance claims. Keodalah II, 449 P.3d at 1046 (“An 12 actionable common law duty of good faith had already been established when RCW 48.01.030 13 was enacted . . . . Nothing . . . indicates that RCW 48.01.030 was intended to alter the previously 14 established common law duty.”).

15 It does appear, to Allstate’s credit, that there is some room for confusion in reading 16 Keodalah II. The majority opinion appears to conflate the statutory bad faith claim with a “tort” 17 claim. See 449 P.3d at 1047 (“Keodalah’s [per se] CPA claim . . . fails, for a similar reason as his 18 tort claim . . . .”). It also notes in passing that the court has previously “limited bad-faith tort 19 claims to the context of the insurer-insured relationship,” see id. at 1047 & n.6, primarily relying 20 on Tank v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 715 P.2d 1133 (Wash. 1986). But, while Tank 21

22 6 None of the other Washington cases that Allstate cites (Dkt. No. 20 at 5–6) as purportedly stating that the statutory and common law duties of good faith are co-extensive actually hold that the two are co-extensive; at most, they simply discuss the two duties together. See Barriga Figueroa v. Prieto Mariscal, 441 P.3d 818 (Wash. 2019); 23 Merriman v. Am. Guar. & Liab. Ins., 396 P.3d 351 (Wash. App. 2017); St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Onivia, Inc., 196 P.3d 664 (Wash. 2008). 24 ORDER REGARDING SUBJECT 1 emphasizes that the duty of good faith is based on the fiduciary relationship between the insurer 2 and insured and finds that a third-party claimant has no right of action against the insurer for 3 (statutory) bad faith, the first portion is dicta and the latter portion irrelevant to a claim brought 4 by the insured against an insurance adjustor. See 715 P.2d at 1136, 1140.

5 Unfortunately, an absence of cases affirmatively recognizing a common law bad faith 6 claim against individual adjustors does not preclude the existence of such a claim. It may very 7 well be that the Court would agree with Allstate’s reading of the likely state of Washington 8 law—but that is not the question. As Fiorito noted, if a Washington court could find that an 9 insured may assert a common law insurance bad faith claim against an individual employee 10 insurance adjustor, even if unlikely, this Court must decline to find fraudulent joinder and defer 11 to the state courts to determine the law. Here, Allstate failed to establish that Mr. Xu is 12 foreclosed from asserting a common law bad faith claim against Mr. Weis under Washington 13 law. Therefore, Mr. Weis is not fraudulently joined, and his presence in this case destroys 14 complete diversity. Because the Court finds that Mr. Xu’s common law bad faith claim is not

15 foreclosed by Washington state law, it does not reach whether Mr. Xu is permitted to assert a 16 non–per se CPA violation claim against Mr. Weis. 17 Lacking subject matter jurisdiction over this matter, the Court must remand this case to 18 the King County Superior Court. The issue of whether Defendant Mr. Weis was properly served 19 with process is moot.7 20 C. Attorney Fees 21 Plaintiff seeks to recover attorney fees. Dkt. No. 18 at 1. “[A] court may award costs and 22 attorney’s fees under [28 U.S.C.] § 1447(c) only where the removing party lacked an objectively 23 7 The Court notes, in any case, that attempted service is not the same as actual service of process. 24 ORDER REGARDING SUBJECT 1 reasonable basis for seeking removal.” Grancare, LLC, 889 F.3d at 552. Allstate’s argument that 2 Keodalah II forecloses the possibility of asserting any bad faith or CPA claims against Mr. Weis 3 is not objectively unreasonable. The prior cases in this District ruling on this issue are not 4 binding on this Court, and indeed, it may even be that, at a future date, the Washington state

5 courts take Allstate’s position and find that Keodalah forecloses the claims asserted against 6 Mr. Weis. Therefore, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s request for attorney fees. 7 IV. CONCLUSION 8 Accordingly, the case is REMANDED to King County Superior Court. Plaintiff’s request 9 for attorney fees and costs is DENIED. All pending motions and issues before this Court are 10 VACATED. 11 Dated this 21st day of February 2023. 12 A 13 Tana Lin United States District Judge 14

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