NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 13a0857n.06
Nos. 12-4408, 12-4410 FILED Oct 02, 2013 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
XIANG CAN LIN and ) XIU RONG LIN, ) ) ON PETITION FOR REVIEW Petitioners, ) OF AN ORDER OF THE ) BOARD OF IMMIGRATION v. ) APPEALS ) ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney ) General, ) OPINION ) Respondent. ) ______________________________ _________)
Before: MOORE and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; HELMICK, District Judge.*
KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Petitioners, Xiang Can Lin and Xiu Rong
Lin, ask this court to review the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) denial of their motion to
reopen removal proceedings. Based on changed conditions in the People’s Republic of China
(“PRC”), they seek asylum. The Lins argue that the BIA abused its discretion in excluding certain
documents from its consideration and failing to find that they had demonstrated a well-founded fear
of persecution. For the reasons stated below, we DENY the Lins’ petition for review.
* The Honorable Jeffrey J. Helmick, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by designation. Nos. 12-4408, 12-4410 Xiang Can Lin et al. v. Holder
I. BACKGROUND
Mr. and Ms. Lin, citizens of the PRC, entered the United States without permission or proper
documentation on October 10, 1992 and October 1, 1993, respectively. Administrative Record
(“A.R.”) at 237–38 (2009 Form I-589 at 1–2). In 1997, petitioners married in Georgia, id. at 260
(Marriage License), and they have three daughters born on April 17, 1998, September 28, 2003, and
July 18, 2006, id. at 261–63 (Birth Certificates). Their daughters are American citizens. Id.
Petitioners each filed an application for asylum within a year of arriving in the United States.
Id. at 1367–68 (2004 Immigration Judge (“IJ”) Oral Decision (“Dec.”) at 2–3); see 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(a)(2)(B) (imposing a one-year time limit). On April 3, 1996, the Immigration and
Naturalization Service1 (“INS”) issued an Order to Show Cause, charging Ms. Lin with deportability
under § 241(a)(1)(A) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), codified at 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(1)(A).2 A.R. at 3802 (Form I-221). The INS issued Mr. Lin a Notice to Appear on
September 21, 1998, charging removability under § 237(a)(1)(A), codified at 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(1)(A), and § 212(a)(7)(A)(i)(I) of the INA, codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I).
A.R. at 2254–55 (Form I-862). Ms. and Mr. Lin admitted the facts charged, and they conceded
deportability and removability, respectively. Id. at 1089 (Dec. 10, 1996 Hr’g Tr. at 2:15–17) (Ms.
1 The Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135, dissolved the INS and transferred its functions to the Department of Homeland Security. 2 The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104- 208, § 305(a)(2), 110 Stat. 3009–546, redesignated § 241 of the INA as § 237 and codified the section at 8 U.S.C. § 1227.
2 Nos. 12-4408, 12-4410 Xiang Can Lin et al. v. Holder
Lin); id. at 1107 (Oct. 20, 1998 Hr’g Tr. at 17:17–21) (Mr. Lin). The INS consolidated the
petitioners’ proceedings in March 1999. Id. at 1115 (Mar. 23, 1999 Hr’g Tr. at 23).
The Lins amended their applications for asylum, claiming that they had violated the PRC’s
“family planning policy” and that they feared being sterilized as a result. Id. at 2251–52 (Am. to
1998 Form I-589). On January 7, 2004, the IJ denied the Lins’ applications without allowing oral
testimony. Id. at 1373 (2004 IJ Oral Dec. at 8). The Lins appealed to the BIA, arguing that the IJ
“denied [them] due process” by preventing them from testifying. Id. at 1327 (2005 BIA Op. at 1).
The BIA agreed, vacated the IJ’s decision, and remanded for further proceedings. Id.
On remand, the Lins focused again on their fears of returning to the PRC in violation of the
country’s family-planning policies. See id. at 1077–80 (2006 IJ Op. at 2–5). Ms. Lin—pregnant
with the Lins’ third daughter—testified that she understood the policies to require the implantation
of an intrauterine device after a woman’s first child and sterilization after the second one. See id.
at 1077 (2006 IJ Op. at 2). The Lins submitted information supporting this understanding, including
reports from the Department of State. Id. at 1079 (2006 IJ Op. at 4). The government introduced
exhibits showing that officials in Fujian Province enforced the family-planning policies through fines
and other economic penalties—not forced sterilization. Id. at 1080 (2006 IJ Op. at 5). Furthermore,
the government showed that the Lins willingly sent their children to live with family in the PRC for
significant time. Id. at 1081 (2006 IJ Op. at 6). After considering this evidence, the IJ found Ms.
Lin to be credible, but he concluded that the Lins had “not shown a well-founded fear of
3 Nos. 12-4408, 12-4410 Xiang Can Lin et al. v. Holder
persecution.” Id. Thus, the IJ denied their applications and ordered them removed and deported.
Id. at 1085 (2006 IJ Op. at 10).
The Lins appealed once more to the BIA, alleging that the IJ “failed to fully consider all
evidence,” that the IJ “erred in determining that [the Lins’] decision to send their first two United
States-born children to [the PRC] . . . undermined their claim that they had a well-founded fear of
returning to [the PRC],” and that “the record establishe[d] that they ha[d] a well-founded fear of
being sterilized.” Id. at 783–84 (2007 BIA Op. at 1–2). The BIA disagreed and affirmed the IJ’s
conclusions. This court, then, denied the Lins’ petition for review. Xiu Rong Lin v. Mukasey, No.
08-3022 (6th Cir. Dec. 9, 2008) (unpublished order); see also A.R. at 101–03 (same).
On June 22, 2009, the Lins filed a motion to reopen removal proceedings with the BIA. See
A.R. at 270 (2009 Mot. to Reopen at 1). Motions to reopen have strict filing requirements. See 8
U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(2). The BIA found that the Lins’ motion was
untimely because it was filed more than two years after the regulation’s deadline. A.R. at 91 (2010
BIA Op. at 1). It denied the motion because the Lins failed to introduce new evidence showing
“changed county conditions” and, thus, to qualify for an exception to the filing requirements. Id. at
91 (2010 BIA Op. at 1) (quoting § 240(c)(7)(C)(ii) of the INA, codified at 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii) and 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(3)(ii)). The Lins did not seek review of the BIA’s
decision.
The Lins filed their second motion to reopen removal proceedings and remand on April 5,
2012 pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c). See A.R. at 17 (2012 Mot. to Reopen at 1). This motion also
4 Nos. 12-4408, 12-4410 Xiang Can Lin et al. v. Holder
failed to comply with the timing and number requirements. Id. at 3 (2012 BIA Op. at 1). And again,
the Lins attempted to qualify for an exception by demonstrating changed country conditions, and
they submitted numerous documents in that effort. See id. at 4–5 (2012 BIA Op. at 2–3); Pet’r’s Br.
at 6–7. The BIA rejected the Lins’ argument for several reasons: (1) “[s]ome of the documents
[were] not new or previously unavailable,” A.R. at 5 (2012 BIA Op. at 3); (2) “[t]he documents from
China [were not] authenticated pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1287.6,” id.; (3) Mr. Lin did not demonstrate
that “the documents and regulations from other villages, towns, and cities [were] applicable to him,”
id.; (4) the Lins’ evidence was “inadequate” to undermine the Department of State’s 2007 Country
Profile of China (“2007 Profile”), id. at 6 (2012 BIA Op. at 4); and (5) the Lins did not
“demonstrate[] that [they] would be subjected to economic harm amounting to persecution,” id. The
Lins timely filed a petition for review.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen proceedings for an abuse of discretion.
INS v. Doherty, 502 U.S. 314, 323 (1992); Haddad v. Gonzales, 437 F.3d 515, 517 (6th Cir. 2006).
The BIA abuses its discretion when its “‘denial of [the] motion to reopen . . . was made without a
rational explanation, inexplicably departed from established policies, or rested on an impermissible
basis such as invidious discrimination against a particular race or group.’” Allabani v. Gonzales, 402
F.3d 668, 675 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Balani v. INS, 669 F.2d 1157, 1161 (6th Cir. 1982)) (addition
5 Nos. 12-4408, 12-4410 Xiang Can Lin et al. v. Holder
and omission in Allabani). We review the BIA’s legal determinations de novo. Bi Feng Liu v.
Holder, 560 F.3d 485, 490 (6th Cir. 2009).
B. Merits
Section 240(c)(7)(A) of the INA, codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A), permits an alien to
file one motion to reopen removal proceedings, provided that the filing is “within 90 days of the date
of entry of a final administrative order of removal,” 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(i); accord 8 C.F.R.
§ 1003.2(c)(2). This timing restriction does not apply, however, when “the basis of the motion is
to apply for relief under [8 U.S.C. §] 1158 or [§] 1231(b)(3) . . . and is based on changed country
conditions . . . .” § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii). Still, these motions to reopen must contain evidence of
“changed country conditions” and “such evidence [must be] material and . . . not available and would
not have been discovered or presented at the previous proceeding.” Id.; see also Niyibizi v. Mukasey,
300 F. App’x 371, 374 (6th Cir. 2008); Haddad, 437 F.3d at 517–18. Furthermore, the evidence
must establish a prima facie case for relief on the merits of the underlying petition. Alizoti v.
Gonzales, 477 F.3d 448, 451–52 (6th Cir. 2007). In total, these showings constitute a “heavy
burden” for the petitioner to lift. In re Coelho, 20 I. & N. Dec. 464, 473 (1992).
The Lins claim that their otherwise time- and number-barred motion falls within the limited
exception for asylum applicants. The BIA found that the Lins failed to meet their burden of proof.
The Lins now allege that the BIA abused its discretion in several ways when it rejected their motion:
(1) the BIA did not make a rational explanation for rejecting certain documents as “not new or
previously unavailable” and “incomplete”; (2) it departed from established policy by rejecting
6 Nos. 12-4408, 12-4410 Xiang Can Lin et al. v. Holder
evidence related to other towns and cities in the PRC as not applicable to the Lins; (3) it required
authentication of all documents from the PRC; and (4) it found that the evidence did not demonstrate
changed country conditions in the PRC. See Pet’r’s Br. at 10–12. Each of these arguments fails for
the reasons explained below.
1.
The BIA did not abuse its discretion in excluding, or in explaining its exclusion of, certain
submissions as “not new or previously unavailable” or “incomplete.” In its 2012 decision, the BIA
recited the applicable standard for introducing “material” and “previously unavailable” evidence.
See A.R. at 3 (2012 BIA Op. at 1) (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(3)(ii);
In re S-Y-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 247 (BIA 2007), aff’d Shao v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 138 (2d Cir. 2008)).
The BIA then recounted the Lins’ submissions, including relevant dates for various documents. See
A.R. at 4–5 (2012 BIA Op. at 2–3). Some of these documents, the BIA noted, were previously
submitted, such as Mr. Lin’s “marriage certificate, his children’s birth certificates, the 1999 Chang
Le City Family Planning Q & A Handbook, . . . [and] a portion of the 2009 Annual Report of the
Congressional-Executive Commission on China.” Id. at 4 (2012 BIA Op. at 2). Others were
previously available, such as the 1994, 1995, 1998, and 2005 country reports and profiles on the
PRC, which predated the BIA’s 2007 and 2010 decisions. See id. at 5 (2012 BIA Op. at 3); see also
Bi Feng Liu, 560 F.3d at 491 (supporting the BIA’s rejection of documents available and dated
before previous disposition). Additionally, the BIA commented that still other documents were
incomplete, A.R. at 5 (2012 BIA Op. at 3), and the Lins admitted as much in their filings, see A.R.
7 Nos. 12-4408, 12-4410 Xiang Can Lin et al. v. Holder
at 2314–28 (Index of Docs. at i–xv) (providing “excerpts” and “selected pages” of documents). No
more detailed explanation was necessary here to reject these submissions.
In their brief, the Lins took particular issue with the BIA’s failure to address their “highly
probative” FOIA documents. See Pet’r’s Br. at 18. This charge misunderstands the BIA’s duty. The
Lins relied upon Sylla v. INS, 388 F.3d 924 (6th Cir. 2004), for the proposition that the BIA “must
include ‘specific reasons’ for its conclusions.” Pet’r’s Br. at 18 (quoting Sylla, 388 F.3d at 926).
The BIA, however, must only give a rational explanation for why it rejected the Lins’ motion (its
ultimate conclusion); it need not “mention every piece of evidence before it or every logical element
of a motion.” Yan Xia Zhang v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 851, 854 (6th Cir. 2008). Sylla itself supports
this understanding of the BIA’s responsibilities. In that case, the petitioner challenged an IJ’s
adverse credibility determination, not an IJ’s consideration of one piece of evidence in making the
overall assessment. See Sylla, 388 F.3d at 925. In that context, we stated that the BIA must give
specific reasons for its findings, which the BIA did when denying the Lins’ motion to reopen.
Accordingly, the BIA did not abuse its discretion when explaining its rejection of some documents
as previously available or incomplete.
2.
The BIA did not depart from established policy or abuse its discretion when it rejected
documents purporting to describe the enforcement of the PRC’s family-planning policies in other
areas of the country as immaterial. In a motion to reopen, petitioners must demonstrate a well-
founded fear of persecution (i.e., being forcibly sterilized for violating the family-planning policies)
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upon returning to the PRC. See Bi Xia Qu v. Holder, 618 F.3d 602, 606 (6th Cir. 2010). “The feared
persecution must relate to the [petitioners] individually, not to the population generally.” Harchenko
v. INS, 379 F.3d 405, 410 (6th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). Furthermore,
petitioners bear the burden of “offer[ing] reasonably specific information showing a real threat of
individual persecution.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). To that end, the BIA has accepted
the Department of State’s finding that “[d]eviations in implementing [the family-planning policies]
occur at the provincial, or even village, level.” In re J-H-S-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 196, 199 (BIA 2007)
(citing 2007 Profile at 23). Thus, the Lins must present evidence showing that having their U.S.-
born children “violated family planning policies in [their] local province, municipality, or other
locally-defined area, and that current local family planning enforcement efforts would give rise to
a well-founded fear of persecution because of the violation.” Id. at 198. Evidence concerning the
implementation of family-planning policies in other parts of the PRC is immaterial to the Lins’
motion.
The Lins originate from and plan to return to Ke Feng Village, Tantou Town, Changle City,
Fujian Province in the PRC. See A.R. at 5 (2012 BIA Op. at 3). As part of their application, the Lins
submitted several reports and affidavits regarding the PRC’s family-planning policies in general and
their enforcement in other provinces or villages. See, e.g., id. at 3183–3209 (Ex. QQQ); id. at
3210–3364 (Ex. RRR). The BIA found that the Lins had “not shown that the[se] documents and
regulations from other villages, towns, and cities are applicable to [them].” A.R. at 5 (2012 BIA Op.
at 3). While many of these documents discussed Fujian Province, few detailed the policies or their
9 Nos. 12-4408, 12-4410 Xiang Can Lin et al. v. Holder
enforcement in the Lins’ township or village. These documents do not help to determine whether
the Lins in particular will be in violation of the family-planning policies as they are implemented in
their locality, nor do they show that the local authorities will subject them to forcible sterilization.
Therefore, the BIA’s rejection of these documents as immaterial was not an abuse of discretion.
The Lins also argue that the BIA’s rejection of documents pertaining to Fujian Province is
contrary to precedent. See Pet’r’s Br. at 22–23. The Lins, however, are in error. Certainly, the BIA
has “no discretion to ignore its own precedent,” Billeke-Tolosa v. Ashcroft, 385 F.3d 708, 712 (6th
Cir. 2004), but in this instance, it followed controlling law. As noted above, the BIA has accepted
that the enforcement of the family-planning policies varies by locality, see J-H-S-, 24 I. & N. Dec.
at 198–200, but contrary to the Lins’ assertions, the BIA’s statement in J-H-S- that petitioners must
demonstrate a violation of family-planning policies in their “province, municipality, or other locally-
defined area” is not a hard command that panels accept all information touching on the policies in
petitioners’ provinces, id. at 198. Rather, it is a reminder that petitioners must present evidence that
they individually, not Chinese aliens generally, face persecution if removed to the PRC. In J-H-S-,
the petitioner also submitted the 1999 Chang Le City Family Planning Q & A Handbook and the
2003 Administrative Decision of the Fujian Province Family Planning Administration; the BIA
denied that appeal because those documents did not qualify as “persuasive evidence that [the
children’s births] would trigger enforcement activity in Fujian Province.” 24 I. & N. Dec. at 202.
Similarly, these documents do not touch on the Lins’ individual chances of facing sterilization and
are therefore immaterial. In In re H-L-H- & Z-Y-Z-, 25 I. & N. Dec. 209, 216 (BIA 2010), rev’d in
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part, Hui Lin Huang v. Holder, 677 F.3d 130 (2d Cir. 2012) (requiring the BIA to find clear error
to reverse an IJ’s finding that a future event would likely occur), the BIA denied an appeal where
petitioners submitted letters from relatives and friends reporting sterilizations in the same province
years before. Like those submissions, the Lins’ submissions are “not current” and “do not show that
the individuals referenced are similarly situated to the respondent.” H-L-H-, 25 I. & N. Dec. at
215–16. The BIA’s decision fits squarely within these prior opinions, and thus, it was not an abuse
of discretion.
3.
When the BIA required the PRC documents to be authenticated, it did not abuse its discretion
either. In its opinion, the BIA noted that the Lins’ PRC documents had not been authenticated
pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1287.6, but that the petitioners had made other efforts to authenticate some
foreign documents, such as through expert testimony. A.R. at 5–6 (2012 BIA Op. at 3–4); see also
A.R. at 2754–2761 (Sapio Aff. at 1–7). The BIA rejected the Lins’ “foreign documents that ha[d]
not been sufficiently authenticated in any manner [as not] genuine, authentic, and objectively
reasonable.” A.R. at 5 (2012 BIA Op. at 3) (citing H-L-H, 25 I. & N. Dec. 209). The Lins claim that
requiring authentication in this instance was an abuse of discretion, but their argument fails for two
reasons: (1) the BIA has wide discretion to reject foreign documents that it does not consider
genuine or authentic; and (2) the BIA considered the documents nonetheless and excluded them on
other grounds.
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Rejecting foreign documents that have not been authenticated pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1287.6
or a comparable procedure is within the BIA’s discretion and part of its mandate. Section 1287.6
requires petitioners seeking to introduce copies of foreign documents to have a government official
certify their authenticity. § 1287.6(b)(1); Ramaj v. Gonzales, 466 F.3d 520, 530 (6th Cir. 2006).
This court, however, has recognized that § 1287.6 is not the exclusive method for authenticating
foreign government documents, see Qi Yang Chen v. Holder, 441 F. App’x 342, 346 n.5 (6th Cir.
2011), and the Lins’ attorney made various efforts to authenticate the PRC documents, such as
through Dr. Sapio’s expert testimony, see A.R. at 2754–61 (Sapio Aff. at 1–7). That said, the BIA
was correct in excluding the small portion of the PRC documents that were not authenticated in any
manner. While immigration proceedings are not conducted pursuant to the more stringent Federal
Rules of Evidence, Yongo v. INS, 355 F.3d 27, 30 (1st Cir. 2004), the BIA must screen evidence to
ensure its reliability. Here, the excluded evidence would benefit the Lins, but in other cases, the
potentially inauthentic evidence might harm the petitioner. For example, in In re D-R-, 25 I. & N.
Dec. 445 (BIA 2011), cited favorably by the Lins, the petitioner denied the authenticity of evidence
linking him to extrajudicial killings in Bosnia. The IJ and BIA required the government to
authenticate the evidence through expert testimony before it consulted the documents in deciding
whether to order the petitioner’s removal. Id. at 460-61. The integrity of the immigration
proceedings demands that these decisions are made on the basis of verified and accurate information.
Accordingly, the BIA did not abuse its discretion in excluding information lacking evidence of
authenticity from its decision.
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The Lins’ argument goes beyond this modest claim, however. They assert that the BIA
rejected many documents that are “self-authenticating” official documents under the Federal Rules
of Evidence. See Pet’r’s Br. at 18–21. This argument is an exaggeration, because a close reading
of the BIA opinion reveals that it likely rejected only those documents that had “not been sufficiently
authenticated in any manner.” A.R. at 5 (2012 BIA Op. at 3) (emphasis added). Even if the panel
rejected most of the PRC documents, it matters little because the BIA considered the PRC
documents and then excluded them for being previously available or immaterial as discussed above.
Id. at 4–6 (2012 BIA Op. at 2–4). Such a decision is not an abuse of discretion. In Qi Hua Chen v.
Holder, 397 F. App’x 111 (6th Cir. 2010), this court faced a similar situation. The BIA noted that
a certain PRC document lacked “authenticating information,” but it also rejected the document
because the issuing office lacked the authority to enforce its edict, making the document irrelevant.
Id. at 117–18. This court could not say that the BIA’s action was an abuse of discretion. We cannot
do so in this case either.
4.
Finally, the BIA did not abuse its discretion in finding that the Lins had failed to carry their
heavy burden of showing changed country conditions. As the Lins rightly note, “[i]n determining
whether evidence accompanying a motion to reopen demonstrates a material change in country
conditions that would justify the reopening, [the BIA] compare[s] the evidence of country conditions
submitted with the motion to those that existed at the time of the merits hearing below.” Pet’r’s Br.
at 24 (quoting S-Y-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 253) (alterations in brief). On this evidence, petitioners
13 Nos. 12-4408, 12-4410 Xiang Can Lin et al. v. Holder
must make “a prima facie showing that [they] currently ha[ve] a well-founded fear of persecution
in China.” S-Y-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 253.
In 2007, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision denying the Lins’ applications for asylum. A.R.
at 783–785 (2007 BIA Op. at 1–3). The Department of State released a profile of the human rights
situation in the PRC the same year. See id. at 2461–93 (2007 Profile 133-165). The BIA treats these
Department of State documents, such as the 2007 Profile, as “highly probative” and “usually the best
source of information on conditions in foreign nations.” Id. at 6 (2012 BIA Op. at 4) (citing H-L-H-,
25 I. & N. Dec. at 214). In that report, the Department of State found “no cases of forced abortion
or sterilization in Fujian in the last 10 years.” Id. at 2467 (2007 Profile at 139). Rather, the
authorities used “[s]ocial compensation fees” to punish violators of the policies. Id. at 2468 (2007
Profile at 140). In 2010, the Congressional-Executive Commission on China found that
“implementation [of the policies] tends to vary across localities” still. Id. at 2335 (2010 Annual
Report at 116). Absent the excluded evidence discussed above, the Lins presented no evidence that
demonstrates that their locality now performs involuntary sterilization procedures. Even if the
evidence is included, the Lins still did not prove that they personally have a well-founded fear of
being sterilized by family-planning authorities. Accordingly, the BIA did not abuse its discretion
in denying the Lins’ motion to reopen removal proceedings.
14 Nos. 12-4408, 12-4410 Xiang Can Lin et al. v. Holder
III. CONCLUSION
The BIA did not abuse its discretion in finding that the Lins failed to demonstrate changed
country conditions. Thus, the Lins’ motion to reopen removal proceedings was time- and number-
barred. Accordingly, we DENY the Lins’ petition for review.