18‐0956‐cv Wu Jiang v. Ridge Tool Co., et al.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007 IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 18th day of March, two thousand nineteen.
PRESENT: RICHARD C. WESLEY, DENNY CHIN, RICHARD J. SULLIVAN, Circuit Judges. ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x
WU JIANG, Plaintiff‐Appellant,
v. 18‐0956‐cv RIDGE TOOL COMPANY, EMERSON ELECTRIC CO., HOME DEPOT USA, INC., Defendants‐Appellees,
JOHN DOE, 1‐10, Defendants.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x
FOR PLAINTIFF‐APPELLANT: STACEY VAN MALDEN, Bronx, New York.
FOR DEFENDANTS‐APPELLEES: LEONARD FREDERICK LESSER, Simon Lesser PC, New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of
New York (Mauskopf, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
In this products liability case, plaintiff‐appellant Wu Jiang appeals from a
judgment entered March 27, 2018, dismissing his complaint against defendants‐
appellees Ridge Tool Company, Emerson Electric Co., and Home Depot USA, Inc., as
well as defendants John Doe 1‐10. By memorandum and order entered March 27, 2018,
the district court granted defendantsʹ motion for summary judgment as to Jiangʹs only
remaining claim in the case ‐‐ a failure‐to‐warn claim for injuries suffered from the use
of defendantsʹ vacuum cleaner. We assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying
facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
1. Background
In August 2014, Jiang, a professional contractor, was refinishing the floor
in a property in Rhode Island. He applied Minwax High‐Build Polyurethane
(ʺMinwaxʺ) to the wood floor and then waited approximately eighteen hours before
sanding the surface with a floor polisher. He then used his Ridgid Wet/Dry Vacuum
(the ʺvacuumʺ) to collect the sanding residue. After ten minutes, Jiang noticed smoke
‐ 2 ‐
emanating from the vacuum. He turned it off and unplugged it, and then started
carrying it to the next room, where there was a sink. It was his intent to pour water into
the vacuumʹs tub. On the way, the contents of the vacuum combusted and Jiang was
badly burned.
Both the vacuumʹs warning label and the userʹs manual warned of the
dangers from using the product to collect flammable material. The Minwax container
labels also had warnings regarding the combustibility of the product, including that
sanding residue from Minwax‐treated wood is combustible. Jiang, who had been a
contractor for ten years at the time of the accident, admitted to having read and
understood all these warnings at some point. Jiang also admitted that he received on‐
the‐job training on how to apply Minwax, which included warnings regarding the risk
of fire from sanding residue.
On July 14, 2015, Jiang filed this action in the district court, asserting
numerous claims related to the accident. He subsequently abandoned all claims except
one ‐‐ a claim for strict products liability based on a failure‐to‐warn theory. In granting
defendantsʹ summary judgment motion, the district court concluded the warnings in
question were adequate as a matter of law to satisfy defendantsʹ duty to warn. The
district court also ruled there was no genuine dispute over Jiangʹs knowledge of the
specific risk that caused his injuries and thus he also had failed to show the existence of
‐ 3 ‐
a genuine issue of fact as to whether the allegedly inadequate warnings were the
proximate cause of his injuries.
2. Discussion
Under New York law, ʺ[a] manufacturer has a duty to warn against latent
dangers resulting from foreseeable uses of its product of which it knew or should have
known.ʺ Liriano v. Hobart Corp., 92 N.Y.2d 232, 237 (1998); accord Caruolo v. John Crane,
Inc., 226 F.3d 46, 51 (2d Cir. 2000); see also In re N.Y.C. Asbestos Litig., 27 N.Y.3d 765, 788
(2016) (ʺ[t]he manufacturer must warn of dangers arising from the productʹs intended
use or a reasonably foreseeable unintended use.ʺ (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Claims regarding the adequacy of a warning are normally fact‐specific and are usually
best reserved for trial. See Urena v. Biro Mfg. Co., 114 F.3d 359, 366 (2d Cir. 1997). When
a warning raises no triable questions of fact as to adequacy, however, summary
judgment may be granted. Fane v. Zimmer, Inc., 927 F.2d 124, 130 (2d Cir. 1991). A
warning is adequate if it is accurate, clear, and consistent, and portrays the risk with
sufficient intensity. Martin v. Hacker, 83 N.Y.2d 1, 10 (1993); see also Moretto v. G & W
Elec. Co., 20 F.3d 1214, 1223 (2d Cir. 1994). Further, when a user is aware of the dangers
of using a product, the supplier cannot be held liable for a failure to warn. Billiar v.
Minnesota Min. & Mfg. Co., 623 F.2d 240, 243 (2d Cir. 1980).
Here, the warnings on both the vacuum itself and in the userʹs manual
were clear and of sufficient intensity. The warning label on the vacuum read:
‐ 4 ‐
ʺWARNING . . . Do not pick up hot ashes, coals, toxic, flammable or other hazardous
materials.ʺ The userʹs manual stated: ʺWARNING . . . Sparks inside the motor can
ignite flammable vapors or dust. To reduce the risk of fire or explosion, do not use near
combustible liquids, gases, or dusts.ʺ This warning was repeated elsewhere in the
userʹs manual. The warnings were accompanied by a icon denoting their seriousness.
The warnings clearly and emphatically alerted users to the dangers of using the
vacuum to collect flammable dust.
Jiang argues the district court erred because it analyzed the adequacy of
the warnings regarding polyurethane dust (i.e., dust that is made wholly of
polyurethane) rather than sanding residue of wood treated with polyurethane, the
substance at issue in this case. This argument fails to create a genuine issue for trial,
however, because the warnings were sufficiently clear that a reasonable user would
know that the warnings applied to dust generated from sanding a wood floor coated
with polyurethane. First, the warnings stated that the vacuum should not be used to
pick up combustible dust and flammable materials.
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18‐0956‐cv Wu Jiang v. Ridge Tool Co., et al.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007 IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 18th day of March, two thousand nineteen.
PRESENT: RICHARD C. WESLEY, DENNY CHIN, RICHARD J. SULLIVAN, Circuit Judges. ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x
WU JIANG, Plaintiff‐Appellant,
v. 18‐0956‐cv RIDGE TOOL COMPANY, EMERSON ELECTRIC CO., HOME DEPOT USA, INC., Defendants‐Appellees,
JOHN DOE, 1‐10, Defendants.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x
FOR PLAINTIFF‐APPELLANT: STACEY VAN MALDEN, Bronx, New York.
FOR DEFENDANTS‐APPELLEES: LEONARD FREDERICK LESSER, Simon Lesser PC, New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of
New York (Mauskopf, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
In this products liability case, plaintiff‐appellant Wu Jiang appeals from a
judgment entered March 27, 2018, dismissing his complaint against defendants‐
appellees Ridge Tool Company, Emerson Electric Co., and Home Depot USA, Inc., as
well as defendants John Doe 1‐10. By memorandum and order entered March 27, 2018,
the district court granted defendantsʹ motion for summary judgment as to Jiangʹs only
remaining claim in the case ‐‐ a failure‐to‐warn claim for injuries suffered from the use
of defendantsʹ vacuum cleaner. We assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying
facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
1. Background
In August 2014, Jiang, a professional contractor, was refinishing the floor
in a property in Rhode Island. He applied Minwax High‐Build Polyurethane
(ʺMinwaxʺ) to the wood floor and then waited approximately eighteen hours before
sanding the surface with a floor polisher. He then used his Ridgid Wet/Dry Vacuum
(the ʺvacuumʺ) to collect the sanding residue. After ten minutes, Jiang noticed smoke
‐ 2 ‐
emanating from the vacuum. He turned it off and unplugged it, and then started
carrying it to the next room, where there was a sink. It was his intent to pour water into
the vacuumʹs tub. On the way, the contents of the vacuum combusted and Jiang was
badly burned.
Both the vacuumʹs warning label and the userʹs manual warned of the
dangers from using the product to collect flammable material. The Minwax container
labels also had warnings regarding the combustibility of the product, including that
sanding residue from Minwax‐treated wood is combustible. Jiang, who had been a
contractor for ten years at the time of the accident, admitted to having read and
understood all these warnings at some point. Jiang also admitted that he received on‐
the‐job training on how to apply Minwax, which included warnings regarding the risk
of fire from sanding residue.
On July 14, 2015, Jiang filed this action in the district court, asserting
numerous claims related to the accident. He subsequently abandoned all claims except
one ‐‐ a claim for strict products liability based on a failure‐to‐warn theory. In granting
defendantsʹ summary judgment motion, the district court concluded the warnings in
question were adequate as a matter of law to satisfy defendantsʹ duty to warn. The
district court also ruled there was no genuine dispute over Jiangʹs knowledge of the
specific risk that caused his injuries and thus he also had failed to show the existence of
‐ 3 ‐
a genuine issue of fact as to whether the allegedly inadequate warnings were the
proximate cause of his injuries.
2. Discussion
Under New York law, ʺ[a] manufacturer has a duty to warn against latent
dangers resulting from foreseeable uses of its product of which it knew or should have
known.ʺ Liriano v. Hobart Corp., 92 N.Y.2d 232, 237 (1998); accord Caruolo v. John Crane,
Inc., 226 F.3d 46, 51 (2d Cir. 2000); see also In re N.Y.C. Asbestos Litig., 27 N.Y.3d 765, 788
(2016) (ʺ[t]he manufacturer must warn of dangers arising from the productʹs intended
use or a reasonably foreseeable unintended use.ʺ (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Claims regarding the adequacy of a warning are normally fact‐specific and are usually
best reserved for trial. See Urena v. Biro Mfg. Co., 114 F.3d 359, 366 (2d Cir. 1997). When
a warning raises no triable questions of fact as to adequacy, however, summary
judgment may be granted. Fane v. Zimmer, Inc., 927 F.2d 124, 130 (2d Cir. 1991). A
warning is adequate if it is accurate, clear, and consistent, and portrays the risk with
sufficient intensity. Martin v. Hacker, 83 N.Y.2d 1, 10 (1993); see also Moretto v. G & W
Elec. Co., 20 F.3d 1214, 1223 (2d Cir. 1994). Further, when a user is aware of the dangers
of using a product, the supplier cannot be held liable for a failure to warn. Billiar v.
Minnesota Min. & Mfg. Co., 623 F.2d 240, 243 (2d Cir. 1980).
Here, the warnings on both the vacuum itself and in the userʹs manual
were clear and of sufficient intensity. The warning label on the vacuum read:
‐ 4 ‐
ʺWARNING . . . Do not pick up hot ashes, coals, toxic, flammable or other hazardous
materials.ʺ The userʹs manual stated: ʺWARNING . . . Sparks inside the motor can
ignite flammable vapors or dust. To reduce the risk of fire or explosion, do not use near
combustible liquids, gases, or dusts.ʺ This warning was repeated elsewhere in the
userʹs manual. The warnings were accompanied by a icon denoting their seriousness.
The warnings clearly and emphatically alerted users to the dangers of using the
vacuum to collect flammable dust.
Jiang argues the district court erred because it analyzed the adequacy of
the warnings regarding polyurethane dust (i.e., dust that is made wholly of
polyurethane) rather than sanding residue of wood treated with polyurethane, the
substance at issue in this case. This argument fails to create a genuine issue for trial,
however, because the warnings were sufficiently clear that a reasonable user would
know that the warnings applied to dust generated from sanding a wood floor coated
with polyurethane. First, the warnings stated that the vacuum should not be used to
pick up combustible dust and flammable materials. Jiang admitted that he knew the
dust created from sanding a polyurethaned floor was combustible, as he usually
collected such dust in a bag filled with water. Second, the warnings on the Minwax
container ‐‐ which Jiang admitted he had read ‐‐ clearly referenced the combustibility of
ʺsanding residueʺ created from sanding floors treated with their product, and instructed
users on proper disposal. The lack of a specific warning concerning the dust created by
‐ 5 ‐
sanding a wood floor treated with polyurethane did not render the vacuumʹs warning
inadequate, as ʺ[r]equiring too many warnings trivializes and undermines the entire
purpose of the rule,ʺ and ʺwould neutralize the effectiveness of warnings.ʺ Liriano, 92
N.Y.2d at 242.
In any event, the adequacy of the warnings was not a proximate cause of
Jiangʹs injuries because a reasonable jury could only conclude that Jiang was a
knowledgeable user. See Liriano, 92 N.Y.2d at 241 (ʺ[W]here the injured party was fully
aware of the hazard through general knowledge, . . . lack of a warning about that
danger may well obviate the failure to warn as a legal cause of an injury resulting from
that danger.ʺ). The knowledgeable user exception is most often applied to professionals
and skilled tradespeople, such as Jiang. Billiar, 626 F.2d at 243. Here, Jiang was a
professional contractor for over ten years, had used Minwax on at least ten prior
occasions, and had used Ridgid vacuums during that time. He admitted to having read
the warnings and having received training on proper disposal. Jiangʹs experience with
the products in question demonstrated, as a matter of law, that he was knowledgeable
about the dangers related to their use. Therefore, his claim fails, and the district court
did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of defendants.
‐ 6 ‐
We have considered Jiangʹs remaining arguments and find them to be
without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
FOR THE COURT: Catherine OʹHagan Wolfe, Clerk of the Court
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