Mr. Justice Wolverton,
after stating the facts in the preceding words, delivered the opinion of the court.
Plaintiffs have by their complaint herein set out in detail the manner of locating the claim in dispute, with a view of determining the entire controversy upon the demurrer. Passing the contention made that the record does not contain a sufficient description with reference to some [169]*169natural object or permanent monument to identify it definitely and distinctly, as required by Rev. Stat. U. S. § 2324 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1426), we will inquire touching the validity of the location and recording of the claim under the provisions of our own statute, and whether such statute is inimical to the laws and regulations of the United States relative to the same subject.
1. Section 3975, B. & C. Comp., provides that a quartz claim shall be located by posting on the vein or lode discovered a notice of such discovery and location, indicating, among other requirements, the general course or strike of the vein or lode, as nearly as may be, with reference to some natural object or permanent monument in the vicinity, and by defining the boundaries upon the surface so that the same may be readily traced. It further provides that such boundaries shall, within thirty days after the posting of notice, be marked by six substantial posts, projecting not less than three feet above the surface of the ground, and not less than four inches square or in diameter, or by substantial mounds of stone, or earth and stone, at least two feet in height; that is to say, one of such posts or mounds of rock shall be established at each corner and one at each center end of the claim. Section 3976 provides that such locator shall-, within sixty days from and after posting the location notice, file for record with the recorder of conveyances, if there be one, who shall be the custodian of mining records-and miners’ liens, otherwise with the clerk of the county wherein said claim is situated, a copy of such notice, having attached thereto an affidavit showing that the work required to be done by section 3977 has been performed, and that no location notice shall be entitled to record until the work so required shall have been done, and the affidavit in proof thereof attached. Section 3977 provides that before the expiration of sixty days from the date of the posting of the notice of disco'v[170]*170ery,' and before recording the notice of location as required by the preceding section, the locator must sink a discovery shaft upon the claim located, to a depth of at least ten feet from the lowest part of the rim of such shaft at the surface, or deeper if necessary, to show by such work a lode' or vein of mineral deposit in place, a,nd that a cut or crosscut or tunnel which cuts the lode'at a depth of ten feet, or an open cut at least six feet deep, four feet wide, and ten feet in length along the lode from the point where the same may be in any manner discovered, shall be equivalent to such discovery shaft, and, further, that the locator, or some one for him, who did work upon, and has knowledge of the facts relating to the sinking of, the discovery shaft, shall make and attach to the copy of the notice of location to be recorded an affidavit showing compliance by the locator with the provisions of this section, which affidavit shall be recorded with such copy of the location notice. These sections of the statute are made very specific, and it was intended, ño doubt, that the locator, in order to acquire a right or initiate a title to a mining claim, should comply with them, at leást in substance.
It is plain in the present instance that Wright and Turner did not mark the boundaries of the claim in the manner prescribed, in that they omitted to establish the center end posts or monuments, and, further, that'they did not cause to be attached to the copy of notice of location delivered to the clerk for record an áffidavit in proof of the work required to be done under section 3977, and none such was recorded. These omissions we deem fatal to the valid initiation of their title. All these requirements pertain to the location of the claim, and, unless observed in their substance, there can be no location. No right or title in the public domain can be acquired without such observance. “ The right to the possession,” says Mr. Chief Justice Waite in Belk v. Meagher, 104 U. S. [171]*171279, 284, “comes only from a valid location. Consequently, if there is no location, there can be no possession under it. Location does not necessarily follow from possession', but possession from location. A location is not made by taking possession alone, but by working on the ground, recording and doing whatever else is required for that purpose by the acts- of Congress and the local laws and regulations.” Citing this case with many others, Mr. Lindley, in his valuable work on Mines (volume 1, -2d ed. § 329), states the principle concisely as follows:’ “A substantial compliance with the requirements of the laws, federal and state, as well as local rules, where they exist and are not repugnant to state or federal legislation, is a condition precedent'to the completion of a valid location.” To the same purpose, see Patterson v. Tarbell, 26 Or. 29 (37 Pac. 76); Horswell v. Ruiz, 67 Cal. 111 (7 Pac. 197); Noyes v. Black, 4 Mont. 527 (2 Pac. 769) ; Book v. Justice Min. Co. (C. C.) 58 Fed. 106. As the'locators have not'com plied in substance with the statutory prerequisites, they did not acquire a valid right of possession or initiatory title to the mine, such as will afford their successors in interest or the plaintiffs herein a basis for an action in ejectment.
2. It is insisted, however, that these provisions of the state law are repugnant to the statute of the United States relative to the location of lode claims, and therefore that the locators are not bound to observe them, and may acquire and have acquired a valid location by an observance of the United States regulations Only: All public lands in which-mineral deposits are found are declared by the federal statute to be open for occupation and purchase under regulations prescribed by law, and according to the local customs and rules of- miners in the several mining districts, so far as the same are applicable and are not inconsistent with the laws of the United States. Locators, so long as they comply with the laws of the United [172]*172States, and with the state, territorial, and local regulations not in conflict with the laws of the United States governing their possessory title, are given the exclusive right of possession and enjoyment; and miners of each mining district are authorized to make regulations not in conflict with the federal statutes or with, the laws of the state or territory in which the district is situated, governing the location, manner of recording, and amount of work necessary to hold possession of a mining claim, subject to the following requirements:: The location must be distinctly marked on the ground, so that its boundaries may be readily traced; all records of such a claim must contain the name or names.of the locators, the date of the location, and such a description of -the claim, by reference-to some natural object or permanent monument, as will identify it; and,-after location, certain annual work is to be performed until patent issues: Rev. Stat. U. S>- §§ 2319, 2322, 2324 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901,/pp. 1424-1426).
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Mr. Justice Wolverton,
after stating the facts in the preceding words, delivered the opinion of the court.
Plaintiffs have by their complaint herein set out in detail the manner of locating the claim in dispute, with a view of determining the entire controversy upon the demurrer. Passing the contention made that the record does not contain a sufficient description with reference to some [169]*169natural object or permanent monument to identify it definitely and distinctly, as required by Rev. Stat. U. S. § 2324 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1426), we will inquire touching the validity of the location and recording of the claim under the provisions of our own statute, and whether such statute is inimical to the laws and regulations of the United States relative to the same subject.
1. Section 3975, B. & C. Comp., provides that a quartz claim shall be located by posting on the vein or lode discovered a notice of such discovery and location, indicating, among other requirements, the general course or strike of the vein or lode, as nearly as may be, with reference to some natural object or permanent monument in the vicinity, and by defining the boundaries upon the surface so that the same may be readily traced. It further provides that such boundaries shall, within thirty days after the posting of notice, be marked by six substantial posts, projecting not less than three feet above the surface of the ground, and not less than four inches square or in diameter, or by substantial mounds of stone, or earth and stone, at least two feet in height; that is to say, one of such posts or mounds of rock shall be established at each corner and one at each center end of the claim. Section 3976 provides that such locator shall-, within sixty days from and after posting the location notice, file for record with the recorder of conveyances, if there be one, who shall be the custodian of mining records-and miners’ liens, otherwise with the clerk of the county wherein said claim is situated, a copy of such notice, having attached thereto an affidavit showing that the work required to be done by section 3977 has been performed, and that no location notice shall be entitled to record until the work so required shall have been done, and the affidavit in proof thereof attached. Section 3977 provides that before the expiration of sixty days from the date of the posting of the notice of disco'v[170]*170ery,' and before recording the notice of location as required by the preceding section, the locator must sink a discovery shaft upon the claim located, to a depth of at least ten feet from the lowest part of the rim of such shaft at the surface, or deeper if necessary, to show by such work a lode' or vein of mineral deposit in place, a,nd that a cut or crosscut or tunnel which cuts the lode'at a depth of ten feet, or an open cut at least six feet deep, four feet wide, and ten feet in length along the lode from the point where the same may be in any manner discovered, shall be equivalent to such discovery shaft, and, further, that the locator, or some one for him, who did work upon, and has knowledge of the facts relating to the sinking of, the discovery shaft, shall make and attach to the copy of the notice of location to be recorded an affidavit showing compliance by the locator with the provisions of this section, which affidavit shall be recorded with such copy of the location notice. These sections of the statute are made very specific, and it was intended, ño doubt, that the locator, in order to acquire a right or initiate a title to a mining claim, should comply with them, at leást in substance.
It is plain in the present instance that Wright and Turner did not mark the boundaries of the claim in the manner prescribed, in that they omitted to establish the center end posts or monuments, and, further, that'they did not cause to be attached to the copy of notice of location delivered to the clerk for record an áffidavit in proof of the work required to be done under section 3977, and none such was recorded. These omissions we deem fatal to the valid initiation of their title. All these requirements pertain to the location of the claim, and, unless observed in their substance, there can be no location. No right or title in the public domain can be acquired without such observance. “ The right to the possession,” says Mr. Chief Justice Waite in Belk v. Meagher, 104 U. S. [171]*171279, 284, “comes only from a valid location. Consequently, if there is no location, there can be no possession under it. Location does not necessarily follow from possession', but possession from location. A location is not made by taking possession alone, but by working on the ground, recording and doing whatever else is required for that purpose by the acts- of Congress and the local laws and regulations.” Citing this case with many others, Mr. Lindley, in his valuable work on Mines (volume 1, -2d ed. § 329), states the principle concisely as follows:’ “A substantial compliance with the requirements of the laws, federal and state, as well as local rules, where they exist and are not repugnant to state or federal legislation, is a condition precedent'to the completion of a valid location.” To the same purpose, see Patterson v. Tarbell, 26 Or. 29 (37 Pac. 76); Horswell v. Ruiz, 67 Cal. 111 (7 Pac. 197); Noyes v. Black, 4 Mont. 527 (2 Pac. 769) ; Book v. Justice Min. Co. (C. C.) 58 Fed. 106. As the'locators have not'com plied in substance with the statutory prerequisites, they did not acquire a valid right of possession or initiatory title to the mine, such as will afford their successors in interest or the plaintiffs herein a basis for an action in ejectment.
2. It is insisted, however, that these provisions of the state law are repugnant to the statute of the United States relative to the location of lode claims, and therefore that the locators are not bound to observe them, and may acquire and have acquired a valid location by an observance of the United States regulations Only: All public lands in which-mineral deposits are found are declared by the federal statute to be open for occupation and purchase under regulations prescribed by law, and according to the local customs and rules of- miners in the several mining districts, so far as the same are applicable and are not inconsistent with the laws of the United States. Locators, so long as they comply with the laws of the United [172]*172States, and with the state, territorial, and local regulations not in conflict with the laws of the United States governing their possessory title, are given the exclusive right of possession and enjoyment; and miners of each mining district are authorized to make regulations not in conflict with the federal statutes or with, the laws of the state or territory in which the district is situated, governing the location, manner of recording, and amount of work necessary to hold possession of a mining claim, subject to the following requirements:: The location must be distinctly marked on the ground, so that its boundaries may be readily traced; all records of such a claim must contain the name or names.of the locators, the date of the location, and such a description of -the claim, by reference-to some natural object or permanent monument, as will identify it; and,-after location, certain annual work is to be performed until patent issues: Rev. Stat. U. S>- §§ 2319, 2322, 2324 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901,/pp. 1424-1426). The very terms of these requirements permit state and local laws and rules regulating the location of mining claims, the only limitation prescribed being that they shall not conflict with the paramount law providing for disposal of the public mineral domain to purchasers.
One of the fundamental requisites is that- the. claim shall be distinctly marked on the ground, but how, the statute does not attempt, to define, the manner of the marking being left to the.regulations of the..state or the mining district in which the mine is located; and all reasonable regulations looking -to. that end are certainly within the compass of the federal law.. So with reference to the recording of the claim. The record must at least substantially accord with the. United States statutory requirements, but there is here left scope for state and district regulations, and a reasonable amount of development work may be required, so as to expose the lode, render [173]*173certain the discovery, and indicate the good faith of the locator; and, as evidence of such compliance, proof may be required that the work has been done. Such regulations are not deemed to be repugnant to the federal statute, and are therefore valid and binding upon the locator, if he would secure a good location: 1 Lindley, Mines (2 ed.) §§ 249, 250 ; Erhart v. Boaro, 113 U. S. 527 (5 Sup. Ct. 560); Kendall v. San Juan Min. Co. 144 U. S. 658 (12 Sup. Ct. 779); Northmore v. Simmons, 97 Fed. 386 (38 C. C. A. 211); O’Donnell v. Glenn, 8 Mont. 248 (19 Pac. 302); O’Donnell v. Glenn, 9 Mont. 452 (23 Pac. 1018, 8 L. R. A. 629); Metcalf v. Prescott, 10 Mont. 283 (25 Pac. 1037); McCowan v. Maclay, 16 Mont. 234 (40 Pac. 602); Sissons v. Sommers, 24 Nev. 579 (55 Pac. 829, 77 Am. St. Rep. 815); Beals v. Cone, 27 Colo. 473 (62 Pac. 948, 83 Am. St. Rep. 92). We are clearly of the opinion that the requirements of our statute complained of by plaintiffs are reasonable and within the scope and purpose of the United States statute. Such regulations are therefore valid, and, the plaintiffs’ predecessors not having complied with them in the particulars, hereinbefore designated, the demurrer to the complaint was properly sustained.
It follows that the judgment of the trial court must be affirmed, and it is so ordered. Affirmed.