By the Court.
Lumpkin, J.
delivering the opinion.
Wright, the plaintiff in error, was appointed by the Central Railroad and Banking Company, their agent, at Atlanta. lie gave bond with security that he would faithfully discharge the duties required of him. The proof shows that his principal business was to discount bills on Savannah, drawn on shipments of cotton and other produce, collect debts and circulate bills, &c., as Bank agent. In his character of agent, he received upwards of eighteen thousand dollars for his employees, which he failed to pay over; and for this defalcation, he and his securities were sued on their bond.
Wright’s defence was, that the room where he kept the money was feloniously entered, and the plaintiffs money stolen from the iron chest where it was kept. Failing to satisfy the jury that the money was burglariously taken, and that too under circumstances which would screen him from liability, a verdict was rendered for the plaintiff.
A writ of error was prosecuted to reverse the judgment of [351]*351the Court rendered on that trial; and amongst other grounds,
it was contended that the Court erred in charging the jury that if they should find that Wright himself was the robber, he and his securities were unquestionably liable. In remarking upon this exception, this Court said “Now the breach of the bond is not the robbery resulting from the carelessness or misconduct of the defendant, but his failure or neglect to pay over the plaintiff’s money in his hands. Wright’s defence is, and he files a special plea to that effect, that on the night of the 16th March, 1852, he was robbed, &c. But it is incumbent on him to make it satisfactorily appear, that some one else was guilty, even if he cannot identify the particular person; otherwise his plea falls to the ground, and he remains liable for the acknowledged defalcation. The only doubt is, whether if the plaintiffs put their right of recovery upon the ground of the robbery, and not merely upon the failure to account, the defendants should not have been notified by the declaration of such intention, so that Wright might offer rebutting testimony as to his good character, and every thing else which would establish his innocence” 16th Ga. Rep. 44, 45, 46.
Thus then stood the case, when it came up for trial the second time. Before any evidence was introduced, counsel for defendants, after having referred to the state of the pleadings, requested the Court to require of plaintiff’s attorney, before proceeding with the cause, to announce whether the plaintiff would or would not go for a recovery on the ground of Wright’s feigning a burglary to cover his own -fraud; and the Court made the call, and stated further, that if he put his right to- a verdict upon this ground, he should amend his writ accordingly. The response was that the plaintiffs would claim all they were entitled to under the law regulating the pleadings in the cause.
This of course was, in effect, to say, that they expected to recover merely on account of the failure of the defendant to account for the money collected by him, for this was the only [352]*352breach assigned on the bond; and the plaintiff, in conformity with this declaration, read the bond in evidence to the jury; proved the amount of money collected by Wright as the agent of the plaintiff, and which was confessedly never paid over; the demand made — and closed their case.
The defendant then submitted his defence, and proofs to support it; and the testimony being closed, counsel for plaintiff asked the Court to charge the jury.
1st. -That if they believed that defendant Wright was appointed plaintiff’s agent, and collected the plaintiff’s money, and failed to account for the same when demanded, then the plaintiffs have made out their case: and without some legal excuse on the part of the defendant, the plaintiff must recover.
2d. That it is incumbent on the defendant, he having set up theft as his excuse for not accounting, to prove that a theft was committed; and that Wright was not guilty of negligence or want of ordinary care, by reason of which said theft was committed, and in default of such proof the plaintiff must recover. 1. That there had been a theft. 2. That it was committed without ordinary negligence or carelessness on the part of Wright, to make the defence available. For if they should believe, that no theft had been committed, or that if committed, Wright had not used all the precautions ordinarily pursued in relation to the particular business in which he was employed, and according to the usages of the place and the circumstances of the times within which the business was transacted, then the defence fails.
These instructions were given. The third request was refused ; it is needless therefore to notice it; and for giving the foregoing charges the defendants by their counsel excepted.
Defendants counsel then requested the Court to charge the jury: that the Court having ruled, before the case was submitted, that the plaintiff should announce whether they would [353]*353seek a recovery upon the ground that Wright had feigned a burglary, himself being guilty; and that in that event they must amend their writ to that effect, and the plaintiffs having failed to announce or amend, the jury are not at liberty to consider the question of the liability of the defendants upon the ground that Wright stole the money and feigned a theft to cover the fraud; which request the Court refused to give, but instructed the jury in lieu thereof: that the Court, acting on the suggestion in the decision of the Supreme Court in this cause, ruled in the opening, that the plaintiff, if he intended to introduce proof that Wright had stolen the money himself, must so allege in his writ. He could then offer direct and affirmative evidence to sustain the averment thus made, otherwise he would not be alloAved to introduce proof to that point. Counsel for plaintiff replied, that he would rely alone upon his declaration as it then stood; and the Court considered that counsel for plaintiff had confined himself to this course during the progress of the cause.
It was the opinion of the Court, that to entitle the plaintiff to recover, it was only necessary that he should prove in the first place the agency and its character; that the money was received by the agent, and that he failed or refused to account for it, or to give a legal excuse therefor; that if Wright Avas unable to respond from facts Avhich constitute a good excuse, it was for him to allege and prove this to the satisfaction of the jury, and that it was competent for the plaintiff to rebut this exculpatory proof, Avithout amending his declaration.
To all of which defendant by his counsel excepted.
Whereupon the jury retired and returned a verdict for the plaintiff for ten thousand dollars, the full amount of the penalty of the bond.
It is obvious that counsel for defendant had no right to make the call upon the Court which they did in the opening of the cause. It is equally so, that the Court had no right to make the requisition which it did, upon plaintiff’s coun[354]*354sel. His writ contained his cause of action. If it was good in law and sustained by proof, he was entitled to recover j, if otherwise, it was his misfortune. He properly, therefore, stood upon all his rights under the pleadings; still the call was made.
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By the Court.
Lumpkin, J.
delivering the opinion.
Wright, the plaintiff in error, was appointed by the Central Railroad and Banking Company, their agent, at Atlanta. lie gave bond with security that he would faithfully discharge the duties required of him. The proof shows that his principal business was to discount bills on Savannah, drawn on shipments of cotton and other produce, collect debts and circulate bills, &c., as Bank agent. In his character of agent, he received upwards of eighteen thousand dollars for his employees, which he failed to pay over; and for this defalcation, he and his securities were sued on their bond.
Wright’s defence was, that the room where he kept the money was feloniously entered, and the plaintiffs money stolen from the iron chest where it was kept. Failing to satisfy the jury that the money was burglariously taken, and that too under circumstances which would screen him from liability, a verdict was rendered for the plaintiff.
A writ of error was prosecuted to reverse the judgment of [351]*351the Court rendered on that trial; and amongst other grounds,
it was contended that the Court erred in charging the jury that if they should find that Wright himself was the robber, he and his securities were unquestionably liable. In remarking upon this exception, this Court said “Now the breach of the bond is not the robbery resulting from the carelessness or misconduct of the defendant, but his failure or neglect to pay over the plaintiff’s money in his hands. Wright’s defence is, and he files a special plea to that effect, that on the night of the 16th March, 1852, he was robbed, &c. But it is incumbent on him to make it satisfactorily appear, that some one else was guilty, even if he cannot identify the particular person; otherwise his plea falls to the ground, and he remains liable for the acknowledged defalcation. The only doubt is, whether if the plaintiffs put their right of recovery upon the ground of the robbery, and not merely upon the failure to account, the defendants should not have been notified by the declaration of such intention, so that Wright might offer rebutting testimony as to his good character, and every thing else which would establish his innocence” 16th Ga. Rep. 44, 45, 46.
Thus then stood the case, when it came up for trial the second time. Before any evidence was introduced, counsel for defendants, after having referred to the state of the pleadings, requested the Court to require of plaintiff’s attorney, before proceeding with the cause, to announce whether the plaintiff would or would not go for a recovery on the ground of Wright’s feigning a burglary to cover his own -fraud; and the Court made the call, and stated further, that if he put his right to- a verdict upon this ground, he should amend his writ accordingly. The response was that the plaintiffs would claim all they were entitled to under the law regulating the pleadings in the cause.
This of course was, in effect, to say, that they expected to recover merely on account of the failure of the defendant to account for the money collected by him, for this was the only [352]*352breach assigned on the bond; and the plaintiff, in conformity with this declaration, read the bond in evidence to the jury; proved the amount of money collected by Wright as the agent of the plaintiff, and which was confessedly never paid over; the demand made — and closed their case.
The defendant then submitted his defence, and proofs to support it; and the testimony being closed, counsel for plaintiff asked the Court to charge the jury.
1st. -That if they believed that defendant Wright was appointed plaintiff’s agent, and collected the plaintiff’s money, and failed to account for the same when demanded, then the plaintiffs have made out their case: and without some legal excuse on the part of the defendant, the plaintiff must recover.
2d. That it is incumbent on the defendant, he having set up theft as his excuse for not accounting, to prove that a theft was committed; and that Wright was not guilty of negligence or want of ordinary care, by reason of which said theft was committed, and in default of such proof the plaintiff must recover. 1. That there had been a theft. 2. That it was committed without ordinary negligence or carelessness on the part of Wright, to make the defence available. For if they should believe, that no theft had been committed, or that if committed, Wright had not used all the precautions ordinarily pursued in relation to the particular business in which he was employed, and according to the usages of the place and the circumstances of the times within which the business was transacted, then the defence fails.
These instructions were given. The third request was refused ; it is needless therefore to notice it; and for giving the foregoing charges the defendants by their counsel excepted.
Defendants counsel then requested the Court to charge the jury: that the Court having ruled, before the case was submitted, that the plaintiff should announce whether they would [353]*353seek a recovery upon the ground that Wright had feigned a burglary, himself being guilty; and that in that event they must amend their writ to that effect, and the plaintiffs having failed to announce or amend, the jury are not at liberty to consider the question of the liability of the defendants upon the ground that Wright stole the money and feigned a theft to cover the fraud; which request the Court refused to give, but instructed the jury in lieu thereof: that the Court, acting on the suggestion in the decision of the Supreme Court in this cause, ruled in the opening, that the plaintiff, if he intended to introduce proof that Wright had stolen the money himself, must so allege in his writ. He could then offer direct and affirmative evidence to sustain the averment thus made, otherwise he would not be alloAved to introduce proof to that point. Counsel for plaintiff replied, that he would rely alone upon his declaration as it then stood; and the Court considered that counsel for plaintiff had confined himself to this course during the progress of the cause.
It was the opinion of the Court, that to entitle the plaintiff to recover, it was only necessary that he should prove in the first place the agency and its character; that the money was received by the agent, and that he failed or refused to account for it, or to give a legal excuse therefor; that if Wright Avas unable to respond from facts Avhich constitute a good excuse, it was for him to allege and prove this to the satisfaction of the jury, and that it was competent for the plaintiff to rebut this exculpatory proof, Avithout amending his declaration.
To all of which defendant by his counsel excepted.
Whereupon the jury retired and returned a verdict for the plaintiff for ten thousand dollars, the full amount of the penalty of the bond.
It is obvious that counsel for defendant had no right to make the call upon the Court which they did in the opening of the cause. It is equally so, that the Court had no right to make the requisition which it did, upon plaintiff’s coun[354]*354sel. His writ contained his cause of action. If it was good in law and sustained by proof, he was entitled to recover j, if otherwise, it was his misfortune. He properly, therefore, stood upon all his rights under the pleadings; still the call was made. The plaintiff refused to amend/and by reference to hisjdeclaration, it was apparent that he sought a recovery, alone, upon the ground that Wright had failed to' account for the $18,121 -76 cents, collected by him ; having established his demand, he closed his case. The defendant then sought to relieve himself from liability by showing that the money had been stolen from him without legal fault on his part. The plaintiff cross examined the defendant’s witnesses to make it appear that the facts did not excuse him. The Court was requested by plaintiff’s counsel to give instructions to the jury, not involving in the remotest manner the moral character of the defendant; and thereupon defendants’ counsel asked the Court to charge the jury, that under the facts which had transpired at the opening of the cause, they were not at liberty to consider the question of the liability of the defendant upou the ground that he stole the money himself, and feigned a burglary^to cover the theft; and for refusing to give this charge, the Court is accused of inconsistency in its rulings, and counsel claim to have been surprised! That is to say, notwithstanding the jury are convinced from the testimony of the defendants’ witnesses, that he robbed himself, and that the plaintiff’s money is still in his hands; yet the jury are bound to believe that it was stolen by some one else, because the plaintiff has not charged Wright with the robbery in his writ! Suppose the proofs, instead of exculpating, did most manifestly inculpate Wright as the culprit ? Is it possible that the jury were to shut their eyes and close their ears, and say in effect by their verdict — True, Wright received the money, and in attempting to show that he was robbed by others, he has satisfied us that he himself was the author of the feigned burglary; still we cannot so find, and [355]*355consequently must return a verdict for Wright, and the plaintiffs must lose their money.
•
If we understand the legal import of the record before us, this is the precise position which the defendant occupies.
The suggestion from this Court, that' if the plaintiff did pot rely upon the mere failure to account, but upon the theft of the agent, he should amend his declaration to that effect, was inconsiderate and absurd. (And I can take this liberty, being myself the author oí it.) For it was not a supposable case, that the plaintiff should be guilty of the folly of abandoning a ground of recovery, so simple and obvious as the one which he occupied, namely, the mere failure to account, and assume voluntarily another so beset with difficulty and danger. The attorney of the plaintiff had the good sense h> see this ; still the proposition was legally correct. And the Circuit Judge rightly interpreted it, and directed the trial accordingly. And I am at a loss to comprehend, how it or the rulings of the Court under it, should have misled any body-
It is asserted in the argument that a cloud of witnesses were m attendance on the Court, to testify to the good character of the defendant. Why Avere they not offered ? It constituted an essential element in the defence; it pretty much turned upon it The assault upon the bona Jides of Wright’s defence, indicated upon the cross examination of of his Avitnesses, Avas highly suggestive of the necessity and importance of this testimony; and above all, why, Avhen by the charge of the Court, the eyes of counsel were opened, did they not then move to introduce this proof, or move to continue the cause on the ground of surprise, and misunderstanding ? Why wait to be instructed of its necessity by the finding of the jury ?
This case in our judgment, does not come up to the rule as laid doAvn in the 3. Graham on New Trials, p. 168, and elsewhere.
Judgment affirmed.