Riley, President:
Plaintiff, L. M. Workman, sought by notice of motion for- judgment to recover from W. M. Lewis the sum of four hundred dollars and interest, and plaintiff seeks a reversal of the judgment of the Circuit Court of Cabell County entered upon a verdict in defendant’s favor.
According to the testimony introduced on behalf of plaintiff, W. M. Lewis is a physician in the City of Huntington, West Virginia, where plaintiff has been employed by International Nickel Company since 1926. In 1935 plaintiff became a bankrupt and listed defendant as an unsecured creditor for 'the sum of three hundred dollars, and the parties stipulated to the effect that plaintiff re
ceived his discharge as a bankrupt, “thereby discharging all his listed [indebtedness] * * * including the claim of defendant”. Thereafter, Dr. Lewis continued to attend professionally members of plaintiff’s family. In 1941 plaintiff again became indebted to several creditors, and, in order to obtain a loan from plaintiff’s employer, Mrs. Cassie Workman, defendant’s wife, went to Dr. Lewis’ office, where she requested that he certify to plaintiff’s employer that the Workmans owed him four hundred sixty-one dollars, promising that, “If you will make out a statement amounting to that much, so that I can get that much money, to pay that off, then beginning the next payday after I receive that money I will begin paying you the bills, until I get them paid off”. At that time there was due and owing to Dr. Lewis fifty-three dollars for medical services rendered to plaintiff’s son and daughter-in-law, which Mrs. Workman had agreed to pay, and says that the bills she referred to were those “that the boys owed him. (Subsequently an office visit by Mrs. Workman increased her account by two dollars). According to her testimony, she agreed to give Dr. Lewis five dollars “for his trouble to write that paper up when I received this money”. Dr. Lewis, without verbal comment, complied with Mrs. Workman’s request, and delivered a statement of account to her showing an indebtedness owing him by plaintiff for four hundred sixty-one dollars. Plaintiff gave it to his employer, but in response to the inquiry of what he had told the employer when he delivered the “certificate,” he responded, “I just told them I wanted to make a loan of such amount, to pay some bills with. I didn’t tell them what bills”. A loan for that amount was made to plaintiff, but the check therefor was made payable and delivered to Dr. Lewis, who refused to deliver the proceeds thereof to plaintiff. >
The cashier of International Nickel Company testified that the loan has been repaid by plaintiff, and, further, that the employer maintains a regular department for the convenience of its employees when they are. in need
of funds for the purpose of taking care, not only of hospital and doctor bills, but also “in case of emergency the company grants the employees an advance to take care of their obligations”. In reply to the question, “Is that accommodation furnished to its employees also to avoid their becoming financially embarrassed by attachments or suggestions on their wages?”, the cashier replied, “In cases, yes, it has happened”. Mrs. Workman details the effort on the part of herself and husband to obtain the money from Dr. Lewis, and quotes him as saying that he “needed the money to pay for medicine which he expected to receive ‘in the next day or so’ ”.
Defendant interposed a defense in two special pleas that the money, which plaintiff claims is due him, was paid by plaintiff to defendant upon a preexisting debt and was a voluntary payment, which plaintiff could not recover. Thereto plaintiff filed special replications, asserting the discharge in bankruptcy and the statute of limitations. The circuit court sustained defendant’s motion to strike plaintiff’s evidence and direct a verdict for defendant upon the theory that pláintiff was attempting to enforce a contract against defendant which had its inception in fraud, and directed the jury to return a verdict for defendant.
The gist of defendant’s contention, consonant with the view of the trial court, is that, under plaintiff’s evidence, the parties litigant are in pari
delicto
and therefore not within the protection of the law. The maxim,
“in pari delicto potior est conditio defendentis”,
found in early English cases, both in equity and at law, has been utilized, with this Court’s approval, as a defense in chancery suits.
Gay
v.
Gibson,
101 W. Va. 284, 287, 132 S. E. 717;
Haymond, Admr.
v.
Hyer,
80 W. Va. 594, 92 S. E. 854;
Horn
v.
Star Foundry Co.,
23 W. Va. 522. In the case last cited, Judge Green observed that the principle was one with which courts of law were familiar, citing the two early Virginia cases of
Starke’s Exec.
v.
Littlepage,
4 Rand. 368, and
Harris
v.
Harris’ Exec.,
23 Graft. 737. That the postu
late upon, which the trial court premised its judgment is a salutary one may not be gainsaid.
Our present inquiry, therefore, is to evaluate the transaction which the trial court has labelled as fraudulent. In
Bowyer
v.
Continental Casualty Co.,
72 W. Va. 333, 338, 78 S. E. 1000, it is stated that, “It requires more than a false statement to prove fraud. It must have been made with intent to mislead and deceive and the injured party must have relied upon it”. The situation with which we are dealing, so far as the record shows, is one conceived, not by the plaintiff to whom fraud is charged, but by his wife. Of course, plaintiff completed the transaction by delivery of the statement prepared by Dr. Lewis to his employer. Obviously, since plaintiff has repaid the loah to the employer, it may now be said that no injury has resulted to it. The lack of mischief done to third persons was employed in
Gay
v.
Wendow
(1687), 2 Freeman 101, 2 Eng. Re. 1084, as the consideration for awarding relief to plaintiff in an action at law where an illegal transaction was charged. In
Aikman
v.
City of Wheeling,
120 W. Va. 46, 195 S. E. 667, money was delivered by plaintiff’s agent to the defendant city for use in an illegal transaction which plaintiff herself had proposed. While Mrs. Aikman withdrew therefrom, it was only after the defendant’s attorney had rejected the plan. It could not be denied that plaintiff’s motive was contrary to public policy, yet she was permitted to recover her money on the ground that the contract was never consummated. The opinion, in part, states that “Penalties are imposed for wrongful conduct, not for improper intentions uncrystallized”. While the
Aikman
case is not factually in point, its pertinency to the instant case is suggested because, in the latter, in addition to no mischief having been done by Workman, none was intended. It is not charged here that plaintiff did not intend to repay his employer the money he sought as a loan, and there is.no showing that the employer relied upon the factual misrepresentation in lending the money to plaintiff. In
fact, the contrary appears from the testimony of employer’s cashier.
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Riley, President:
Plaintiff, L. M. Workman, sought by notice of motion for- judgment to recover from W. M. Lewis the sum of four hundred dollars and interest, and plaintiff seeks a reversal of the judgment of the Circuit Court of Cabell County entered upon a verdict in defendant’s favor.
According to the testimony introduced on behalf of plaintiff, W. M. Lewis is a physician in the City of Huntington, West Virginia, where plaintiff has been employed by International Nickel Company since 1926. In 1935 plaintiff became a bankrupt and listed defendant as an unsecured creditor for 'the sum of three hundred dollars, and the parties stipulated to the effect that plaintiff re
ceived his discharge as a bankrupt, “thereby discharging all his listed [indebtedness] * * * including the claim of defendant”. Thereafter, Dr. Lewis continued to attend professionally members of plaintiff’s family. In 1941 plaintiff again became indebted to several creditors, and, in order to obtain a loan from plaintiff’s employer, Mrs. Cassie Workman, defendant’s wife, went to Dr. Lewis’ office, where she requested that he certify to plaintiff’s employer that the Workmans owed him four hundred sixty-one dollars, promising that, “If you will make out a statement amounting to that much, so that I can get that much money, to pay that off, then beginning the next payday after I receive that money I will begin paying you the bills, until I get them paid off”. At that time there was due and owing to Dr. Lewis fifty-three dollars for medical services rendered to plaintiff’s son and daughter-in-law, which Mrs. Workman had agreed to pay, and says that the bills she referred to were those “that the boys owed him. (Subsequently an office visit by Mrs. Workman increased her account by two dollars). According to her testimony, she agreed to give Dr. Lewis five dollars “for his trouble to write that paper up when I received this money”. Dr. Lewis, without verbal comment, complied with Mrs. Workman’s request, and delivered a statement of account to her showing an indebtedness owing him by plaintiff for four hundred sixty-one dollars. Plaintiff gave it to his employer, but in response to the inquiry of what he had told the employer when he delivered the “certificate,” he responded, “I just told them I wanted to make a loan of such amount, to pay some bills with. I didn’t tell them what bills”. A loan for that amount was made to plaintiff, but the check therefor was made payable and delivered to Dr. Lewis, who refused to deliver the proceeds thereof to plaintiff. >
The cashier of International Nickel Company testified that the loan has been repaid by plaintiff, and, further, that the employer maintains a regular department for the convenience of its employees when they are. in need
of funds for the purpose of taking care, not only of hospital and doctor bills, but also “in case of emergency the company grants the employees an advance to take care of their obligations”. In reply to the question, “Is that accommodation furnished to its employees also to avoid their becoming financially embarrassed by attachments or suggestions on their wages?”, the cashier replied, “In cases, yes, it has happened”. Mrs. Workman details the effort on the part of herself and husband to obtain the money from Dr. Lewis, and quotes him as saying that he “needed the money to pay for medicine which he expected to receive ‘in the next day or so’ ”.
Defendant interposed a defense in two special pleas that the money, which plaintiff claims is due him, was paid by plaintiff to defendant upon a preexisting debt and was a voluntary payment, which plaintiff could not recover. Thereto plaintiff filed special replications, asserting the discharge in bankruptcy and the statute of limitations. The circuit court sustained defendant’s motion to strike plaintiff’s evidence and direct a verdict for defendant upon the theory that pláintiff was attempting to enforce a contract against defendant which had its inception in fraud, and directed the jury to return a verdict for defendant.
The gist of defendant’s contention, consonant with the view of the trial court, is that, under plaintiff’s evidence, the parties litigant are in pari
delicto
and therefore not within the protection of the law. The maxim,
“in pari delicto potior est conditio defendentis”,
found in early English cases, both in equity and at law, has been utilized, with this Court’s approval, as a defense in chancery suits.
Gay
v.
Gibson,
101 W. Va. 284, 287, 132 S. E. 717;
Haymond, Admr.
v.
Hyer,
80 W. Va. 594, 92 S. E. 854;
Horn
v.
Star Foundry Co.,
23 W. Va. 522. In the case last cited, Judge Green observed that the principle was one with which courts of law were familiar, citing the two early Virginia cases of
Starke’s Exec.
v.
Littlepage,
4 Rand. 368, and
Harris
v.
Harris’ Exec.,
23 Graft. 737. That the postu
late upon, which the trial court premised its judgment is a salutary one may not be gainsaid.
Our present inquiry, therefore, is to evaluate the transaction which the trial court has labelled as fraudulent. In
Bowyer
v.
Continental Casualty Co.,
72 W. Va. 333, 338, 78 S. E. 1000, it is stated that, “It requires more than a false statement to prove fraud. It must have been made with intent to mislead and deceive and the injured party must have relied upon it”. The situation with which we are dealing, so far as the record shows, is one conceived, not by the plaintiff to whom fraud is charged, but by his wife. Of course, plaintiff completed the transaction by delivery of the statement prepared by Dr. Lewis to his employer. Obviously, since plaintiff has repaid the loah to the employer, it may now be said that no injury has resulted to it. The lack of mischief done to third persons was employed in
Gay
v.
Wendow
(1687), 2 Freeman 101, 2 Eng. Re. 1084, as the consideration for awarding relief to plaintiff in an action at law where an illegal transaction was charged. In
Aikman
v.
City of Wheeling,
120 W. Va. 46, 195 S. E. 667, money was delivered by plaintiff’s agent to the defendant city for use in an illegal transaction which plaintiff herself had proposed. While Mrs. Aikman withdrew therefrom, it was only after the defendant’s attorney had rejected the plan. It could not be denied that plaintiff’s motive was contrary to public policy, yet she was permitted to recover her money on the ground that the contract was never consummated. The opinion, in part, states that “Penalties are imposed for wrongful conduct, not for improper intentions uncrystallized”. While the
Aikman
case is not factually in point, its pertinency to the instant case is suggested because, in the latter, in addition to no mischief having been done by Workman, none was intended. It is not charged here that plaintiff did not intend to repay his employer the money he sought as a loan, and there is.no showing that the employer relied upon the factual misrepresentation in lending the money to plaintiff. In
fact, the contrary appears from the testimony of employer’s cashier.
The reason for the maxim is stated by Judge Green in the
Horn
case, supra, thus:
“As a general rule.the reason why upon such fraudulent or vicious contract neither the courts of law nor of equity will render either party any relief is, that it is obvious, that in refusing relief to either party in such a case the courts very generally adopt the best rule of discouraging the making of such contracts, and it is for this reason and not because the defendant in such a case has any claim on his own account to any favor from the court, that the rule is generally adopted, that the court in such a case will furnish the plaintiff no redress”.
An exception, however, is suggested where:
“* * * in a particular case it can be clearly shown that the observance of the rule that the plaintiff will be furnished no relief in such a case would tend to encourage such fraudulent and vicious practices by really giving effect to the objects, which the parties had in contemplation when such fraudulent and vicious schemes were devised, then the courts will not apply the rule, but will permit such fraudulent plaintiff to recover not because of any favor that the court is disposed to show him, but simply because in such a peculiar case the public policy requires, that such recovery or relief should be had against the fraudulent defendant”.
See also Williston on Contracts, Rev. Ed. Volume Five, Section 1786. Of course, we do not commend either Mrs. Workman for suggesting the plan to Dr. Lewis or Workman for using Dr. Lewis’ statement of account in obtaining the loan, nor can we overlook the fact that Dr. Lewis could have readily refused Mrs. Workman’s request. Her going to Dr. Lewis unquestionably was prompted by a confidence she reposed in him as a result of their physi
cian-patient relationship over a period of many years. Undoubtedly there are many others who repose like confidence in Lewis; and while in the instant situation he may have employed this method of collecting a preexisting indebtedness, which, as we hereinafter show, is barred by the statute of limitations, a denial of relief to plaintiff for a wrong of so slight a character would thus permit Dr. Lewis to reap the benefit of a transaction which may not be labelled as legally fraudulent, and may thus hold for Dr. Lewis a temptation to engage in future similar transactions where the purpose may be other than the collection of a preexisting indebtedness. We believe that public policy is best subserved by requiring Dr. Lewis to account to plaintiff for the money which he wrongfully withholds from him, less such sum.as plaintiff admits is due and owing to Dr. Lewis for services rendered.
We cannot subscribe to the theory of defendant’s special pleas that the sum which he holds was a -voluntary payment for a preexisting indebtedness. The record does not disclose any contract or understanding on the part of plaintiff to sustain Dr. Lewis’ claim, and were Dr. Lewis to seek recovery of the preexisting indebtedness from plaintiff in an independent action therefor, the plea of the statute of limitations — a plea which plaintiff has interposed in this proceeding — would undoubtedly bar his right of recovery. Code, 55-2-6. Only an acknowledgment in writing of the indebtedness would prevent application of the bar of the statute. Code, 55-2-8. It follows that discussion of the effect of discharge in bankruptcy is unnecessary.
For the reasons aforesaid we are of the opinion that the trial court erred in directing a verdict in defendant’s favor and entering judgment thereon. We therefore reverse such judgment and remand the proceeding for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.