O’Brien, J.
The appellants claim that it was error upon the , part of the trial judge to assume that the promise made by the »defendant is the cause of action and insist that the pleadings and the proof show it to be an action upon an account stated and settled.
This precise question was presented upon a former appeal in this case, 53 Hun, 9; 24 N. Y. State Rep., 256, and it was held by this court upon an examination then of the complaint, as it now more clearly is made to appear by the proof offered upon [548]*548the trial to sustain the allegations of the amended, complaint,. “ that the original debt was discharged and a new obligation created, and that the promise to pay ‘ when able to do so ’ upon which this action is founded was conditional, and that to entitle the plaintiffs to recover thereon they must plead and prove the fact of such ability.”
Upon the lines thus indicated the learned trial judge proceeded with the trial and correctly ruled that plaintiffs were not entitled to judgment upon the pleadings as upon an account stated, settled and admitted, and in an opinion remarkable for its force and clearness, he points out the error into which the plaintiffs seemed to have fallen “in completely ignoring the valuable consideration which-upon the settlement the plaintiffs received from the defendant for their acceptance of this! very conditional promise.”
We might well be content to allow this appeal to stand upon the decision and opinion of the learned trial judge, who in our judgment correctly disposed of every question presented.
It would be useless to go over the ground traversed by him and discuss the principles laid down in the cases cited in support of his rulings and which with a single exception included all the decisions that could be found, both American and English, bearing upon the issues between the parties. This exception (the-case of Tebo v. Robinson, 100 N. Y., 29), seems formerly to have'been overlooked by counsel; for it was not called to the attention of this court upon the former appeal, nor to the attention of the judge upon the trial.
The course of reasoning pursued by the latter is nevertheless directly in the line taken by the court of appeals in Tebo v. Robinson, supra, which thus becomes an argument and an authority to support the judgment rendered.
'The action of Tebo v. Robinson was brought upon a promise-contained in a letter written by defendant to plaintiff in October,, 1872. Of so much of the letter as is material, the following is a copy: ' .. .
. “You will find enclosed one hundred dollars, with interest,, which you so kindly loaned me one year ago, and I hope and trust that I shall shortly be able to enclose you one thousand dollars, which you also kindly loaned me, hoping at the same time you •may have no need of it until such time as I shall be able to pay it, and you may rest assured you shall have the money thei moment I am able to pay it’!
The complaint averred ability to pay prior to the commencement of the suit. This was not denied in the answer. The sole, defense set up in the answer was the statute of limitations.
In writing the opinion of the court, Andrews, J., says: “ The-cause of action on this promise accrued as soon as the defendant, had the pecuniary ability to pay his debt Proof that the defendant at a particular time, subsequent to October 19, 1872, had property equal to or greater than the amount of the plaintiff’s debt would not conclusively show that he was able 'to pay the debt within the meaning of the promise, so as to give a right of' action. This fact might be consistent with utter insolvency on. [549]*549the part of the defendant, or the property might he of such a character that to deprive him of it would take away his means of livelihood as effectually as depriving a mechanic of his tools would deprive him. of means of support. A promise to pay when able is to be reasonably interpreted.
“ On the one hand it does not imply ability to pay without embarrassment, or even without crippling the debtor’s resources or business, while on the other hand ability to pay cannot be fairly implied while the debtor, although he may be in possession of property sufficient to pay the particular debt, is plainly insolvent, or when payment if enforced would strip him of his means of support. The creditor, or a promisee of this kind, reposes very much on the good faith of the promisor. He generally relies upon the debtor’s making known any change in his pecuniary circumstances which enables him to pay the debt, although there is no duty of voluntary disclosure. It is not contemplated by the parties" that the debtor will "pay the debt out of the earnings necessary for the support of himself or his family or that he will pay the particular debt to the prejudice of- other creditors whose debts are absolute and unconditional.”
In language of similar import Mr. Justice Barrett in this case says: “What is here meant by ability to pay? * * * It may fairly be deduced from the cases that the plaintiffs were bound to prove the defendant’s ability to pay at the commencement of the action, and that such ability could be shown by circumstances as well as by direct evidence. Beyond this there is no fixed rule. Bach case must depend upon the terms of the contract, read in the light of the surrounding circumstances. Substantial proof of ability within the intent and meaning of the parties must be given ; and although that proof may in the nature of things be difficult it is none the less requisite. By taking a conditional obligation, the condition itself .being founded upon a valuable consideration, the obligee accepts the burden imposed upon him of establishing the fulfilment of the condition before he can recover. * * * The understanding undoubtedly was that the defendant should be required to pay only when his circumstances were changed for the better, either by an acquisition of fortune or a decrease of obligation.”
It was therefore correctly ruled that it was incumbent on plaintiffs to show some change for the better in defendant’s circumstances at a period subsequent to the time when the promise was given. Such a construction, finding support as it does both upon principle and authority, was given to the contract between' the parties upon the trial. Ho evidence was presented to warrant the conclusion that defendant’s circumstances had improved, or showing his ability to pay. He was in receipt of his salary as judge when the contract was made. He received it then as now monthly, and the testimony shows that out of it he saved nothing. It is useless to speculate as to what defendant could or should have done, the question being, did the plaintiffs prove defendant’s ability to respond within the meamng of the contract. The conclusion reached was justified by the proof.
[550]*550Assuming however that the principles ofTaw were correctly applied, it is claimed that the court erred in permitting the introduction and giving effect to evidence varying the written contract as set forth in the letters by allowing after objection the introduction of the complaint in the original action by plaintiffs on the joint account and by incorporating in the fifth finding the conversation between the parties as evidence of what the agreement was, thus modifying, as claimed, the lettersyvhich the parties wrote and in which they intended to express' the" agreement which they made.
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O’Brien, J.
The appellants claim that it was error upon the , part of the trial judge to assume that the promise made by the »defendant is the cause of action and insist that the pleadings and the proof show it to be an action upon an account stated and settled.
This precise question was presented upon a former appeal in this case, 53 Hun, 9; 24 N. Y. State Rep., 256, and it was held by this court upon an examination then of the complaint, as it now more clearly is made to appear by the proof offered upon [548]*548the trial to sustain the allegations of the amended, complaint,. “ that the original debt was discharged and a new obligation created, and that the promise to pay ‘ when able to do so ’ upon which this action is founded was conditional, and that to entitle the plaintiffs to recover thereon they must plead and prove the fact of such ability.”
Upon the lines thus indicated the learned trial judge proceeded with the trial and correctly ruled that plaintiffs were not entitled to judgment upon the pleadings as upon an account stated, settled and admitted, and in an opinion remarkable for its force and clearness, he points out the error into which the plaintiffs seemed to have fallen “in completely ignoring the valuable consideration which-upon the settlement the plaintiffs received from the defendant for their acceptance of this! very conditional promise.”
We might well be content to allow this appeal to stand upon the decision and opinion of the learned trial judge, who in our judgment correctly disposed of every question presented.
It would be useless to go over the ground traversed by him and discuss the principles laid down in the cases cited in support of his rulings and which with a single exception included all the decisions that could be found, both American and English, bearing upon the issues between the parties. This exception (the-case of Tebo v. Robinson, 100 N. Y., 29), seems formerly to have'been overlooked by counsel; for it was not called to the attention of this court upon the former appeal, nor to the attention of the judge upon the trial.
The course of reasoning pursued by the latter is nevertheless directly in the line taken by the court of appeals in Tebo v. Robinson, supra, which thus becomes an argument and an authority to support the judgment rendered.
'The action of Tebo v. Robinson was brought upon a promise-contained in a letter written by defendant to plaintiff in October,, 1872. Of so much of the letter as is material, the following is a copy: ' .. .
. “You will find enclosed one hundred dollars, with interest,, which you so kindly loaned me one year ago, and I hope and trust that I shall shortly be able to enclose you one thousand dollars, which you also kindly loaned me, hoping at the same time you •may have no need of it until such time as I shall be able to pay it, and you may rest assured you shall have the money thei moment I am able to pay it’!
The complaint averred ability to pay prior to the commencement of the suit. This was not denied in the answer. The sole, defense set up in the answer was the statute of limitations.
In writing the opinion of the court, Andrews, J., says: “ The-cause of action on this promise accrued as soon as the defendant, had the pecuniary ability to pay his debt Proof that the defendant at a particular time, subsequent to October 19, 1872, had property equal to or greater than the amount of the plaintiff’s debt would not conclusively show that he was able 'to pay the debt within the meaning of the promise, so as to give a right of' action. This fact might be consistent with utter insolvency on. [549]*549the part of the defendant, or the property might he of such a character that to deprive him of it would take away his means of livelihood as effectually as depriving a mechanic of his tools would deprive him. of means of support. A promise to pay when able is to be reasonably interpreted.
“ On the one hand it does not imply ability to pay without embarrassment, or even without crippling the debtor’s resources or business, while on the other hand ability to pay cannot be fairly implied while the debtor, although he may be in possession of property sufficient to pay the particular debt, is plainly insolvent, or when payment if enforced would strip him of his means of support. The creditor, or a promisee of this kind, reposes very much on the good faith of the promisor. He generally relies upon the debtor’s making known any change in his pecuniary circumstances which enables him to pay the debt, although there is no duty of voluntary disclosure. It is not contemplated by the parties" that the debtor will "pay the debt out of the earnings necessary for the support of himself or his family or that he will pay the particular debt to the prejudice of- other creditors whose debts are absolute and unconditional.”
In language of similar import Mr. Justice Barrett in this case says: “What is here meant by ability to pay? * * * It may fairly be deduced from the cases that the plaintiffs were bound to prove the defendant’s ability to pay at the commencement of the action, and that such ability could be shown by circumstances as well as by direct evidence. Beyond this there is no fixed rule. Bach case must depend upon the terms of the contract, read in the light of the surrounding circumstances. Substantial proof of ability within the intent and meaning of the parties must be given ; and although that proof may in the nature of things be difficult it is none the less requisite. By taking a conditional obligation, the condition itself .being founded upon a valuable consideration, the obligee accepts the burden imposed upon him of establishing the fulfilment of the condition before he can recover. * * * The understanding undoubtedly was that the defendant should be required to pay only when his circumstances were changed for the better, either by an acquisition of fortune or a decrease of obligation.”
It was therefore correctly ruled that it was incumbent on plaintiffs to show some change for the better in defendant’s circumstances at a period subsequent to the time when the promise was given. Such a construction, finding support as it does both upon principle and authority, was given to the contract between' the parties upon the trial. Ho evidence was presented to warrant the conclusion that defendant’s circumstances had improved, or showing his ability to pay. He was in receipt of his salary as judge when the contract was made. He received it then as now monthly, and the testimony shows that out of it he saved nothing. It is useless to speculate as to what defendant could or should have done, the question being, did the plaintiffs prove defendant’s ability to respond within the meamng of the contract. The conclusion reached was justified by the proof.
[550]*550Assuming however that the principles ofTaw were correctly applied, it is claimed that the court erred in permitting the introduction and giving effect to evidence varying the written contract as set forth in the letters by allowing after objection the introduction of the complaint in the original action by plaintiffs on the joint account and by incorporating in the fifth finding the conversation between the parties as evidence of what the agreement was, thus modifying, as claimed, the lettersyvhich the parties wrote and in which they intended to express' the" agreement which they made. In other words the claim is that the court thus interpolated the conversation which led to the original agreement into the agreement itself.
In answer to this objection it is only necessary to remember that in 'the letter of December 15, 1884, written by the defendant to the plaintiff in which he directs them to sell the securities mentioned in the letter, he thus concludes : “ When this is done * * * I will then write a letter to you stating my obligation to pay this sum when I can do so, in accordance with our agreement on Saturday last” It will thus be seen that in the letter itself, which is one of the letters referred to by the appellants as containing the agreement between the parties, it would appear that the agreement itself was made on that Saturday, that the letters did not embody the entire contract, and this justified the reception of evidence tending to • prove what was the entire agreement. The effect of the construction given to the agreement by the judge necessarily resulted in excluding testimony offered by the plaintiffs tending to show how much the defendant could have paid, if anything, less his personal expenses, and as to whether he was not during that period able to save sufficient from his salary to pay any portion of the claim, and why he did not devote any portion of the difference between his individual expenses and the amount of his salary to pay this obligation. As already said, what he might, could or should have done was not the question at issue.
By the agreement between the parties it was an essential part of plaintiff's cause of action to show ability to pay.
Therefore, after a careful examination of the case and exceptions, we are of opinion that no error was committed justifying a reversal, and that the judgment should be affirmed, with costs and disbursements.
Van Brunt, P. J., and Daniels, J., concur.