Hoke, J.
By the statutes of 1909, cb. 918, important changes were made in our law of assignments, Revisal, secs. 967, 968, et seq. These changes, appearing in Pell’s Supplement, vol. 3, pp. 46-47, are as follows:
967. (Eepealed, and tbe following enacted in its stead:) “Upon tbe execution of any voluntary deed of trust or deed of assignment for tbe benefit of creditors, all debts of tbe maker thereof shall become due and payable at once, and no such deed of trust or deed of assignment shall contain any preferences of one creditor over another, except as hereinafter stated.”
968. (Amended by adding at tbe end of section tbe following:) “And it shall be tbe duty of said trustee to recover, for tbe benefit of tbe estate, property which may have been conveyed by tbe grantor -or assignor in fraud of bis creditors, or which may have been conveyed or transferred by tbe grantor or assignor for tbe purpose of giving a preference. A preference, under this section, shall be deemed to have been given when property has been transferred or conveyed within four months next preceding the registration of tbe deed of trust or deed of assignment in consideration of tbe payment of a preexisting debt, when tbe grantee or transferee of such property knew or bad reasonable ground to believe that tbe grantor , or assignor was insolvent at tbe time of making such conveyance or transfer.”
[608]*608969. (Amended by adding at the end of section tbe following:) “Provided,, that upon the written petition of one-fourth of the number of'the creditors of. the grantor or assignor whose claims aggregate more than 50 per cent of the. total indebtedness of the said grantor or assignor, the clerk of the Superior Court of the county in which said deed of trust or deed of assignment is registered, upon a notice of not more than ten days to said trustee of said petition,, shall remove said trustee and appoint some competent person to execute the provisions of such deed of trust or deed of assignment.”
970. (Amended by striking out the words “such insolvent,” in the first and second lines of-said section 970, and by adding in lieu thereof the word “any.”)
972. (Amended by adding to the end thereof the following:) “The trustee, after paying the necessary costs of the administration of the trust, shall pay as speedily as possible (1) all debts which are a lien upon any of the trust property in his hands, to the extent of the net proceeds of the property upon which such debt is a lien; (2) wages due to workmen, clerks, traveling or city salesmen or servants which have been earned within three months before registration of said deed of trust or deed of assignment, and (3) all other debts equally ratable.”
A perusal of these amendments will disclose that, except in the two cases .mentioned, (1) specific liens to the value of the property subject thereto; (2) wages due to workmen, clerks, etc., etc., all discrimination among creditors is forbidden, and that this inhibitive regulation applies, not only to all preferences attempted and contained in the deed itself, but is extended to all cases where “property has been transferred or conveyed within four months next preceding the registration of the deed of trust or assignment, in consideration of the payment of a preexisting debt, where the grantee or transferee of such property knew or had reasonable ground to believe that the grantor or assignor was insolvent at the time of making such conveyance or transfer.” In the present case, defendant, holding a chattel' mortgage which conveyed substantially all of the assets admitted in the pleadings, to amount to $1,289.58, net, asks that his debt be paid in full, claiming that [609]*609it comes directly within the first class provided for by the statute, “Debts which are a lien on the trust property to the extent of the net proceeds thereof, etc.” And it may be well to note that there is no allegation challenging- the bona fidles of defendant’s claim except as affected by the statute, nor is the integrity of our registration laws, in their ordinary operation, in any way involved, as the mortgage was registered prior to the deed of assignment. Plaintiff contends, however, that defendant’s indebtedness should share pro rata, (1) because the mortgage itself is only an assignment, and, as such, the claim is subject to pro rata distribution; (2) that the same constitutes an unlawful preference within the meaning of the act, because the time by which its validity must be determined should date from its registration and not from its execution.
On the first proposition there are Several decisions in this State to the effect that, where an insolvent grantor executes a chattel mortgage to secure a preexisting debt, and same conveys practically all the property owned by him, it is proper that such an instrument, under certain circumstances, should be treated as an assignment and subject to the provisions of law in reference to that class of conveyances. Odom v. Clark, 146 N. C., 553; Brown v. Nimocks, 124 N. C., 417; Bank v. Gilmer, 116 N. C., 684. To hold otherwise, said Associate Justice Avery, in the last-mentioned case, “would be to nullify the act.” All of these authorities, however, recognize that, notwithstanding this legislation, a bona fide chattel mortgage may be made, and we are clearly of opinion that 'the principle of these decisions should not prevail on the facts of this case, where it appears that the conveyance, in the form of a chattel mortgage, on property greatly exceeding in value the amount of the debt, was made in good faith, was intended by the parties as such, and for a substantial part of the consideration, $400 out of $?00, then presently moving between them.
And the second proposition must also be resolved against the plaintiff. On this subject, as stated, the statute, as now amended, provides that an unlawful preference exists when property has been transferred or conveyed by an insolvent assignor, within four months next preceding registration of [610]*610the assignment, to secure a preexisting debt, and when the grantee or transferee of such property knew or had reasonable ground to believe that the grantor was insolvent at the time of making such conveyance or transfer, and from this it appears that to destroy a lien given in good faith, on the ground that the same constitutes an unlawful preference, the transfer or conveyance must be for (1) an antecedent debt; (2) the property must have been transferred within four months next preceding registration of the assignment; (3) when grantee had knowledge or notice of insolvency.
On the question of a preexisting debt, the court finds that the consideration of defendant’s mortgage was for $200, cash then advanced, and an indorsement to the bank, then made, for $500, $200 of which was an obligation then created and $300 was a debt for which Taylor, the mortgagee, was already an. indorser. On these facts, the chattel mortgage, to the . amount of $400, the obligation then created, was not for a preexisting indebtedness, and, to that extent in any event, would be collectible as a valid lien under the statute. In re Farmer Supply Co., 170 Fed., 502; In re Wolf, 98 Fed., 84. Remington on Bankruptcy, sec. 1328. Inasmuch, however, as $300 of the consideration had been already incurred to Taylor by reason of a prior indorsement (Remington Bankruptcy, sec. 644), the question as to this $300 will depend upon .the correct construction of the statute, as to the time from which the four months is to be estimated.
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Hoke, J.
By the statutes of 1909, cb. 918, important changes were made in our law of assignments, Revisal, secs. 967, 968, et seq. These changes, appearing in Pell’s Supplement, vol. 3, pp. 46-47, are as follows:
967. (Eepealed, and tbe following enacted in its stead:) “Upon tbe execution of any voluntary deed of trust or deed of assignment for tbe benefit of creditors, all debts of tbe maker thereof shall become due and payable at once, and no such deed of trust or deed of assignment shall contain any preferences of one creditor over another, except as hereinafter stated.”
968. (Amended by adding at tbe end of section tbe following:) “And it shall be tbe duty of said trustee to recover, for tbe benefit of tbe estate, property which may have been conveyed by tbe grantor -or assignor in fraud of bis creditors, or which may have been conveyed or transferred by tbe grantor or assignor for tbe purpose of giving a preference. A preference, under this section, shall be deemed to have been given when property has been transferred or conveyed within four months next preceding the registration of tbe deed of trust or deed of assignment in consideration of tbe payment of a preexisting debt, when tbe grantee or transferee of such property knew or bad reasonable ground to believe that tbe grantor , or assignor was insolvent at tbe time of making such conveyance or transfer.”
[608]*608969. (Amended by adding at the end of section tbe following:) “Provided,, that upon the written petition of one-fourth of the number of'the creditors of. the grantor or assignor whose claims aggregate more than 50 per cent of the. total indebtedness of the said grantor or assignor, the clerk of the Superior Court of the county in which said deed of trust or deed of assignment is registered, upon a notice of not more than ten days to said trustee of said petition,, shall remove said trustee and appoint some competent person to execute the provisions of such deed of trust or deed of assignment.”
970. (Amended by striking out the words “such insolvent,” in the first and second lines of-said section 970, and by adding in lieu thereof the word “any.”)
972. (Amended by adding to the end thereof the following:) “The trustee, after paying the necessary costs of the administration of the trust, shall pay as speedily as possible (1) all debts which are a lien upon any of the trust property in his hands, to the extent of the net proceeds of the property upon which such debt is a lien; (2) wages due to workmen, clerks, traveling or city salesmen or servants which have been earned within three months before registration of said deed of trust or deed of assignment, and (3) all other debts equally ratable.”
A perusal of these amendments will disclose that, except in the two cases .mentioned, (1) specific liens to the value of the property subject thereto; (2) wages due to workmen, clerks, etc., etc., all discrimination among creditors is forbidden, and that this inhibitive regulation applies, not only to all preferences attempted and contained in the deed itself, but is extended to all cases where “property has been transferred or conveyed within four months next preceding the registration of the deed of trust or assignment, in consideration of the payment of a preexisting debt, where the grantee or transferee of such property knew or had reasonable ground to believe that the grantor or assignor was insolvent at the time of making such conveyance or transfer.” In the present case, defendant, holding a chattel' mortgage which conveyed substantially all of the assets admitted in the pleadings, to amount to $1,289.58, net, asks that his debt be paid in full, claiming that [609]*609it comes directly within the first class provided for by the statute, “Debts which are a lien on the trust property to the extent of the net proceeds thereof, etc.” And it may be well to note that there is no allegation challenging- the bona fidles of defendant’s claim except as affected by the statute, nor is the integrity of our registration laws, in their ordinary operation, in any way involved, as the mortgage was registered prior to the deed of assignment. Plaintiff contends, however, that defendant’s indebtedness should share pro rata, (1) because the mortgage itself is only an assignment, and, as such, the claim is subject to pro rata distribution; (2) that the same constitutes an unlawful preference within the meaning of the act, because the time by which its validity must be determined should date from its registration and not from its execution.
On the first proposition there are Several decisions in this State to the effect that, where an insolvent grantor executes a chattel mortgage to secure a preexisting debt, and same conveys practically all the property owned by him, it is proper that such an instrument, under certain circumstances, should be treated as an assignment and subject to the provisions of law in reference to that class of conveyances. Odom v. Clark, 146 N. C., 553; Brown v. Nimocks, 124 N. C., 417; Bank v. Gilmer, 116 N. C., 684. To hold otherwise, said Associate Justice Avery, in the last-mentioned case, “would be to nullify the act.” All of these authorities, however, recognize that, notwithstanding this legislation, a bona fide chattel mortgage may be made, and we are clearly of opinion that 'the principle of these decisions should not prevail on the facts of this case, where it appears that the conveyance, in the form of a chattel mortgage, on property greatly exceeding in value the amount of the debt, was made in good faith, was intended by the parties as such, and for a substantial part of the consideration, $400 out of $?00, then presently moving between them.
And the second proposition must also be resolved against the plaintiff. On this subject, as stated, the statute, as now amended, provides that an unlawful preference exists when property has been transferred or conveyed by an insolvent assignor, within four months next preceding registration of [610]*610the assignment, to secure a preexisting debt, and when the grantee or transferee of such property knew or had reasonable ground to believe that the grantor was insolvent at the time of making such conveyance or transfer, and from this it appears that to destroy a lien given in good faith, on the ground that the same constitutes an unlawful preference, the transfer or conveyance must be for (1) an antecedent debt; (2) the property must have been transferred within four months next preceding registration of the assignment; (3) when grantee had knowledge or notice of insolvency.
On the question of a preexisting debt, the court finds that the consideration of defendant’s mortgage was for $200, cash then advanced, and an indorsement to the bank, then made, for $500, $200 of which was an obligation then created and $300 was a debt for which Taylor, the mortgagee, was already an. indorser. On these facts, the chattel mortgage, to the . amount of $400, the obligation then created, was not for a preexisting indebtedness, and, to that extent in any event, would be collectible as a valid lien under the statute. In re Farmer Supply Co., 170 Fed., 502; In re Wolf, 98 Fed., 84. Remington on Bankruptcy, sec. 1328. Inasmuch, however, as $300 of the consideration had been already incurred to Taylor by reason of a prior indorsement (Remington Bankruptcy, sec. 644), the question as to this $300 will depend upon .the correct construction of the statute, as to the time from which the four months is to be estimated. Does the four months mentioned begin from the time when the instrument is executed or when the same is registered? The statute, as here-before stated, provides that an unlawful preference should be deemed to exist when property has been transferred or conveyed within the four months; and the section closes: “and when the grantee knew or had notice of the insolvency at the time of malcing such conveyance or transfer.” Thus the making of the transfer or conveyance is the time expressly fixed by the statute, and there is nothing in the law that justifies the Court in adding the words suggested and required to sustain plaintiff’s position: “That for the purposes of the statute, the registration of the instrument shall be considered the time of making.”
[611]*611It was contended for tbe plaintiff that our Legislature, in enacting these amendments, evidently designed to make our law of assignments correspond with the bankruptcy act, in this matter of preferences, and that the Federal law, in instruments of this character, makes the time of registration the determinative date, and that this was the prevailing construction of the Federal courts, even prior to the amendment of 1903 to the bankruptcy law, and by which the registration was, in express terms, made the correct date. Godwin v. Bank, 145 N. C., pp. 320-330; vol. 32, Statutes at Large, part 1, ch. 487. We are inclined to the opinion that prior to the amendment referred to, the weight of authority in the Federal decisions was against plaintiff’s position on this question. Remington on Bankruptcy, vol. 3, sec. 1375, p. 804, in which the author says: “But the true rule, before the amendment of 1903, was contrary, namely, that if the actual transfer took place before -the four months period, it was good, notwithstanding the recording or registering.of the transfer occurred within the four-months period.”
The better considered decisions before the amendment, holding the opposing view, rested their case chiefly on that provision in the present bankruptcy act.which made the period of four months date from the registration, in reference to the act of bankruptcy, where it consisted of a transfer with intent to defraud or with purpose of securing a preference. See In re Klingaman, 101 Fed., 691. There is no provision of a similar kind as an aid to such a construction of our statute on assignments; on the contrary, its provision in regard to prohibited preferences more nearly resembles the bankruptcy act of 1867, ch. 8, Loveland on Bankruptcy (2d Ed.), 1240, in which the section as to these preferences was uniformly construed to date from the actual execution or making of the transfer, and not from the registration. 101 Fed., supra, citing Gibson v. Warden, 81 U. S., 244; Sawyer v. Turpin, 91 U. S., 144.
On the facts stated, the mortgage, securing defendant’s debt, was executed more than four months before the registration of the assignment, and when the claimant had no knowledge or [612]*612notice of tbe assignor’s insolvency, and tbe execution of tbe instrument and not tbe registration being, in our opinion, tbe correct period to date from, tbe claim o'f defendant is not an unlawful preference, witbin tbe provisions of our law, and bis Honor made tbe correct ruling in directing tbat the same be paid in full. We bave not been inadvertent to the fact that tbe assignment directly recognizes tbe validity of defendant’s mortgage and, in express terms, is made subject to it, nor to tbe authorities wbicb bold tbat in sucb case the trustee, under tbe assignment, is bound by tbe lien of the mortgage and tbe same must be considered tbe prior claim. Bank v. Vass, 130 N. C., 590, and other cases. The principle of these decisions ' may still prevail, i¿ proper cases (see Piano Co. v. Spruill, 150 N. C., 168), but, in tbe case of general assignments, by express provision of tbe statute, a stipulation of tbat kind will not avail to prevent recovery by tbe trustee, where there has been an unlawful preference.
There is no error, and tbe judgment directing payment of defendant’s claim in full is
Affirmed.