THIS OPINION HAS NO PRECEDENTIAL
VALUE. IT SHOULD NOT BE CITED OR RELIED ON AS PRECEDENT IN ANY PROCEEDING EXCEPT
AS PROVIDED BY RULE 239(d)(2), SCACR.
THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Court of Appeals
Brenda L. Wooldridge,
Appellant,
v.
Greenwood Mills, Inc.,
Respondent.
Appeal From Greenwood County
Wyatt T. Saunders, Jr., Circuit Court
Judge
Unpublished Opinion No. 2005-UP-135
Submitted February 1, 2005 Filed February
23, 2005
AFFIRMED
Theo W. Mitchell, of Greenville, for Appellant.
Joel S. Brandon and Melegia Lee Daniels, Jr., both of Greenville,
for Respondent.
PER CURIAM: Brenda Wooldridge appeals the
trial courts grant of summary judgment in favor of Greenwood Mills, Inc. in
her action for wrongful termination. We affirm.1
Facts
Wooldridge worked for Greenwood Mills from 1994
until June 5, 2001. While Wooldridge was working in the early morning hours
of June 4, she ran out of a material called roving. She asked her supervisor
Linda Rush to obtain some for her. As she was accompanying Rush to obtain the
roving, Wooldridge became involved in an altercation with Sarah Tate, a fellow
employee, in the post alley between their jobs. Wooldridge testified in her
deposition that Tate approached her, shaking her finger in Wooldridges face,
and accusing Wooldridge of hogging the roving. Wooldridge told Tate, [G]et
your hand out of my face. Tate continued pointing her finger at Wooldridge
so Wooldridge again instructed her to get her hand out of Wooldridges face.
Rush then told both employees to go home. Wooldridge gathered her purse, told
her sister she was leaving, and left the plant. Wooldridge acknowledged that
she was upset, Tate appeared angry, and they both had been speaking loudly.
She stated she never heard Rush tell them to stop arguing or to return to their
jobs.
The next morning Wooldridge returned to the plant
and spoke with Frankie Wells, the spinning room supervisor, and Pierce Sullivan,
the human resources manager. They informed her Rush had told them that during
the argument she had asked Wooldridge and Tate to return to their positions.
Sullivan told her he was going to investigate the matter. He asked her to return
the next day. She met with Wells and Sullivan again on June 5. Wells told
her then she was being discharged for creating a disturbance in the workplace.
She met with Warren Moore, the vice president of Human Resources, the following
day. He affirmed that her employment was terminated for creating a disturbance
in the workplace. Tate was also discharged for the same reason.
Wooldridge applied for unemployment benefits
and was initially disqualified. She appealed this decision and appeared at
a hearing before a hearing officer of the Employment Security Commission. Rush,
Sullivan, and Wells testified at the hearing for Greenwood Mills. The hearing
officer held Wooldridge was disqualified from receiving benefits for thirteen
weeks because she was discharged for cause. Wooldridge did not appeal this
ruling.
Wooldridge brought this action against
Greenwood Mills for wrongful termination. She asserted Greenwood Mills acted
wrongfully by terminating her for exercising a legal right and terminating her
without adhering to its own policies and procedures. Greenwood Mills moved
for summary judgment. After a hearing, which Wooldridges counsel failed to
attend, the trial court granted the motion for summary judgment. This appeal
followed.
Standard of Review
The purpose of summary
judgment is to expedite the disposition of cases which do not require the services
of a fact finder. Dawkins v. Fields, 354 S.C. 58, 69, 580 S.E.2d 433,
438 (2003). Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue
as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. Osborne v. Adams, 346 S.C. 4, 7, 550 S.E.2d 319, 321 (2001).
The evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom must be viewed in the light
most favorable to the non-moving party. Id. It is well established
that summary judgment should be granted . . . in cases in which plain, palpable
and indisputable facts exist on which reasonable minds cannot differ. Anders
v. S.C. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 307 S.C. 371, 373, 415 S.E.2d 406, 407
(Ct. App. 1992) (quoting Main v. Corley, 281 S.C. 525, 526, 316 S.E.2d
406, 407 (1984)); see Bloom v. Ravoira, 339 S.C. 417, 425, 529
S.E.2d 710, 714 (2000) (finding where a verdict is not reasonably possible under
the facts presented, summary judgment is proper).
Discussion
Wooldridge argues a genuine
issue of material fact exists as to whether Greenwood Mills wrongfully discharged
her. We disagree.
South Carolina recognizes
the doctrine of employment at will in wrongful termination actions. Prescott
v. Farmers Tel. Coop., Inc., 335 S.C. 330, 334, 516 S.E.2d 923, 925 (1999).
Although some exceptions have been recognized, the doctrine of employment at-will
remains in South Carolina as a longstanding economic incentive that provides
the marketplace its necessary flexibility. Id. at 335, 516 S.E.2d at
925. At-will employment may be terminated by either party at any time, for
any reason or for no reason at all. Id. at 334, 516 S.E.2d at 925.
The general rule is that termination of an at-will employee normally does not
give rise to a cause of action for breach of contract. Conner v. City of
Forest Acres, 348 S.C. 454, 463, 560 S.E.2d 606, 610 (2002).
However, an employer and
employee may choose to contractually alter the general rule of employment at-will.
Prescott, 335 S.C. at 335, 442 S.E.2d at 925. A contract of employment
may arise from oral or written words or by conduct. Id. at 335, 442
S.E.2d at 926. An employee handbook may create such a contract. Small v.
Springs Indus., 292 S.C. 481, 485, 357 S.E.2d 452, 455 (1987). The court
in Small explained, It is patently unjust to allow an employer to couch
a handbook, bulletin, or other similar material in mandatory terms and then
allow him to ignore these very policies as a gratuitous, nonbinding statement
of general policy whenever it works to his disadvantage. Id.
Wooldridge contends that
her status as more than an at-will employee is disputed. Greenwood Mills presented
a copy of Wooldridges application. On this application a disclaimer is written
in bold print:
I UNDERSTAND THAT THIS
APPLICATION AND ANY OTHER COMPANY DOCUMENTS ARE NOT CONTRACTS OF EMPLOYMENT,
AND ANYONE WHO IS HIRED MAY VOLUNTARILY LEAVE EMPLOYMENT, AND MAY BE TERMINATED
BY THE EMPLOYER AT ANY TIME FOR ANY REASON. I UNDERSTAND THAT ANY ORAL OR WRITTEN
STATEMENTS TO THE CONTRARY ARE EXPRESSLY DISAVOWED AND SHOULD NOT BE RELIED
UPON BY ANY PROSPECTIVE OR EXISTING ASSOCIATE.
Wooldridge testified that she understood this provision
when she signed her application. She acknowledged that after she was hired,
no one told her anything different from the provision. However, she also testified
that when she was hired, a secretary told her that employees received one write-up
and then would be fired if they did not follow the rules. She could not recall
the secretarys name. When asked if anyone else had told her about the write-up,
she stated, Your supervisor tell you on the job. She failed to identify the
supervisor who gave her this information. The trial court did not address whether
these statements could be construed as an oral contract of employment. Wooldridge
failed to request the trial court rule on this issue in a Rule 59, SCRCP motion.
Accordingly, this issue is not properly before this court. See Summer
v. Carpenter, 328 S.C. 36, 43, 492 S.E.2d 55, 58 (1997) (where trial judge
did not rule on issue at trial and party did not make a Rule 59, SCRCP, motion
for a ruling, issue is not preserved for appellate review). Furthermore, Wooldridge
failed to present any evidence that the unnamed secretary and supervisor had
authority to alter the stated policy of at-will employment found on the application.
The disclaimer in Wooldridges application clearly provided that any statements
contradictory to employment at will were disavowed. When opposing a summary
judgment motion, the nonmoving party must do more than simply show that there
is a metaphysical doubt as to the material facts but must come forward with
specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Baughman
v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 306 S.C. 101, 115, 410 S.E.2d 537, 545 (1991).
We find Wooldridge failed to meet this burden.
Wooldridge claims the handbook she received when
she came to work for Greenwood Mills creates a genuine issue of material fact
concerning her employment status. However, she failed to produce this handbook.
In an affidavit, Warren Moore, the Vice President of Human Resources for Greenwood
Mills stated that when Wooldridge was hired in 1994, the company did not have
any type of employee handbook in place. He explained the company had withdrawn
a prior handbook in 1988 and that handbook was no longer used by the company.
Wooldridge furthermore failed to recall any provisions
of the alleged handbook that would alter her status as an at-will employee.
The mere existence of a handbook does not automatically create a contract of
employment. See Horton v. Darby Elec. Co., 360 S.C. 58, 67, 599
S.E.2d 456, 460-61 (2004) (stating employers manual exemplified the appropriate
manner in which to give employees a guide regarding their employment without
altering the at-will employment relationship where the manual contained conspicuous
disclaimers, which the employee understood and the disciplinary procedure contained
permissive language and did not provide for mandatory progressive discipline).
In fact, Wooldridge admitted her understanding of the handbook was that if
you do anything wrong, you know, youll get fired. Thus, she admitted her
own understanding of the handbook was that employees could be discharged without
any special procedures. Thus, even if we assume Wooldridge was given an employee
handbook, she has failed to present any evidence to support her assertion that
this handbook altered her at-will status. See Baughman, 306 S.C.
at 115, 410 S.E.2d at 545 (stating party opposing summary judgment must present
specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial).
Wooldridge next argues that even if her
employment was at-will, Greenwood Mills wrongfully discharged her in violation
of public policy. She relies on Ludwick v. This Minute of Carolina, Inc.,
287 S.C. 219, 337 S.E.2d 213 (1985). In Ludwick, the supreme court adopted
a public policy exception to the employment at-will doctrine and held: Where
the retaliatory discharge of an at-will employee constitutes violation of a
clear mandate of public policy, a cause of action in tort for wrongful discharge
arises. Id. at 225, 337 S.E.2d at 216. This exception clearly applies
in cases when an employer requires an employee to violate the law or the reason
for the employees termination was itself a violation of criminal law. Lawson
v. S.C. Dept of Corr., 340 S.C. 346, 350, 532 S.E.2d 259, 260-61 (2000).
In addition, an at-will employee may not be terminated for exercising a constitutional
right. Moshtaghi v. The Citadel, 314 S.C. 316, 322, 443 S.E.2d 915,
919 (Ct. App. 1994). Wooldridge asserts the legal right Greenwood Mills interfered
with was her right to tell Tate to get her hand out of her face, and her right
to work in an environment without getting offended, hurt, or threatened by a
co-worker. Wooldridge acknowledged Tate never physically harmed her or threatened
her with a violent act. She also admitted her own voice was loud during the
altercation. Wooldridge failed to present any law to the trial court or this
court that she had a right to tell Tate to get her hand out of her face so
that Greenwood Mills discharge of her based on her participation in the altercation
with Tate was a violation of public policy. Accordingly, we find the trial
court did not err in granting Greenwood Mills summary judgment on this issue.
Conclusion
We hold Wooldridge has failed to establish
a genuine issue of material fact that her employment with Greenwood Mills was
other than at-will. We furthermore hold she has failed to establish her discharge
was in violation of public policy. Accordingly, the trial courts grant of
summary judgment on her claim for wrongful discharge is
AFFIRMED.
GOOLSBY, HUFF, and STILWELL, JJ., concur.
1 We decide this case without oral argument pursuant
to Rule 215, SCACR.