RAILEY, C.
Plaintiff, an Illinois corporation, sued defendants as directors of the Union Warehouse & Implement Company, a Missouri corporation, duly organized on February 2, 1909, and engaged in the general mercantile business in the town of East Prairie, Missouri. It is averred in the petition that the Missouri corporation continued to do business until December 2, 1913, when its charter was duly forfeited for failure to register as required by the laws of this State; that defendants continued to exercise the powers and privileges of said Missouri corporation, from December 2, 1913, until about the 1st of. January, 1915; that they continued business under their said corporate franchise by purchasing and selling goods, wares and merchandise; that after the forfeiture aforesaid, and while engaged in the business aforesaid, the defendants bought from plaintiff, between April 9, 1914, and October' 21, 1914, goods of the value of $10.62, sued for [275]*275herein, and that no part of said sum has ever been paid, etc.
Defendants, Fisher, Davidson, Morgan and Sager, filed a joint amended answer to said petition. They admitted the incorporation of plaintiff, but denied each and every other allegation of the petition. They charge in said answer that the acts of the General Assembly of the State of Missouri, for 1913, Laws 1913, pages 167 to 174, inclusive, and particularly section 20 of' said act, under which this suit was brought, are unconstitutional and void, for the reason that the title of said act does not clearly express the matters contained therein, and particularly those in section 20 thereof, as required by section 28 of article 4 of our Constitution.
It is averred that said section 20 undertakes to impose penalties on individuals and on officers and directors of certain corporations therein described, while the title of said act clearly indicates the imposition of penalties on corporations only. It is further alleged, that said act is unconstitutional, because it is an ex post facto law; is retrospective in its operation, and violates section 15 of article 2 of our Constitution, in that it attempts to make certain 'persons, therein described, liable for debts and obligations created by certain corporations, whether said debts were created before or after the charters of such corporations were forfeited; and whether or not such debts were created and liabilities incurred before the passage of said act. It is further averred that said act undertakes to impose new and unusual obligations and penalties on corporations already created and existing prior to the passage and going into effect of said act; that it creates and imposes new and unusual obligations on individuals connected with such corporations. It is further charged in the answer that said act is void because too vague, indefinite and uncertain in its provisions, to be capable of practical construction and enforcement, in that it does not sufficiently specify and designate what officers, directors- and persons of such corporations as may violate its provisions shall be liable for the debts of such corpor[276]*276ations; and does- not sufficiently describe or specify for what debts of such corporations, said officers, directors and persons shall be liable.
It appears from the testimony of Cornelius Roach, Secretary of State, that an entry was made in the records of his office on October 11, .1915, stating that “on December 2, 1913,” the charter of the above Missouri corporation was forfeited. He testifed that no certificate was ever sent to the recorder of deeds in Mississippi County, Missouri, stating that the Union Warehouse &'Implement Company was suspended; nor did he ever receive from the recorder of deeds of said county, any certificate or statement, that a certificate showing the suspension of said Missouri corporation had been posted in his office for a period of twenty days. No entries were made, of any kind, on the records of his office with reference to said corporation, until after May 22, 1915.
It is conceded that plaintiff’s account is correct, and that the last item therein was furnished to the . Union Warehouse & Implement Company on October 21, 1914,
It appears from the evidence, that the Union Warehouse & Implement Company, through its directors, notified Sexton, general manager, in October, 1914, not to buy any more goods, and he bought no more thereafter. The business was closed out in March or April, 1915.
On February 29, 1916, after hearing the evidence, the circuit court found the issues in favor of the defendants and entered its judgment accordingly. Plaintiff filed a motion for a new trial, which was overruled, and the cause was duly appealed to this court.
to^Act. I. Section 20 of the Act of 1913, Laws 1913, page 171, is assailed by respondents on the ground that the title to said act does not clearly express the matters contained therein, as required by section 28 of artide 4 of our Constitution.’ The title to the above act read as follows:
“An act to provide for annual registration, supervision, and filing of annual reports of certain corpor[277]*277ations; suspension and forfeiture of corporate charters for violation of this act; reinstatement after suspension or forfeiture; and fixing fees for registration, prescribing fines and penalties for violation, and repealing all acts in conflict therewith, with an emergency clause.”
Section 20 of said act reads as follows:
“Any person, or persons, who shall exercise, or attempt to exercise, any of the powers, privileges, or franchises of any corporation after the certificate, or license, of same has been forfeited and cancelled as in this act provided, shall he deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction punished as hereinafter provided; and the officers and directors, or principal agent in Missouri, if a foreign corporation, of any corporation which shall so violate the provisions of this act shall he held as partners and become severally and individually liable for the debts of such corporation.” The plaintiff is seeking to hold defendants liable for its demand on the theory that the charter of the Union Warehouse & Implement Company was forfeited and cancelled on December 2, 1913, because it failed to file its report with the Secretary of State, as required by said act; and that thereafter these defendants bought from plaintiff the goods in controversy, in the name of said Missouri corporation, and became liable as partners therefor. Although a corporation chartered under the laws of this State may have complied with the provisions of the above act, and purchased goods while in good standing with the State, yet section 20, supra, would make the directors of such corporation personally responsible, as partners, for said goods, if thereafter, the charter was forfeited and cancelled and other goods were bought by said corporation, subsequent to the date of such forfeiture and cancellation. Whether the title to said act be casually or carefully considered, there is not the slightest intimation therein that individuals should be held liable, as partners, for debts which they never personally contracted, and which were purchased solely by the corporation in its corporate name.
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RAILEY, C.
Plaintiff, an Illinois corporation, sued defendants as directors of the Union Warehouse & Implement Company, a Missouri corporation, duly organized on February 2, 1909, and engaged in the general mercantile business in the town of East Prairie, Missouri. It is averred in the petition that the Missouri corporation continued to do business until December 2, 1913, when its charter was duly forfeited for failure to register as required by the laws of this State; that defendants continued to exercise the powers and privileges of said Missouri corporation, from December 2, 1913, until about the 1st of. January, 1915; that they continued business under their said corporate franchise by purchasing and selling goods, wares and merchandise; that after the forfeiture aforesaid, and while engaged in the business aforesaid, the defendants bought from plaintiff, between April 9, 1914, and October' 21, 1914, goods of the value of $10.62, sued for [275]*275herein, and that no part of said sum has ever been paid, etc.
Defendants, Fisher, Davidson, Morgan and Sager, filed a joint amended answer to said petition. They admitted the incorporation of plaintiff, but denied each and every other allegation of the petition. They charge in said answer that the acts of the General Assembly of the State of Missouri, for 1913, Laws 1913, pages 167 to 174, inclusive, and particularly section 20 of' said act, under which this suit was brought, are unconstitutional and void, for the reason that the title of said act does not clearly express the matters contained therein, and particularly those in section 20 thereof, as required by section 28 of article 4 of our Constitution.
It is averred that said section 20 undertakes to impose penalties on individuals and on officers and directors of certain corporations therein described, while the title of said act clearly indicates the imposition of penalties on corporations only. It is further alleged, that said act is unconstitutional, because it is an ex post facto law; is retrospective in its operation, and violates section 15 of article 2 of our Constitution, in that it attempts to make certain 'persons, therein described, liable for debts and obligations created by certain corporations, whether said debts were created before or after the charters of such corporations were forfeited; and whether or not such debts were created and liabilities incurred before the passage of said act. It is further averred that said act undertakes to impose new and unusual obligations and penalties on corporations already created and existing prior to the passage and going into effect of said act; that it creates and imposes new and unusual obligations on individuals connected with such corporations. It is further charged in the answer that said act is void because too vague, indefinite and uncertain in its provisions, to be capable of practical construction and enforcement, in that it does not sufficiently specify and designate what officers, directors- and persons of such corporations as may violate its provisions shall be liable for the debts of such corpor[276]*276ations; and does- not sufficiently describe or specify for what debts of such corporations, said officers, directors and persons shall be liable.
It appears from the testimony of Cornelius Roach, Secretary of State, that an entry was made in the records of his office on October 11, .1915, stating that “on December 2, 1913,” the charter of the above Missouri corporation was forfeited. He testifed that no certificate was ever sent to the recorder of deeds in Mississippi County, Missouri, stating that the Union Warehouse &'Implement Company was suspended; nor did he ever receive from the recorder of deeds of said county, any certificate or statement, that a certificate showing the suspension of said Missouri corporation had been posted in his office for a period of twenty days. No entries were made, of any kind, on the records of his office with reference to said corporation, until after May 22, 1915.
It is conceded that plaintiff’s account is correct, and that the last item therein was furnished to the . Union Warehouse & Implement Company on October 21, 1914,
It appears from the evidence, that the Union Warehouse & Implement Company, through its directors, notified Sexton, general manager, in October, 1914, not to buy any more goods, and he bought no more thereafter. The business was closed out in March or April, 1915.
On February 29, 1916, after hearing the evidence, the circuit court found the issues in favor of the defendants and entered its judgment accordingly. Plaintiff filed a motion for a new trial, which was overruled, and the cause was duly appealed to this court.
to^Act. I. Section 20 of the Act of 1913, Laws 1913, page 171, is assailed by respondents on the ground that the title to said act does not clearly express the matters contained therein, as required by section 28 of artide 4 of our Constitution.’ The title to the above act read as follows:
“An act to provide for annual registration, supervision, and filing of annual reports of certain corpor[277]*277ations; suspension and forfeiture of corporate charters for violation of this act; reinstatement after suspension or forfeiture; and fixing fees for registration, prescribing fines and penalties for violation, and repealing all acts in conflict therewith, with an emergency clause.”
Section 20 of said act reads as follows:
“Any person, or persons, who shall exercise, or attempt to exercise, any of the powers, privileges, or franchises of any corporation after the certificate, or license, of same has been forfeited and cancelled as in this act provided, shall he deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction punished as hereinafter provided; and the officers and directors, or principal agent in Missouri, if a foreign corporation, of any corporation which shall so violate the provisions of this act shall he held as partners and become severally and individually liable for the debts of such corporation.” The plaintiff is seeking to hold defendants liable for its demand on the theory that the charter of the Union Warehouse & Implement Company was forfeited and cancelled on December 2, 1913, because it failed to file its report with the Secretary of State, as required by said act; and that thereafter these defendants bought from plaintiff the goods in controversy, in the name of said Missouri corporation, and became liable as partners therefor. Although a corporation chartered under the laws of this State may have complied with the provisions of the above act, and purchased goods while in good standing with the State, yet section 20, supra, would make the directors of such corporation personally responsible, as partners, for said goods, if thereafter, the charter was forfeited and cancelled and other goods were bought by said corporation, subsequent to the date of such forfeiture and cancellation. Whether the title to said act be casually or carefully considered, there is not the slightest intimation therein that individuals should be held liable, as partners, for debts which they never personally contracted, and which were purchased solely by the corporation in its corporate name. The members of the General Assembly, in voting upon said [278]*278act, might have understood in reading the title thereto, that the officers of a corporation, whose charter had been forfeited and cancelled, might be punished under the police power of the State, for continuing to carry on th business of such corporation after its charter had been legally forfeited and cancelled, yet the title to said act would not have imparted any notice to the lawmakers that personal liability would be imposed upon the officers of such corporations for debts which it alone had contracted in good faith.
Section 28 of article 4 of our Constitution provides that:
“No bill . . . shall contain more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title.”
It is manifest that the framers of our Constitution inserted in the organic law the above provision, in order that members of the Greneral Assembly, when reading the title to an act, shall be advised, at least in a general way, of the subject sought' to be covered in the body of same. [State v. Sloan, 258 Mo. l. c. 313-314; State ex rel. v. Revelle, 257 Mo. l. c. 538-40; State v. Distilling Co., 237 Mo. 103; Williams v. Railroad, 233 Mo. 667; State ex rel. v. Gordon, 233 Mo. l. c. 387-8; State v. Rawlings, 232 Mo. 544; St. Louis v. Wortman, 213 Mo. 131; State v. Fulks, 207 Mo. 26; State v. Great Western Coffee & Tea Co., 171 Mo. 634; Mengel Box Co. v. Fowlkes, 186 S. W. (Tenn.) 91; National Surety Co. v. Murphy-Walker Co., 174 S. W. (Tex. Civ. App.) 997; Burton v. Monticello & Burnside Turnpike Co., 173 S. W. (Ky. App.) 144; Cooley on Constitutional Limitations (7 Ed.), p. 205.]
Plaintiff’s right of recovery is based upon section 20 of the above act (1913), which reads as follows:
“Any person, or persons, who shall exercise, or /attempt to exercise, any of the powers, privileges, or franchises of any corporation after the certificate, or license, of same has been forfeited and cancelled as in this act provided, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction punished as hereinafter provided; and the officers and directors ... of any [279]*279corporation which shall so violate the provisions of this act shall be held as partners and become severally and-individually liable 'for the debts of such corporation
That part of section 20 italicized as above, when considered in the light of foregoing authorities, is in conflict with section 28 of article 4 of our Constitution, and is hereby declared void.
In view of the conclusion just reached, we deem it unnecessary to consider or determine the validity of the remaining portions of above law.
II. The Act of 1913 is penal in its nature and must be strictly construed in determining the liability of defendants in this action. Section 8 of said act provides that where the corporation fails to register before October 1st its charter-shall be suspended. [Laws 1913, p. 169.] It is- then made the duty of the Secretary of State to certify to the recorder of deeds of the county in which such suspended corporation is located, the fact of such suspension, and the recorder of deeds shall post the name of such corporation in a conspicuous place in his office for a period of twenty days, and at the expiration thereof, not later than the first day of December, certify to the Secretary of State that the name of such suspended corporation was so posted in such recorder’s office. It further provides that the recorder shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, etc., if he fails to certify the name of such corporation to the Secretary of State, as required by said act.
Sections 10 and 12 of the act read as follows:
Section 10: “If any corporation shall fail to comply with the provisions of this act, on or before the first day of December, the corporate rights and privileges of such corporation shall be forfeited, and the Secretary of State shall thereupon cancel the certificate, or license of such corporation by appropriate entry on the margin of the record thereof, whereupon all the powers,'privileges and franchises conferred upon such corporation by such certificate, or license, shall cease and determine, and the Secretary of State shall notify such corporation [280]*280by mail, addressed to it at its postoffice address as disclosed by the records in bis office, that its corporate existence and rights in this State have been forfeited and cancelled. ”
Section 12: “Failure to comply with the provisions of' this act, and the certificate of the recorder of deeds that the name of the corporation so failing was posted, as required in section eight of this act, shall be sufficient evidence upon which the Secretary of State shall declare and enter forfeiture of its corporate rights and privileges as in this act provided.”
We are clearly of the opinion that the General AsT sembly, in the passage of said act, never intended that the charter of a corporation doing business in this State should be forfeited and cancelled solely by reason of its failure to file its return as required by law.
As a condition precedent to the right of the Secretary of State to declare a forfeiture and cancel the certificate of such corporation, he must have on file in his office, the certificate of the recorder as required by section 12, supra. Even if section 20 of said act were valid as a whole, no prosecution could be legally sustained thereunder until the charter rights and privileges of said corporation to do business in this State had been forfeited and cancelled by the Secretary' of State as aforesaid. Even then, in.order to sustain a conviction thereunder, it would have to appear from the record that the officers of such corporation proceeded against had done or attempted to do, business in its name after such charter had been legally forfeited. and cancelled. Turning to the evidence in this case, we find that neither the Secretary of State nor the Recorder of Mississippi County ever took any action in respect to the forfeiture and cancellation of the charter of said Union Warehouse & Implement Company, as required by sections 8 and 10 of said act. The Secretary of State testified upon this subject, as follows:
“No entries of any kind were made on the records in my office with reference to the Union Warehouse & Im[281]*281plement Company, until some time during 1915, and then the first and only entry was made to the effect that the charter had been forfeited December 2, 1913.”
He further gave it as his opinion that this “nunc pro tunc” entry was not made until October 11, 1915. The last item in plaintiff’s account was bought on October 21, 1914. There is, therefore, an entire failure of proof, as to the forfeiture arid cancellation of the charter of said company; and also a failure of proof tending to show that any of the goods in controversy were bought after October 11, 1915, when said nunc pro tunc entry was made.
On the undisputed facts disclosed by the record, the plaintiff has no case.
The judgment of the trial court is accordingly affirmed.
Brown, G., concurs.
PER CURIAM:
The foregoing opinion of Parley, CL is hereby adopted as the opinion of the court.
Graves, P. J. and Bond, J,, concur; BlaÁr J., concurs in paragraph two and result and expresses no opinion as to paragraph one. Woodson, J., dissents as to paragraph one and concurs as to paragraph two and result.