Gray, J.
The parties to this proceeding agreed to submit the controversy between them to the court below, in the following language :
“
Judgment may be rendered for or against either party, determining which party is liable to pay the taxfes described in the case and submission, and awarding a money judgment in accordance with such determination, with costs.” The statement of facts, upon which the parties agreed to the submission, shows that the plaintiffs represent one-half of all the right, title and interest of the grantors in certain conveyances in fee, which reserved to them a perpetual rent; while the defendant owns the right, title and interest of the several grantees named in those conveyances subject to the same
rents reserved therein. These conveyances were executed between the years 1847 and 1867 and they granted certain lands and water power, situate on the Oswego river within the city of Oswego. Each of the conveyances contained, in substantially the same language, the covenant to pay, in addition to a 3rearly rent in cash, “ ail taxes, charges and assessments, ordinary and extraordinary, which shall be taxed, charged, imposed! or assessed on the hereby demised premises and privileges, or any part thereof, or on the said parties of the first part, their heirs and assigns in respect thereof.” In 1898, the assessors of the city of Oswego made an assessment upon the interest of the plaintiffs in the leases, as personal estate, at a gross valuation, and levied thereon a city tax. Thereafter, in the years 1899 and 1900, the said assessors made assessments, in the same form and at the same amount, and levied state, city and county taxes thereon for the city and county of Oswego. Prior to the year 1898, no assessment had ever been made upon the interest of the plaintiffs in these rents, or that of their predecessors in title, for purposes of taxation. The plaintiffs failed and refused to pay the taxes so levied, as did'the defendant, and, so far as they have been paid, they were collected by the enforced levy upon and sale of defendant’s property and under its protest. To the extent to which the payment of' these taxes had been enforced by the taxing officers, the defendant has deducted, and has claimed the right to deduct, from installments of rents maturing under the leases, the amount of such enforced collections and by reason, in one instance, of the amount collected exceeding the amount of rents due, a counterclaim for the excess is made by the defendant. Similar taxes were, also, outstanding and unpaid at the time of the submission of the controversy, the liability for the payment of which was to be determined by the judgment. , 1
It further appears from the agreed statement of facts, that, prior to the completion of the assessment rolls of 1898, the plaintiffs notified the defendant of the proposed assessment and of their claim, “ that defendant was bound to pay all
taxes levied thereon, hy virtue of the provisions of the tax clause contained in eacli of said conveyances,” and the statement further contains the language that “ the defendant refused to pay said tax, or any part thereof, claiming that it was not liable for such tax under said tax clause ; but that the plaintiffs were liable to pay the same and so advised the plaintiffs.”
The Appellate .Division, in the fourth department, decided the controversy against the plaintiffs and adjudged that they were liable to pay the taxes in question “ under a construction of the covenant in said leases and that the defendant had a legal right under the statute to charge the amount of said taxes collected of and from it to the plaintiffs, and to deduct the same from the rent due, or to become due, from it to the plaintiffs.” Upon the appeal, which the plaintiffs have taken to this court, they insist, in the first place, that the tax is unconstitutional and void, and that it should be so adjudged by the court. In the second place, they insist that, under the tax covenant of the leases, the defendant is bound to pay the taxes upon the rent. The act, under which the taxes were assessed and levied upon the rents reserved in the leases, was, originally, passed by the legislature on May 13th, 1846 (Laws 1846, ch. 327), prior to the execution of the leases, and its provisions have been, substantially, re-enacted in the present Tax Law (Laws of 1896, Chap. 908). Section 8 of the Tax Law provides that “ rents reserved in any lease -in fee * * * and chargeable upon real property within the
state, shall be taxable to the person entitled to receive the same as personal property in the tax district where such real property is situated.” Section 21, subdivision 5, provides that the value of taxable rents reserved and chargeable upon lands within the tax district, estimated at a principal sum the interest of which, at the legal rate per annum, would produce a sum equal to such annual rents, shall be set down in the fifth column of the assessment roll. Section 75 provides, with respect to the collection of such taxes, in the event of a failure to pay them, that the collector, if no sufficient
personal property belonging to the person against whom the tax is levied can be found in the county, shall collect of the tenant, or lessee, in- possession of the premises, on which the rent is reserved, in the same manner as though such taxes had been assessed against such tenant, or lessee. It, further, provides that, in such event, the tenant, or lessee, shall be entitled to have the amount of the tax deducted from the amount of rent reserved, which may be or become due, or may maintain an action to recover the same.
I very much doubt that the question of the constitutionality of the law has been raised in this case. The terms of the submission do not seem to present it, and the city of Oswego was not made a party. The only judgment asked for is as to “ which party is liable to pay the taxes described in the case ” and, in the agreed statement of facts, no claim of illegality, or invalidity, is made with respect to the law. But it may be important, in the interest of a termination of the litigation, that we should, briefly, declare our judgment to be in favor of the constitutionality of the statute. The argument of the appellants, or so much as we need consider, is that it offends the rule of equality in the imposition of taxes and permits of double taxation. It is not pretended that the validity of this law, which had existed for over fifty years upon the statute books, has ever been questioned in the courts and that it should seriously be assailed, at this late day, proceeds from a misapprehension, either of its operation, or of the power of the legislature. If the result of its enforcement was to effect double taxation, that would be no reason for holding it an invalid exercise of the legislative power. The power of the state legislature to impose taxes is unlimited and its exercise will be guided and restrained by those considerations of wisdom and of policy, to which the members are naturally subject, in their own interests, as in those of their constituents. In construing laws, which impose taxes, courts will incline to that construction which will avoid double taxation ; but the power, if clearly exercised, cannot be denied to the legislative body.
But this is not, in strictness, a case of double taxation.
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Gray, J.
The parties to this proceeding agreed to submit the controversy between them to the court below, in the following language :
“
Judgment may be rendered for or against either party, determining which party is liable to pay the taxfes described in the case and submission, and awarding a money judgment in accordance with such determination, with costs.” The statement of facts, upon which the parties agreed to the submission, shows that the plaintiffs represent one-half of all the right, title and interest of the grantors in certain conveyances in fee, which reserved to them a perpetual rent; while the defendant owns the right, title and interest of the several grantees named in those conveyances subject to the same
rents reserved therein. These conveyances were executed between the years 1847 and 1867 and they granted certain lands and water power, situate on the Oswego river within the city of Oswego. Each of the conveyances contained, in substantially the same language, the covenant to pay, in addition to a 3rearly rent in cash, “ ail taxes, charges and assessments, ordinary and extraordinary, which shall be taxed, charged, imposed! or assessed on the hereby demised premises and privileges, or any part thereof, or on the said parties of the first part, their heirs and assigns in respect thereof.” In 1898, the assessors of the city of Oswego made an assessment upon the interest of the plaintiffs in the leases, as personal estate, at a gross valuation, and levied thereon a city tax. Thereafter, in the years 1899 and 1900, the said assessors made assessments, in the same form and at the same amount, and levied state, city and county taxes thereon for the city and county of Oswego. Prior to the year 1898, no assessment had ever been made upon the interest of the plaintiffs in these rents, or that of their predecessors in title, for purposes of taxation. The plaintiffs failed and refused to pay the taxes so levied, as did'the defendant, and, so far as they have been paid, they were collected by the enforced levy upon and sale of defendant’s property and under its protest. To the extent to which the payment of' these taxes had been enforced by the taxing officers, the defendant has deducted, and has claimed the right to deduct, from installments of rents maturing under the leases, the amount of such enforced collections and by reason, in one instance, of the amount collected exceeding the amount of rents due, a counterclaim for the excess is made by the defendant. Similar taxes were, also, outstanding and unpaid at the time of the submission of the controversy, the liability for the payment of which was to be determined by the judgment. , 1
It further appears from the agreed statement of facts, that, prior to the completion of the assessment rolls of 1898, the plaintiffs notified the defendant of the proposed assessment and of their claim, “ that defendant was bound to pay all
taxes levied thereon, hy virtue of the provisions of the tax clause contained in eacli of said conveyances,” and the statement further contains the language that “ the defendant refused to pay said tax, or any part thereof, claiming that it was not liable for such tax under said tax clause ; but that the plaintiffs were liable to pay the same and so advised the plaintiffs.”
The Appellate .Division, in the fourth department, decided the controversy against the plaintiffs and adjudged that they were liable to pay the taxes in question “ under a construction of the covenant in said leases and that the defendant had a legal right under the statute to charge the amount of said taxes collected of and from it to the plaintiffs, and to deduct the same from the rent due, or to become due, from it to the plaintiffs.” Upon the appeal, which the plaintiffs have taken to this court, they insist, in the first place, that the tax is unconstitutional and void, and that it should be so adjudged by the court. In the second place, they insist that, under the tax covenant of the leases, the defendant is bound to pay the taxes upon the rent. The act, under which the taxes were assessed and levied upon the rents reserved in the leases, was, originally, passed by the legislature on May 13th, 1846 (Laws 1846, ch. 327), prior to the execution of the leases, and its provisions have been, substantially, re-enacted in the present Tax Law (Laws of 1896, Chap. 908). Section 8 of the Tax Law provides that “ rents reserved in any lease -in fee * * * and chargeable upon real property within the
state, shall be taxable to the person entitled to receive the same as personal property in the tax district where such real property is situated.” Section 21, subdivision 5, provides that the value of taxable rents reserved and chargeable upon lands within the tax district, estimated at a principal sum the interest of which, at the legal rate per annum, would produce a sum equal to such annual rents, shall be set down in the fifth column of the assessment roll. Section 75 provides, with respect to the collection of such taxes, in the event of a failure to pay them, that the collector, if no sufficient
personal property belonging to the person against whom the tax is levied can be found in the county, shall collect of the tenant, or lessee, in- possession of the premises, on which the rent is reserved, in the same manner as though such taxes had been assessed against such tenant, or lessee. It, further, provides that, in such event, the tenant, or lessee, shall be entitled to have the amount of the tax deducted from the amount of rent reserved, which may be or become due, or may maintain an action to recover the same.
I very much doubt that the question of the constitutionality of the law has been raised in this case. The terms of the submission do not seem to present it, and the city of Oswego was not made a party. The only judgment asked for is as to “ which party is liable to pay the taxes described in the case ” and, in the agreed statement of facts, no claim of illegality, or invalidity, is made with respect to the law. But it may be important, in the interest of a termination of the litigation, that we should, briefly, declare our judgment to be in favor of the constitutionality of the statute. The argument of the appellants, or so much as we need consider, is that it offends the rule of equality in the imposition of taxes and permits of double taxation. It is not pretended that the validity of this law, which had existed for over fifty years upon the statute books, has ever been questioned in the courts and that it should seriously be assailed, at this late day, proceeds from a misapprehension, either of its operation, or of the power of the legislature. If the result of its enforcement was to effect double taxation, that would be no reason for holding it an invalid exercise of the legislative power. The power of the state legislature to impose taxes is unlimited and its exercise will be guided and restrained by those considerations of wisdom and of policy, to which the members are naturally subject, in their own interests, as in those of their constituents. In construing laws, which impose taxes, courts will incline to that construction which will avoid double taxation ; but the power, if clearly exercised, cannot be denied to the legislative body.
But this is not, in strictness, a case of double taxation. What the legislature has done is to declare that the rents reserved in such leases shall be assessable to the person entitled to receive the same, as personal property. They are severed from the real estate and taxed, at their capitalized value, as aj' new subject of taxation; while the real estate remains taxa-j ble to the lessee, or tenant. The legislature may competently do this; for it rests in its discretion to select the persons and the objects of taxation. Courts are not concerned with the motives, or with the wisdom, of the legislative action and the only limitation is that the burden of taxation shall be uniform and equal over all. That is the result under this law. Wherever real estate is held under the form of grant, or lease, described in the statute, the interest of the person entitled to the rents reserved is subjected to taxation, as a species of property; which, for the purpose, is classed as personal estate.
It seems to me, however, that the actual controversy between these parties relates to the construction to be given to the covenant in question. The liability under this covenant is of a two-fold nature. The lessee is to pay all taxes, ordinary and extraordinary, which shall be imposed upon the demised premises, and he is, also, required to pay such as shall be imposed on the lessors “ in respect thereof.” The taxes in question were not assessed upon the demised premises. A tax upon rents may, doubtless, be regarded, in legal theory, as a tax upon the land ; but, while as a general proposition that may be true, it has no influence upon the question here. The legislature has, for the purposes of taxation, separated the rents reserved in such leases from the real estate demised and, hence, the question arises, under the language of this covenant, whether, notwithstanding the legislative action, the covenantor is liable for the taxes against the lessors, as being taxes^ assessed in respect of the demised premises. Is the assessment,'' in such a case, in relation to the property demised, or is it in relation, essentially, to the rents, or income, therefrom ? The ordinary meaning of the words employed, read in connection
with the provisions of the statute, should influence our judgment. It was the view of the learned court below that the taxes, to which the covenant related, must be such as were directed specifically against the demised property, or against the lessors in respect of, or on account of such property, and that an assessment against the lessor upon the rents reserved under a lease, not based upon, or measured by, the lands leased, was not a tax in respect of the demised premises. I am inclined to that view. At the time-of the execution of these leases, the act of 1846 provided for the assessment and taxation of rents reserved in such leases as personal estate of the lessors, and the parties to them must be presumed to have entered into their engagements with knowledge of the existing law. The covenant is of ancient use; but, in determining its comprehensiveness with respect to the covenantee’s liability, we cannot be controlled by common-law rules, if our statutes furnish the basis for a different considératiou of the question. The act of 1846 was a legislative declaration, which must control. It severed the rents reserved in leases in fee, as property, and declared them to be assessable' as personal estate for the purpose of taxation. That being the law of the state, the contract of lease must be read in its light. The grantor, or the lessor, will be presumed to have fixed the amount of the rental moneys to be reserved with some regard to the question of taxation and if it is not clear, upon the reading of the instrument, what his intention in that re'spect was, the doubt should be resolved against him, rather than against his lessee. In
Van Rensselaer
v. Dennison, (8 Barb. 23), the General Term of the Supreme Court held that the tenant was not liable, under a covenant to pay taxes, ordinary and extraordinary, which might be assessed upon the premises granted in a perpetual lease, or upon the lessor, “ for and in respect of the said premises,” for the amount of a tax on the rents reserved in the lease. In that case, the action was to recover for arrears of rents and the plaintiff, also, claimed the right to recover the amount of a tax on the rents reserved, which he. had been compelled to pay under the act of 1846. The deci
sion was rendered in 1850 and it lias never been overruled in this state, I- believe, in so far as it holds adversely upon the claim of the tenant’s liability under the covenant to pay taxes imposed upon the rents, and the lease, in that case, antedated the enactment of the act of 1846. It was held in that case that the tax, being on property which was declared by the act of 1846 to be, for the purposes of taxation, personal estate, it was in no sense a tax on the granted premises. It was considered that “ it was the income of the person which was taxed at an uniform value, prescribed by the statute.” A reason for the use of the language in the covenant was suggested, in that the parties might well have intended to provide for the case, where, if the legislature should enact that a tax on the real estate might be assessed, either upon the landlord, or the tenant, the taxing authorities might assess it tp, and collect it from, the landlord. My consideration of this case leads me to the conclusion that, in view of the statute, existing when these leases' were made, which severed the taxes on rents reserved in leases from the property leased and made them taxable to the lessor as personal estate, the covenant of the lessee in question related only to such taxes as were directly imposed upon the land demised and that it did not relate to a tax assessed and levied under that provision of the law.
I advise an affirmance of the judgment appealed from, with costs.