Deemer, C. J.
Appellees have filed a motion to dismiss the appeal, which, as we shall see during the course of the opinion, is without merit. John H. Merritt died intestate February 6, 1897, seised of the land in controversy. He left surviving his widow, Betsy Merritt, and three children. One of these, Emma C. Woodbury, plaintiff herein, was the issue of John H. and Betsy Merritt, and the other two, Chas. C. and Fred F. Merritt, are children of a former marriage; the first wife having died long prior to his marriage to Betsy. Charles O. died in the year 1901, and appellants are his widow and his two [25]*25children. Betsy Merritt had been married prior to her marriage to John H. Merritt and by her former husband had one daughter, now deceased. Defendant Lloyd C. Henning is a son of that deceased daughter. ,No one of the parties in interest has ever been in the actual possession or occupancy of the land, but according to the testimony Betsy Merritt received all the rents and profits thereof from the time of her husband’s death down to the time of her demise in the year 1903. From this statement it will be observed that if Betsy Merritt took a fee in any part of the land of her deceased husband, John, that upon her death her estate passed to plaintiff and to defendant Lloyd C. Henning, who is the son of a deceased daughter of Betsy. Appellants, who are the widow and children of Charles C. Merritt, a son of John H., but not of Betsy, would take nothing from her by descent.
They claim in an answer and cross-petition filed by them that:
Upon the death of said John H. Merritt referred to in plaintiff’s petition, his widow, Betsy Merritt, orally waived her right to an undivided one-third in value of real estate described in paragraph 2 of said petition in consideration of the use, occupancy, and possession of all of said real estate for the term of her natural life; that by the terms of said oral agreement the said Betsy Merritt was given the use, rents, and profits of all of said real estate for life in lieu of any and all other interest she might have’ in said real estate, said agreement having been made between the said Betsy Merritt and the children of the said John H. Merritt.
Par. 3. That, upon the making of the said agreement as aforesaid, the said Betsy Merritt took possession of the whole of said real estate, and to the exclusion of the children of the said John H. Merritt, above referred to, received, appropriated, and enjoyed the rents and profits thereof during the whole of her natural life, and until her death, which occurred in the year 1903.
Par. 4. That after the death of said John H. Merritt, [26]*26and after the making of said agreement, the said Betsy Merritt orally and in writing represented and held herself ont to be the owner of a life estate in the whole of said real estate and to have no other interest therein, and that said Betsy Merritt asserted ownership over the rents and profits of said real estate from the death of her said husband until the date of her own death by virtue of said agreement and representations made by her to the children of said John H. Merritt and to these defendants that she had no-other interest in said real estate.
Par. 5. That these defendants and the children of said John H. Merritt relied upon said agreement and representations, and in reliance thereon they have received no part of the rents and profits of said real estate, but have permitted the said Betsy Merritt to hold and receive the same and to exercise her. right of ownership over the whole of said read estate under her claim of a life estate therein by reason of said agreement and said representations made by said Betsy Merritt as aforesaid.
Par. 6. That, by reason of the foregoing, the said Betsy Merritt was the owner of only a life estate in said real estate, and that upon her death the said real estate was the absolute property in fee simple of these defendants, Emma O. Woodbury and Ered. E. Merritt.
Par. 7. That these defendants as the widow and children of Charles O. Merritt are the owners of and entitled to one-third in value of the real estate described in paragraph 2 of plaintiff’s petition, and that plaintiff Emma O. Woodbury is the owner of and entitled to two-thirds in value of said real estate, Fred E. Merritt having deeded to said Emina O. Woodbury his undivided one-third in value of said real estate.
Par. 8. That the defendant Lloyd O. Henning has no right, title or interest in and to said real estate, and the said Betsy Merritt and said Lloyd Henning and all persons claiming by, through, or under said Betsy Merritt are now estopped from claiming any interest in said real estate adverse to the interests of these defendants and Emma O. Woodbury because of the agreement, representations, and conduct of said Betsy Merritt as above set forth.
[27]*271. Evidence: transactions with a decedent: descent and distribution: family agreement. [26]*26In order to prove this agreement or understanding as [27]*27pleaded, defendant and appellants introduced as a witness Fred F. Merritt, one of the sons of the deceased John H. Merritt, who, over the objection that he was an incompetent witness under section 4604 . of the Code, testified to an agreement as ' . claimed, the substance of which was that the widow, Betsy, was to have the use of or the rents and profits of all of the land during her natural life, and that, upon her death, the title was to rest in plaintiff Emma Woodbury, Charles C. Merritt, .and himself. 'He admitted that he was a party to the agreement, had a part in the conversation, and was one of the beneficiaries under the arrangement. Manifestly he was an incompetent witness under the section of the statutes referred to and his testimony can not be considered. There is no other testimony of such -agreement, save the barest inference from some letters which it is claimed were written by Betsy during her lifetime, in which she stated, so it is claimed, that her interest in the land was simply a life estate. This in itself and without more does not prove any title in the defendants, who are appellants, and the successors of Chas. C. Merritt, a son of John H., but in no manner related to Betsy.
2. Same:descent and distribution: interest of On the face of the records the title to one-third of the land passed, upon the death of John H. Merritt, to Betsy, and upon her death to her children or their heirs; that is to say, to Emma Woodbury and the son of her deceased daughter. If she took . ° but a life estate m the land, then, of course, appellants would be entitled to a share as successors to Chas. C. Merritt, a son of the deceased. Appellants in this connection tried to prove that there was an agreement whereby the children of John II. Merritt, whether by his first or second marriage, were to have all the land to the exclusion of the successors of Betsy Merritt’s daughter by a previous marriage. There is not sufficient
[28]*28testimony to show such an (agreement. There is no question of election to take the homestead for life in lieu of distributive share as provided in section 2985 of the Code, for none of these parties ever lived upon the land. This being true, appellants are not entitled to any part of the one-third of which Betsy died seised unless they can show some contract right thereto, or perhaps a binding estoppel upon the other parties to the case.
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Deemer, C. J.
Appellees have filed a motion to dismiss the appeal, which, as we shall see during the course of the opinion, is without merit. John H. Merritt died intestate February 6, 1897, seised of the land in controversy. He left surviving his widow, Betsy Merritt, and three children. One of these, Emma C. Woodbury, plaintiff herein, was the issue of John H. and Betsy Merritt, and the other two, Chas. C. and Fred F. Merritt, are children of a former marriage; the first wife having died long prior to his marriage to Betsy. Charles O. died in the year 1901, and appellants are his widow and his two [25]*25children. Betsy Merritt had been married prior to her marriage to John H. Merritt and by her former husband had one daughter, now deceased. Defendant Lloyd C. Henning is a son of that deceased daughter. ,No one of the parties in interest has ever been in the actual possession or occupancy of the land, but according to the testimony Betsy Merritt received all the rents and profits thereof from the time of her husband’s death down to the time of her demise in the year 1903. From this statement it will be observed that if Betsy Merritt took a fee in any part of the land of her deceased husband, John, that upon her death her estate passed to plaintiff and to defendant Lloyd C. Henning, who is the son of a deceased daughter of Betsy. Appellants, who are the widow and children of Charles C. Merritt, a son of John H., but not of Betsy, would take nothing from her by descent.
They claim in an answer and cross-petition filed by them that:
Upon the death of said John H. Merritt referred to in plaintiff’s petition, his widow, Betsy Merritt, orally waived her right to an undivided one-third in value of real estate described in paragraph 2 of said petition in consideration of the use, occupancy, and possession of all of said real estate for the term of her natural life; that by the terms of said oral agreement the said Betsy Merritt was given the use, rents, and profits of all of said real estate for life in lieu of any and all other interest she might have’ in said real estate, said agreement having been made between the said Betsy Merritt and the children of the said John H. Merritt.
Par. 3. That, upon the making of the said agreement as aforesaid, the said Betsy Merritt took possession of the whole of said real estate, and to the exclusion of the children of the said John H. Merritt, above referred to, received, appropriated, and enjoyed the rents and profits thereof during the whole of her natural life, and until her death, which occurred in the year 1903.
Par. 4. That after the death of said John H. Merritt, [26]*26and after the making of said agreement, the said Betsy Merritt orally and in writing represented and held herself ont to be the owner of a life estate in the whole of said real estate and to have no other interest therein, and that said Betsy Merritt asserted ownership over the rents and profits of said real estate from the death of her said husband until the date of her own death by virtue of said agreement and representations made by her to the children of said John H. Merritt and to these defendants that she had no-other interest in said real estate.
Par. 5. That these defendants and the children of said John H. Merritt relied upon said agreement and representations, and in reliance thereon they have received no part of the rents and profits of said real estate, but have permitted the said Betsy Merritt to hold and receive the same and to exercise her. right of ownership over the whole of said read estate under her claim of a life estate therein by reason of said agreement and said representations made by said Betsy Merritt as aforesaid.
Par. 6. That, by reason of the foregoing, the said Betsy Merritt was the owner of only a life estate in said real estate, and that upon her death the said real estate was the absolute property in fee simple of these defendants, Emma O. Woodbury and Ered. E. Merritt.
Par. 7. That these defendants as the widow and children of Charles O. Merritt are the owners of and entitled to one-third in value of the real estate described in paragraph 2 of plaintiff’s petition, and that plaintiff Emma O. Woodbury is the owner of and entitled to two-thirds in value of said real estate, Fred E. Merritt having deeded to said Emina O. Woodbury his undivided one-third in value of said real estate.
Par. 8. That the defendant Lloyd O. Henning has no right, title or interest in and to said real estate, and the said Betsy Merritt and said Lloyd Henning and all persons claiming by, through, or under said Betsy Merritt are now estopped from claiming any interest in said real estate adverse to the interests of these defendants and Emma O. Woodbury because of the agreement, representations, and conduct of said Betsy Merritt as above set forth.
[27]*271. Evidence: transactions with a decedent: descent and distribution: family agreement. [26]*26In order to prove this agreement or understanding as [27]*27pleaded, defendant and appellants introduced as a witness Fred F. Merritt, one of the sons of the deceased John H. Merritt, who, over the objection that he was an incompetent witness under section 4604 . of the Code, testified to an agreement as ' . claimed, the substance of which was that the widow, Betsy, was to have the use of or the rents and profits of all of the land during her natural life, and that, upon her death, the title was to rest in plaintiff Emma Woodbury, Charles C. Merritt, .and himself. 'He admitted that he was a party to the agreement, had a part in the conversation, and was one of the beneficiaries under the arrangement. Manifestly he was an incompetent witness under the section of the statutes referred to and his testimony can not be considered. There is no other testimony of such -agreement, save the barest inference from some letters which it is claimed were written by Betsy during her lifetime, in which she stated, so it is claimed, that her interest in the land was simply a life estate. This in itself and without more does not prove any title in the defendants, who are appellants, and the successors of Chas. C. Merritt, a son of John H., but in no manner related to Betsy.
2. Same:descent and distribution: interest of On the face of the records the title to one-third of the land passed, upon the death of John H. Merritt, to Betsy, and upon her death to her children or their heirs; that is to say, to Emma Woodbury and the son of her deceased daughter. If she took . ° but a life estate m the land, then, of course, appellants would be entitled to a share as successors to Chas. C. Merritt, a son of the deceased. Appellants in this connection tried to prove that there was an agreement whereby the children of John II. Merritt, whether by his first or second marriage, were to have all the land to the exclusion of the successors of Betsy Merritt’s daughter by a previous marriage. There is not sufficient
[28]*28testimony to show such an (agreement. There is no question of election to take the homestead for life in lieu of distributive share as provided in section 2985 of the Code, for none of these parties ever lived upon the land. This being true, appellants are not entitled to any part of the one-third of which Betsy died seised unless they can show some contract right thereto, or perhaps a binding estoppel upon the other parties to the case. The letters to which we have referred do not in any way tend to show any agreement whereby appellants would, be entitled to any part of the land which Betsy took as the widow of her deceased husband, John.
3. Same: estoppel. They claim, however, that they have an interest by some sort of estoppel growing out of the admissions of Betsy made in some letters which it is claimed she wrote to strangers, but which were produced upon the trial. It is not shown that appellants -knew anything of these letters until they were introduced upon the trial, and there is an entire absence of testimony that they, in any manner, fashioned their conduct with reference to any admissions made therein. One of the essential elements of an estoppel is wanting. The most that can be said from the testimony is that, after Betsy obtained her title from her husband, she wrote some strangers to the transaction that she had or expected but a life estate in her deceased husband’s property. This alone does not prove an agreement, nor in itself constitute an estoppel on anyone. If she consented to take simply a life interest or estate in all, having once received a fee title to one-third, this, to constitute an agreement, must have been pursuant to some arrangement or contract. But the mere admissions do not show with whom the agreement was made. The statements made in the letters were not acted upon by the appellants or by any one for them so far as shown; indeed, it does not appear that any one save strangers to the transaction ever knew of these letters. [29]*29Appellants made out no ease against tbe record or paper title, and tbe decree is manifestly correct.
Tbe motion to dismiss tbe appeal is overruled because tbe defendant upon whom no notice was served was not a necessary party to tbis appeal.
Tbe decree of tbe district court confirming tbe record or legal titles of tbe various parties is correct, and it is affirmed.