Parker, P. J.:
Upon the trial of this action, in addition to some direct evidence of their vicious character, it appeared that the dogs in question were procured by defendant for the purpose of guarding his premises, and were kept chained by him day and night; There was snR ficient proof, therefore, to warrant the conclusion of- the- jury that the dogs were vicious, and were known/to their, owner to be such. (Brice v. Bauer, 108 N. Y. 428; Hahnke v. Friederich, 140 id. 224.) And- upon this, appeal we must assume such to have been the fact. '
It is well settled that -a vicious dog running at large is a nuisance,, because dangerous to mankind; and that whoever knowingly keeps such a dog —^ without keeping him- properly confined — maintains the nuisance, and is responsible for the -injury resulting therefrom. We-held to that effect when this case was before us on demurrer to' the complaint. (5 App. Div. 604.)
But the broader' question is now presented .whether the owner who keeps such a dog chained upon his premises is in every instance responsible' for any injury it may do to a person while .so chained; and, if-not, what conduct .on' the part of the person injured will relieve, the défendant from liability.
It is claimed on the part of the plaintiff that it is quite immaterial whether the dog is confined or not, unless it is. so thoroughly secured ■ that it cannot do injury; that.the gravamen of the action is the keeping- of a ferocious- animal, knowing it'to be such, and that the-question of a negligent mode of confinement does not enter into the. casé ; that if one keeps such a dog he does' so at his peril, and is responsible for every injury that it, succeeds in accomplishing. And ' upon the trial the circuit judge, adopting, this view, charged as follows : “ft lias been stated in your hearing that the defendant had a right to keep a vicious and dangerous dog upon his premises. He -has no right towards any individual that, entered upon .the premises. If an individual keeps a vicious and dangerous d,og upon his premises, ■ knowing its propensities, and anybody is thereby injured, he cannot escape responsibility for that 'injury. So - if -the defendant knew this was a dangerous and, fierce dog* then the plaintiff is entitled to recover.” ■
It was-long ago decided in this'State that “ a man may keep a dog [141]*141for tiie necessary defense of his house, his garden or his fields, and may cautiously use him for that purpose in the night time.” And the cases of Brock v. Copeland (1 Esp. 203) and Sarch v. Blackburn (4 Carr. & Payne, 297) were cited by the court as authority for that proposition. (See Loomis v. Terry, 17 Wend. 496.) And in the same case it is said : “ Where a dog is lawfully kept for the purposes of protection a trespasser cannot maintain an action for an injury if he come in the way of the dog.”
It is manifest that the rule claimed by the plaintiff and adopted by the trial court is squarely in conflict with that proposition. If the fact that the dog was purchaséd for the purpose of guarding the premises is sufficient evidence of his ferocious character (see Brice-y. Bauer, supra), and if, as a matter of law, a man whose ferocious, dog bites another is liable for the injury, no matter how the dog was. confined at the time or under what circumstances the injury was-done, provided only the owner knew him to be ferocious, it follows that it is practically impossible to lawfully keep a dog for the purpose of defending one’s premises. If the dog must be so confined that under no circumstances can he attack or injure a trespasser, then he may as well be dead, and the rule results in this, that no dog-capable of defending property can be lawfully kept by any person. In my judgment, it has not .yet been decided in this State that a. man may not lawfully keep and cautiously use a ferocious dog for the defense of his premises in the night time, or that a trespasser, who comes in the way of a' dog so used, can recover for injuries, sustained, even though his trespass is inspired by no wrongful'purpo.se. It is true that the cases cited and relied upon by the plaintiff’s counsel contain some statements and some lines of reasoning-which, pushed to a logical conclusion, would seem-to lead to such a-rule, but, in each of such cases, the facts upon which the decision is. based do not present any such question. The case most relied upon is that of Muller v. McKesson (73 N. Y. 195). In that case, an unusually ferocious dog was kept by the owners as a guard for their shops in the city of Brooklyn. It had been the custom of one of' their employees, who seems to have acted as keeper of the dog, to-let him loose every night, in a large yard surrounded by a high wall, and to chain him up every morning before the men began their work. On the morning in question such keeper had neglected to-[142]*142chain him, and another employee of the defendants, having occasion to go into such yard in the performance of his regular duties, was bitten and injured .by the dog. The court held that the defendant -was liable, and that the fact that, a co-employee of the plain tiff had neglected to chain the dog did not excuse the' owner. This was a plain case of a ferocious dog left loose by the owner in the daytime, -and free to.attack the plaintiff while he was performing his duties in the place where the owner had sent him. And- the decision, as applicable to those facts, in no- way conflicts with the rule above quoted from Loomis v. Terry (supra). In discussing, however, the claim that the negligence of one employee in- not confining the dog excused ■'the owner from liability for the injury - done to another employee, the court, in substance, declared that whoever keeps such a dog does so at his peril;. that the gravamen of the action is not that the owner negligently omitted to confine the dog, but that he knowingly kept such an animal, and hence they declined to apply to the case the rule applicable to injury resulting from the negligence’ óf a co-employee. Such reasoning leads to the conclusion that the owner ’of a dog that- is in fact unconfined cannot excuse himself on the ground that he used due diligence to keep him confined, and that the dog. managed to get loose without - his fault or neglect. The risk ■of such a dog’s escaping from proper confinement is placed upon the one who owns him, not upon the community.' But it does no.t reach nor affect the question as -to the owner’s liability for injury . caused by a dog that is not running at large.
I conclude., therefore, that the mere keeping of a ferocious dog, knowing him to be such, for the purpose of defending one’s premises, is not in itself • unlawful. And when injury follows from one so- kept, the manner • of his confinement and the circumstances attending the injury are all to be considered in determining, the -owner’s liability. (See, also, Farley v. Pickard, 78 Hun, 560 ; Logue v. Link, 4 E. D. Smith, 63; Werner v. Winterbottom, 17 N. Y. St. Repr. 751; Worthen v. Love, 14 Atl. Rep. 461; Laverone v. Mangianti, 41 Cal. 139 ; State v. Remhoff, 26 Atl. Rep. 860; S. & R. on Reg. [3d ed.] § 192; Whart. on Reg. § 914.)
.The question whether, im the- case before. ns, the dogs were cautiously used and sufficiently confined, remains to be' considered.
Two dogs met the plaintiff at the gate when he entered upon the. [143]*143grounds.
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Parker, P. J.:
Upon the trial of this action, in addition to some direct evidence of their vicious character, it appeared that the dogs in question were procured by defendant for the purpose of guarding his premises, and were kept chained by him day and night; There was snR ficient proof, therefore, to warrant the conclusion of- the- jury that the dogs were vicious, and were known/to their, owner to be such. (Brice v. Bauer, 108 N. Y. 428; Hahnke v. Friederich, 140 id. 224.) And- upon this, appeal we must assume such to have been the fact. '
It is well settled that -a vicious dog running at large is a nuisance,, because dangerous to mankind; and that whoever knowingly keeps such a dog —^ without keeping him- properly confined — maintains the nuisance, and is responsible for the -injury resulting therefrom. We-held to that effect when this case was before us on demurrer to' the complaint. (5 App. Div. 604.)
But the broader' question is now presented .whether the owner who keeps such a dog chained upon his premises is in every instance responsible' for any injury it may do to a person while .so chained; and, if-not, what conduct .on' the part of the person injured will relieve, the défendant from liability.
It is claimed on the part of the plaintiff that it is quite immaterial whether the dog is confined or not, unless it is. so thoroughly secured ■ that it cannot do injury; that.the gravamen of the action is the keeping- of a ferocious- animal, knowing it'to be such, and that the-question of a negligent mode of confinement does not enter into the. casé ; that if one keeps such a dog he does' so at his peril, and is responsible for every injury that it, succeeds in accomplishing. And ' upon the trial the circuit judge, adopting, this view, charged as follows : “ft lias been stated in your hearing that the defendant had a right to keep a vicious and dangerous dog upon his premises. He -has no right towards any individual that, entered upon .the premises. If an individual keeps a vicious and dangerous d,og upon his premises, ■ knowing its propensities, and anybody is thereby injured, he cannot escape responsibility for that 'injury. So - if -the defendant knew this was a dangerous and, fierce dog* then the plaintiff is entitled to recover.” ■
It was-long ago decided in this'State that “ a man may keep a dog [141]*141for tiie necessary defense of his house, his garden or his fields, and may cautiously use him for that purpose in the night time.” And the cases of Brock v. Copeland (1 Esp. 203) and Sarch v. Blackburn (4 Carr. & Payne, 297) were cited by the court as authority for that proposition. (See Loomis v. Terry, 17 Wend. 496.) And in the same case it is said : “ Where a dog is lawfully kept for the purposes of protection a trespasser cannot maintain an action for an injury if he come in the way of the dog.”
It is manifest that the rule claimed by the plaintiff and adopted by the trial court is squarely in conflict with that proposition. If the fact that the dog was purchaséd for the purpose of guarding the premises is sufficient evidence of his ferocious character (see Brice-y. Bauer, supra), and if, as a matter of law, a man whose ferocious, dog bites another is liable for the injury, no matter how the dog was. confined at the time or under what circumstances the injury was-done, provided only the owner knew him to be ferocious, it follows that it is practically impossible to lawfully keep a dog for the purpose of defending one’s premises. If the dog must be so confined that under no circumstances can he attack or injure a trespasser, then he may as well be dead, and the rule results in this, that no dog-capable of defending property can be lawfully kept by any person. In my judgment, it has not .yet been decided in this State that a. man may not lawfully keep and cautiously use a ferocious dog for the defense of his premises in the night time, or that a trespasser, who comes in the way of a' dog so used, can recover for injuries, sustained, even though his trespass is inspired by no wrongful'purpo.se. It is true that the cases cited and relied upon by the plaintiff’s counsel contain some statements and some lines of reasoning-which, pushed to a logical conclusion, would seem-to lead to such a-rule, but, in each of such cases, the facts upon which the decision is. based do not present any such question. The case most relied upon is that of Muller v. McKesson (73 N. Y. 195). In that case, an unusually ferocious dog was kept by the owners as a guard for their shops in the city of Brooklyn. It had been the custom of one of' their employees, who seems to have acted as keeper of the dog, to-let him loose every night, in a large yard surrounded by a high wall, and to chain him up every morning before the men began their work. On the morning in question such keeper had neglected to-[142]*142chain him, and another employee of the defendants, having occasion to go into such yard in the performance of his regular duties, was bitten and injured .by the dog. The court held that the defendant -was liable, and that the fact that, a co-employee of the plain tiff had neglected to chain the dog did not excuse the' owner. This was a plain case of a ferocious dog left loose by the owner in the daytime, -and free to.attack the plaintiff while he was performing his duties in the place where the owner had sent him. And- the decision, as applicable to those facts, in no- way conflicts with the rule above quoted from Loomis v. Terry (supra). In discussing, however, the claim that the negligence of one employee in- not confining the dog excused ■'the owner from liability for the injury - done to another employee, the court, in substance, declared that whoever keeps such a dog does so at his peril;. that the gravamen of the action is not that the owner negligently omitted to confine the dog, but that he knowingly kept such an animal, and hence they declined to apply to the case the rule applicable to injury resulting from the negligence’ óf a co-employee. Such reasoning leads to the conclusion that the owner ’of a dog that- is in fact unconfined cannot excuse himself on the ground that he used due diligence to keep him confined, and that the dog. managed to get loose without - his fault or neglect. The risk ■of such a dog’s escaping from proper confinement is placed upon the one who owns him, not upon the community.' But it does no.t reach nor affect the question as -to the owner’s liability for injury . caused by a dog that is not running at large.
I conclude., therefore, that the mere keeping of a ferocious dog, knowing him to be such, for the purpose of defending one’s premises, is not in itself • unlawful. And when injury follows from one so- kept, the manner • of his confinement and the circumstances attending the injury are all to be considered in determining, the -owner’s liability. (See, also, Farley v. Pickard, 78 Hun, 560 ; Logue v. Link, 4 E. D. Smith, 63; Werner v. Winterbottom, 17 N. Y. St. Repr. 751; Worthen v. Love, 14 Atl. Rep. 461; Laverone v. Mangianti, 41 Cal. 139 ; State v. Remhoff, 26 Atl. Rep. 860; S. & R. on Reg. [3d ed.] § 192; Whart. on Reg. § 914.)
.The question whether, im the- case before. ns, the dogs were cautiously used and sufficiently confined, remains to be' considered.
Two dogs met the plaintiff at the gate when he entered upon the. [143]*143grounds. They walked quietly hy his side, then offered him no harm, and the proof does not show that they ever harmed him. They were not kept as watch dogs, and the evidence does'not show that they were vicious ones; The question, therefore, does not apply to them, but is confined to the two which were chained. One of these dogs had a kennel at the northwest corner of the house. From that point an iron rod extended southerly about fifty feet through a passage about eleven feet wide between the rear end of the house and an icehouse and large cooler in which provisions were kept, blear the south end of that rod was another kennel close to a chicken house, and an iron rod extended from that point easterly along -the south side of the' house, and at this kennel another dog was confined. In the daytime both dogs were chained to their kennels. In the night, however, each was so connected' to the iron rod that the chain would slip along, it, and they were thus given a range of about fifty feet in length, but by a chain which prevented either of them from reaching any door or stoop of the dwelling house, or any. path or walk leading to it. The dwelling faced to the north and the east, and both the west and south sides were back yards, through which no path or roadway from the highway led. The only approach from the highway to either part of the house was up the cement walk that lead to the front piazza, and thence along the piazza to either the front or the “ kitchen door.” Thus it appears that the dogs, although so placed that they could effectually guard the icehouse, cooler and chicken house, were effectually secured from reaching any one coming to the house by any of the approaches provided for that purpose.
The plaintiff entered the premises upon the north end by a carriageway of white gravel thirteen feet broad, which led directly to the barn and also to the front door of thé house. He turned from this to the west, crossed a strip of grass on to a cement walk that also led straight to the front door. ' He left this walk and continued in a southwesterly direction through a young orchard in which there was no walk or path until lie reached the northwest corner of the house where the kennel first above mentioned was placed. Here he was confronted by the dog located there. He did not turn back, but hastened on through the narrow passage between the house and cooler, the dog following along the road until he turned the south[144]*144.'west corner of the house. There the clog first met. could not follow . him,, but the dog from the other1 kennel then met"- him, threw him down and -severely'"injured him-. Plaintiff claims that he was searching for the barn to find a-man who he understood was at work there, and that he wandered from 'the roadway leading to it, and across the, walk- leading to the house, because in the darkness he -could not follow them. These premises were occupied by the cleféndant only as a summer residence. ■ At the time of the injury' the house- was closed up and unoccupied.
In my judgment the keeping of those clogs was not an unlawful act, and tlieir -confinement was all that could be required., ' They were securely chained within a space into which no stranger was - invited to come; where he would have no .business to go, arid-through which none co.nlcl be reasonably expected to wander. . Can it be said that;, under such circumstances) the defendant was maintaining a nuisance in his. back yard? Would .the plaintiff have had the right to abate such nuisance,- by, shooting the dogs, in order that he might safely pass around that way in his search for the. barri ? It will hardly -be claimed that he had such right, and yet, if he is to ' recover "-at all.against defendant, it must be upon the theory that the-' maintaining of; such clogs in that way was the maintaining of a nuisance, or was a negligent ^act as against the plaintiff. ■ If,, when wandering, through "that passageway,' the plaintiff had fallen into an - open well, he would have had no action against the defendant therefor. Such an unguarded opening would Hot have been a nuisance, nor would it have been a negligent act,, as against the plaintiff. It would- have been but a. danger, maintained on-his own- premises and ■in: a locality upon which the plaintiff'-had- neither invitation nor license to enter, and against which the defendant owed no duty to plaintiff either to protect or warn him. (Murphy v. City of Brooklyn, 118 N. Y. 575.; Larmore v. Crown Pt. Iron Co., 101 id. 391.) It would seem, by analogy, that a vicious dog, confined to.a: similar locality,- must be'deemed well secured and cautiously used'.
. It is argued that a vicious clog is analogous to a spring gun, • .which may not be kept .upon a man’s premises even as against, a trespasser, without notice given.. ■ But the analogy is-not-complete.. A spring gun is more likely to take human life. .It is placed not for the purpose of warning others off, but with the design'to do [145]*145them great injury, even if life is not taken, should they come in contact with it. A dog is rarely so vicious or powerful that it would endanger a man’s life. And the watch dog is used, not so much for the purpose of injuring an intruder, hut rather as a means for warning and frightening him away. A dog gives notice of his presence and attack. A spring gun kills without any notice whatever. • There is á marked distinction between the cases, and the rule ■ which should condemn the use of a spring gun as a lawless and cruel method of protection does not apply to a case like this. There was nothing unusually or unnaturally vicious about the dog in question. He would, it seems, attack and bite any stranger who insisted upon forcing his way to the locality he was set to guard. Beyond that, it does not appear that he was of a vicious nature, or dangerous to mankind.
Without attempting to decide how far the rule of contributory negligence applies against a person injured by a vicious dog, I rest my decision in this case upon the conclusion that the defendant, in keeping the dogs in the place and manner in which they were kept, did not maintain a nuisance, nor was lie guilty of any negligent act, as against this plaintiff. The case was presented to the jury upon an erroneous view of the law applicable to it; and upon the facts as they appear-from the plaintiff’s own showing he was not entitled to recover. The judgment should be reversed, and final judgment for defendant, with costs of the action, should be entered upon this appeal.
All concurred, except Putnam, J., dissenting.