Frazer, C. J.
This cause was instituted in 1846, under the old practice. It was a bill in chancery. In October, 1860, the death of both complainants was suggested, and leave given to file a supplemental complaint by their personal representatives. This was, without objection, immediately filed, not in the names only of the ■ executors and administrators of the deceased, but also • in the names of legatees, devisees and successors in interest of the original plaintiffs, who had, by descent or devise, become the owners of whatever estate the original plaintiffs had in the subject matter involved in the controversy. One of the defendants, John W. Hitchcock, had been originally summoned, but he had never appeared. No notice of the supplemental complaint was given to him, or to any of the defendants, by summons or otherwise. Another defendant was an infant, who had been originally summoned, and appeared by guardian ad litem. It is claimed that, as to these defendants, there was error in proceeding with the cause, because they were not summoned or notified of the supplemental complaint. And it is claimed that such was the chancery practice, and that the code has made no change in that respect.
Where an amended or supplemental bill was filed, we do not understand that the chancery practice required that defendants, who had made default to the original bill, should be subpoenaed to answer the supplemental bill. It was only those who were not in default, and who had answered the original bill, that were entitled to notice of an amended' or supplemental bill. Smith’s Oh. 309 et seq. But where the complainant had died and a bill of revivor had been filed, a subpoena was necessary to all the defendants, because the death abated the suit. But under the [180]*180code, it does not abate, and therefore no new summons is necessary, and would be a needless formality. 2 GL & Ii., §§ 21, 786, pp. 51, 332. By the latter section, it is enacted that a new party, introduced as the representative or successor of a former party, must be summoned, unless he appears voluntarily. Expressia unius cst. cxdusio alterius.'
The original bill was against John W. Hitchcock and Marcus Hitchcock, by Thomas H. Hubbard and Mary E. Ostram, executrix of John IT. Ostram, deceased, and alleged that in 1835, between said John W. and Ostram, deceased, it was agreed that Ostram should furnish money to John W. for the purpose of buying lots in Terre Haute and lands near by, in their joint names and for their joint benefit ;.John W. to repay half the money so advanced and secure it by mortgage on his half of the real estate so purchased, and to charge nothing for his time and expenses in purchasing; that in 1835, Ostram accordingly advanced $2,200; that in March, 1836, Hubbard was, by agreement, admitted to. share in the venture, from the beginning, by paying $1,071 67, after which he and Ostram were to furnish the money, Hitchcock to purchase as before, and repay one-third of the money; that they subsequently advanced $3,115 50; that Hitchcock fraudulently took the titles in his own name; that amongst the purchases were two lots in Evansville, for $2,200, instead of cei'tain lands near Terre ITaute, as agreed; that in 1836, Hubbard and Ostram demanded deeds for two-thirds of the lands, and a mortgage to secure one-third of the money advanced; that Hitchcock failed to comply with the demand, and is wholly insolvent; that he has made a voluntary conveyance of the real estate, and of all his own property, real and personal, to his father, Marcus, in' secret trust for his own use; Marcus having full notice, and having taken the conveyance to enable John W: to defraud the complainants; that Marcus had sold one of the lots purchased on joint account to an innocent purchaser, and received the purchase money; that he still holds lots 63 and [181]*181■ 250, in Terre Haute, and some of the lands purchased by John W. under the contract.
The complainants alleged that they were ignorant as to what other lands, besides the lots in Terre Haute mentioned, had been purchased on joint account. They prayed a full discovery touching the matters,-andvfor general relief. John W. was defaulted, and Marcus answered under oath, in 1847. Pending exceptions to his answer, he died, and a bill of revivor and supplement was filed, making his heirs at law defendants, and process ordered. The heirs of Marcus, except John W., answered. After the code took effect, the cause was put at issue by a reply. But in 1855, the death of one of the heirs of Marcus was suggested, and his heir at law, Hilen G., an infant, was made a defendant, and duly brought in by publication of notice, and a guardian ad litem was appointed and answered for her.
In 1860, the death of both plaintiffs was suggested,- and the proceedings followed which are stated in the commencement of this opinion. It is claimed that the new plaintiffs, who then came in, are not named in the supplemental complaint then filed by them. There is, however, nothing in this. Some of them are expressly named as plaintiffs, and all the rest are námed in the will, a copy of' which was annexed to the pleading, and reference made thereto for their names, it" being • alleged that the suit is prosecuted by them. The objection is entirely one of form, and is not good under our practice, even upon demurrer, much less on error. In the complaint filed by them, they merely show their right, and allege that since the original ■ bill was filed they have discovered certain facts which then existed but were not known. The evidence is before us. The jury found that the plaintiff's were entitled to recover two-thirds of certain specified tracts or lots of real estate; that the plaintiff's recover of John W. Hitchcock $18,016 66; that the conveyances by him to his father were fraudulent, as against the plaintiff's, and that the lands thereby conveyed, .except those recovered, ought to be subjected to execution. [182]*182There was judgment accordingly. Every question was saved by a motion for a new trial.
Quite a-number of questions are presented, in addition to the one already disposed of, all of which wo will consider in their order.
It is contended that under the prayer for discovery, for the cancellation of the conveyances to Marcus Hitchcock, and for general relief, no judgment or decree for money could properly be rendered agaiust John W. Hitchcock, who made default, because the code provides that where there is no answer, the relief granted cannot exceed that which is demanded in the complaint. Section 380. If this position is tenable, the judgment against the other defendants, it is urged, is erroneous, because, to subject the lands in their hands to the satisfaction of a money judgment, itself erroneous, would be error as to them.
Under the chancery practice prevailing when the original bill was filed, the prayer was broad enough to warrant the relief which was granted.
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Frazer, C. J.
This cause was instituted in 1846, under the old practice. It was a bill in chancery. In October, 1860, the death of both complainants was suggested, and leave given to file a supplemental complaint by their personal representatives. This was, without objection, immediately filed, not in the names only of the ■ executors and administrators of the deceased, but also • in the names of legatees, devisees and successors in interest of the original plaintiffs, who had, by descent or devise, become the owners of whatever estate the original plaintiffs had in the subject matter involved in the controversy. One of the defendants, John W. Hitchcock, had been originally summoned, but he had never appeared. No notice of the supplemental complaint was given to him, or to any of the defendants, by summons or otherwise. Another defendant was an infant, who had been originally summoned, and appeared by guardian ad litem. It is claimed that, as to these defendants, there was error in proceeding with the cause, because they were not summoned or notified of the supplemental complaint. And it is claimed that such was the chancery practice, and that the code has made no change in that respect.
Where an amended or supplemental bill was filed, we do not understand that the chancery practice required that defendants, who had made default to the original bill, should be subpoenaed to answer the supplemental bill. It was only those who were not in default, and who had answered the original bill, that were entitled to notice of an amended' or supplemental bill. Smith’s Oh. 309 et seq. But where the complainant had died and a bill of revivor had been filed, a subpoena was necessary to all the defendants, because the death abated the suit. But under the [180]*180code, it does not abate, and therefore no new summons is necessary, and would be a needless formality. 2 GL & Ii., §§ 21, 786, pp. 51, 332. By the latter section, it is enacted that a new party, introduced as the representative or successor of a former party, must be summoned, unless he appears voluntarily. Expressia unius cst. cxdusio alterius.'
The original bill was against John W. Hitchcock and Marcus Hitchcock, by Thomas H. Hubbard and Mary E. Ostram, executrix of John IT. Ostram, deceased, and alleged that in 1835, between said John W. and Ostram, deceased, it was agreed that Ostram should furnish money to John W. for the purpose of buying lots in Terre Haute and lands near by, in their joint names and for their joint benefit ;.John W. to repay half the money so advanced and secure it by mortgage on his half of the real estate so purchased, and to charge nothing for his time and expenses in purchasing; that in 1835, Ostram accordingly advanced $2,200; that in March, 1836, Hubbard was, by agreement, admitted to. share in the venture, from the beginning, by paying $1,071 67, after which he and Ostram were to furnish the money, Hitchcock to purchase as before, and repay one-third of the money; that they subsequently advanced $3,115 50; that Hitchcock fraudulently took the titles in his own name; that amongst the purchases were two lots in Evansville, for $2,200, instead of cei'tain lands near Terre ITaute, as agreed; that in 1836, Hubbard and Ostram demanded deeds for two-thirds of the lands, and a mortgage to secure one-third of the money advanced; that Hitchcock failed to comply with the demand, and is wholly insolvent; that he has made a voluntary conveyance of the real estate, and of all his own property, real and personal, to his father, Marcus, in' secret trust for his own use; Marcus having full notice, and having taken the conveyance to enable John W: to defraud the complainants; that Marcus had sold one of the lots purchased on joint account to an innocent purchaser, and received the purchase money; that he still holds lots 63 and [181]*181■ 250, in Terre Haute, and some of the lands purchased by John W. under the contract.
The complainants alleged that they were ignorant as to what other lands, besides the lots in Terre Haute mentioned, had been purchased on joint account. They prayed a full discovery touching the matters,-andvfor general relief. John W. was defaulted, and Marcus answered under oath, in 1847. Pending exceptions to his answer, he died, and a bill of revivor and supplement was filed, making his heirs at law defendants, and process ordered. The heirs of Marcus, except John W., answered. After the code took effect, the cause was put at issue by a reply. But in 1855, the death of one of the heirs of Marcus was suggested, and his heir at law, Hilen G., an infant, was made a defendant, and duly brought in by publication of notice, and a guardian ad litem was appointed and answered for her.
In 1860, the death of both plaintiffs was suggested,- and the proceedings followed which are stated in the commencement of this opinion. It is claimed that the new plaintiffs, who then came in, are not named in the supplemental complaint then filed by them. There is, however, nothing in this. Some of them are expressly named as plaintiffs, and all the rest are námed in the will, a copy of' which was annexed to the pleading, and reference made thereto for their names, it" being • alleged that the suit is prosecuted by them. The objection is entirely one of form, and is not good under our practice, even upon demurrer, much less on error. In the complaint filed by them, they merely show their right, and allege that since the original ■ bill was filed they have discovered certain facts which then existed but were not known. The evidence is before us. The jury found that the plaintiff's were entitled to recover two-thirds of certain specified tracts or lots of real estate; that the plaintiff's recover of John W. Hitchcock $18,016 66; that the conveyances by him to his father were fraudulent, as against the plaintiff's, and that the lands thereby conveyed, .except those recovered, ought to be subjected to execution. [182]*182There was judgment accordingly. Every question was saved by a motion for a new trial.
Quite a-number of questions are presented, in addition to the one already disposed of, all of which wo will consider in their order.
It is contended that under the prayer for discovery, for the cancellation of the conveyances to Marcus Hitchcock, and for general relief, no judgment or decree for money could properly be rendered agaiust John W. Hitchcock, who made default, because the code provides that where there is no answer, the relief granted cannot exceed that which is demanded in the complaint. Section 380. If this position is tenable, the judgment against the other defendants, it is urged, is erroneous, because, to subject the lands in their hands to the satisfaction of a money judgment, itself erroneous, would be error as to them.
Under the chancery practice prevailing when the original bill was filed, the prayer was broad enough to warrant the relief which was granted. Did the code, as applied to pleadings filed in cases pending when it took effect, make that bad or insufficient which was good and sufficient before, and render it necessary that parties should in any case pending go back and remodel such pleadings, so as to make them conform to the code ? It is very clear that such was not the intention, but exactly- the contrary. 2 G. & II., § 799, p. 336. "We think, therefore, that there was no error in the particular alluded to.
It is also urged that the claim against John W. Hitchcock for money advanced, and converted to his own use, was a legal claim, and that until it was reduced to judgment there could be no proceedings justified of an equitable character, to subject property hold by others to its satisfaction, and hence that such equitable relief in this case was erroneous.
"We are of opinion that in chancery the whole case was within the jurisdiction of the court under the old practice, to grant full relief, under the facts stated in the original bill. But we need not discuss that question. The code, [183]*183section 72, in force when the case was tried, and which governed the court as to the nature of the judgment (§ 799), puts this question beyond all doubt, as it seems to us.
It is also urged that inasmuch as upon the death of the original plaintiffs, leave was only asked and granted to continue the cause in the names of their personal representatives, the other parties, -who joined with them in the supplemental complaint then filed, never had leave to become parties, and hence that it was error to grant them any relief. This objection comes too late. It was not made below, and it is too technical to be first made in this court. If it had been made in the court below, it could have been readily avoided by obtaining formal leave expressly of record, which, upon a showing of their interest, it would have been error to refuse, under the twenty-first section of the code, and the question, therefore, falls peculiarly within that class which, by the repeated decisions of this court, under the code, it has been held will not be listened to here, unless first presented to the court below.
Upon the trial, it appeared that one of the tracts of land conveyed by John W. Hitchcock to his father had been conveyed by the latter to one Deming. It was sought to subject this land to the payment of the money judgment which the plaintiffs claimed and obtained against John W. Hitchcock. Deming was offered as a witness to- prove that he had paid the full value of the land by the satisfaction of mortgages thereon, existing prior to the conveyance by John W. Hitchcock to Marcus. The evidence was rejected, and the appellants claim that this was error.
There was no issue to which the evidence offered would have been pertinent. Deming was not a party to the suit, and therefore the decree against the land, which was sought and obtained, could not bind him or, affect his title. The only question upon which the evidence offered bore, could not possibly have been determined in the suit, and it seems to follow that the court was correct in rejecting it.
It is undoubtedly true, as argued for the appellants, that [184]*184in oi’der to a complete determination of the question as to the liability of the tract of land conveyed to Denting, he was a necessary party. But the controversy between the parties before the court could be determined without him, and, as we have seen, his rights could not be affected by that determination. It follows, therefore, in view of the express provisions of the twenty-second section of the code, that he was not a necessary party to the suit. So far as the defendants were affected by the decree against that tract of land, there was no error in it; and if, as to Denting, it was erroneous, or void, he, and not they, can call it in question. As to them, the only appellants here, that part of the decree is, at worst, merely harmless. It purports to make Deming’s property liable to execution to satisfy .a judgment which should be levied altogether out of their own, and, if it had any force as against him it is impossible to see how the appellants could be injured by it.
The sworn answer of Marcus Hitchcock was put in evidence by the plaintiffs, and the court instructed the jury that “ an answer sworn to requires no more evidence to disprove than one not sworn to, and the cause is to be tried under existing laws.” This instruction, admitted to be correct as an abstract proposition, was, it is claimed, erroneous in this case, for the reason that its effect was necessarily to lead the jury to disregard as evidence any part of the answer which tended to support the defense. Such an effect upon the jury could only result from a misapprehension which we cannot assume existed. The instruction related to the answer as a pleading, and not as an instrument of evidence; it was pertinent to the case because the answer was sworn to, and though it might, possibly, have been misapprehended and misapplied by the jury to the answer, as evidence offered by the plaintiffs, yet there is nothing in the case to justify the belief that the jury did, in fact, misapply it. Indeed, in the only particular in which the answer tended, and in that respect it‘did but slightly, to support the defense, the bona Jicles of the purchase by Mar[185]*185cus, the evidence is so overwhelmingly in favor of the plaintiffs as to leave no question as to the correctness of the finding upon that point. The court should have better guarded the instruction against its'application to the answer as evidence, and if the whole evidence left any reason to doubt the correctness of the finding upon the point in reference to which it was liable to mislead, the question before us •would be a different one.
The appellants asked that the jury be required to respond to certain interrogatories, “in the event that they should find for the plaintiff.” This was refused, and we think correctly. Whether or not interrogatories shall be answered, must', under the statute, depend solely upon the fact that a general verdict shall be found, without reference to the question as to who shall-succeed in obtaining the general verdict. 2 G-. & EL, § 336, p, 205. The party asking such interrogatories must suffer the legal consequences of the findings thereon, if the general verdict be in his favor, as well as claim the advantages thereof in case the general verdict be against him. If a figure of speech may be allowed, this weapon must have not -only two edges, but also a hilt for each of the parties.
Evidence was offered by the appellants, and rejected by the court, to the effect that in 1849, after the filing of the original bill and Marcus’ answer, the latter specifying lots one and eight, in Deming’s division, as amongst the real estate conveyed to him by John W., they applied to one of * the attorneys of the plaintiffs, and’ informed him that they ■wishedto sell those lots, and inquired of him if the plaintiffs had, or intended to set up any claim to them; that a negative answer was given, and thereupon they sold the lots. This ruling is questioned by the appellants. bTo estoppel was pleaded, and we do not perceive that the evidence would have been pertinent to any issue made by the pleadings. As an admission, it is not contended that it was competent, but only as an estoppel, and it is-argued that the estoppel need not be pleaded. It is true, that in the Welland, [186]*186Canal Co. v. Hathaway. 8 Wend. 481, it was said that ‘‘ estoppels in pais cannot be pleaded, but are given in evidence.” The question was in no manner involved in that case.
J. P. Baird, C. Cruft, and W. Mack, for appellants.
S. Claypool, C. E. Hosford, and P. Brown, for appellees.
But whatever may have been the rule formerly, it seems to us that under our code of procedure the matter is made very clear. A denial admits proof of no affirmative defense, as the general issue did. It merely puts the plaintiff upon the proof of his averments, and authorizes the defendant, by his evidence, to controvert their truth. He can offer no evidence which proceeds upon the ground that the complaint is true, but that there are other facts which preclude the plaintiff’s recovery, notwithstanding. What is an estoppel in pais ? It is some fact, because of which, a man is precluded from saying even the truth. It does not controvert the truth of the matter at all, but is merely assigned as a reason why the adversary should not be permitted to avail himself of it. It is new matter constituting a defense, and must, therefore, be pleaded. 2 G-. & H. 87.
The remaining questions are as to the sufficiency of the evidence, in certain pai’ticulars, to sustain the finding. The magnitude of the case, and the care with which it has been presented by the appellants’ counsel, have induced us to examine the evidence very carefully, and the result is that we cannot but approve the verdict.
The judgment is affirmed, with costs.