Rothrock, J.
The promissory note upon which the action was brought is for one hundred and eighty-two1 dollars, dated January 11, 1890, payable at the bank of Griswold sixty days after date. It is signed as follows: “John Pipher & Co., per S. Winter, Mgr.” It is alleged in the petition that John Pipher & CO', is a partnership in the drug business at the town of Griswold, in Cass county, and that John Pipher and Winter are the individual' members of the firm. The defendants, John Pipher & Co. and: John Pipher, answered by denying that any partnership at any time existed between John Pipher and Winter, and denying that John Pipher is in any manner liable upon said note, because he never executed the same, and that Winter, who- wrote the signatures thereto, was not his partner, but a mere hired employe, wlm had no authority to bind him by any such an obligation. This is the issue which was: tried in the court below; the contention being, in behalf of the plaintiff, that there was a partnership as alleged, [19]*19and, on behalf of the defendant, that there was. no partnership. And it is proper to state here, that the district court wasi fully authorized by the evidence to find that, if there was. a partnership as to. third person®, the note being for money borrowed', which went into the business., Pipher would be liable on the note.
1 [20]*202 [19]*19The main contention, arises upon a written contract entered into by Pipher and Winter. This contract is quite lengthy, but, as we think the rights of the parties are mainly controlled by its provisions, it appears' to be necessary to set it out in full. It is as follows: “This article of agreement, made and entered-into this thirtieth day of November, 1887, between John Pipher. party of the first part, and W. Stanton Winter, party of the second part, witnesseth: That the party of the first part hereby agrees to deliver into the possession of the party of the second part his stock of drugs, etc., now contained in the building situated on lot No. 15, block 8, in the town of Griswold, Iowa, which the party of the second part, for the compensation hereafter named agrees to manage. The party of the first paid agrees, after the inventory of the stock has been made, to order 'and pay for any goods that may be necessary to make a good full stock for the Griswold trade. He further agrees that the party of the second part shall have the use of all the second story, except that part occupied by Dr. J. B. Martin, in the building in which the said stock is contained. The party of the first part further agrees that the party of the second part shall receive for his services one-half of the net profits of the business, said profits to. be determined as hereafter provided. The party of the second part hereby agrees to take said stock, and manage it in a faithful manner and to the best of his ability, for the compensation hereinbefore mentioned, to-wit, one-half of the net profits of the business. The net profits to be determined [20]*20as follows: First. An inventory of the stock on handy and the goods to be ordered to complete the stock, shall be made upon the taking effect of this contract, and annually thereafter. Second. Enough shall be added to or taken from the cash sales, and collections for the year to make the stock equal in value with the last annual inventory. Third. All goods purchased shall be paid for. Fourth. John Pipher shall receive fifteen dollars' per month rent for the store building. Fifth. Clerk hire, insurance on stock, and all incidental expenses shall be paid. Sixth. The remainder after subtracting the sums* of items, 3, 4, from item 2, shall constitute the net profit, and shall be equally divided' between the parties. If at any annual settlement the stock shall be greater in value than at the last annual settlement, the excess shall be charged to the party of' the first part, and taken from his share of the net profits. If the stock is less in value, the difference shall be charged to the party of the second part, and taken from his share of the net profits. Neither party shall draw from the business more than thirty dollars of the profits during any one month. The party of the first part shall at all times exercise a controlling interest in the business and thé party of the second part shall at all times be subject to-the control and under the directions of the party of the first part in all matters relating to the business.. All bills for goods purchased; and all expenses connected with the business, shall be met with the proceeds of the cash sales, and collections. All back accounts unpaid- at the annual settlement shall be carried over into- the following year, and no division, of such accounts, shall be made until final settlement, when they shall be. equally divided; and no account shall be taken of the book accounts, in determining the net profits at the annual settlements. This agreement shall take effect on March 1st, 1888, and continue in [21]*21force five years from that date, unless sooner determined by law, or as hereinafter provided. Either party may determine this contract by giving to- the other party ninety days’ notice in writing, and at the expiration of the notice an inventory shall be made and- a -settlement had as at the usual annual settlement, except that the book accounts'sh'all be divided as hereinbefore provided. At the expiration of this contract, either by lapse of time or by act of either party, the stock shall wholly belong to the party of the first part. No change in this contract -shall be binding unless made in writing, and signed by both parties: John Pipher. W. Stanton Winter.”
3 A careful examination of "the provisions of the contract fails- to show that if the- business- should result in loss', instead of gain, Winter should be liable- for any part of the loss, as between himself and Pipher. In other words, if at the conclusion of the joint venture there should be a loss, and Pipher should pay it, there is no stipulation by which he could recover of Winter anything in the way of contribution to the loss. A partnership is defined to be “a contract of two or more competent persons to place their money, effects, labor, and sikill, or some or all of them, in lawful commerce or business, and to- divide the profit and bear the loss in certain proportions.” 3 Kent, Comm. 23. In 17 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 834, it is said, “Participation in the profits -and losses of a joint business or undertaking affords the usual, and perhaps- the most cogent, test of the existence of an intention to- form a partnership.” We need not cite the large- number of case® which sustain this proposition. It is true that there are cases which hold that a community of interest in- profits is sufficient to constitute a partnership. But this- court is committed to the doctrine that there must be a sharing of the losses. In Ruddick v. Otis, 33 Iowa, 402, it was said that “No doctrine of the [22]*22law is better settled than that a mere participation in the profits do.es not constitute a partnership in respect to the concern or adventure from Which, the profits arise.” Story, Partn. sections 540-545. “In order to constitute a partnership inter se, there must be a sharing in the losses, as well as the profits.” See, also, Price v. Alexander, 2 G. Greene, 431; Williams v. Soutter, 7 Iowa, 445; Munson v. Sears, 12 Iowa, 178; and Holbrook v. Oberne, 56 Iowa, 324 (9 N. W. Rep. 291). In the last-named case it was.
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Rothrock, J.
The promissory note upon which the action was brought is for one hundred and eighty-two1 dollars, dated January 11, 1890, payable at the bank of Griswold sixty days after date. It is signed as follows: “John Pipher & Co., per S. Winter, Mgr.” It is alleged in the petition that John Pipher & CO', is a partnership in the drug business at the town of Griswold, in Cass county, and that John Pipher and Winter are the individual' members of the firm. The defendants, John Pipher & Co. and: John Pipher, answered by denying that any partnership at any time existed between John Pipher and Winter, and denying that John Pipher is in any manner liable upon said note, because he never executed the same, and that Winter, who- wrote the signatures thereto, was not his partner, but a mere hired employe, wlm had no authority to bind him by any such an obligation. This is the issue which was: tried in the court below; the contention being, in behalf of the plaintiff, that there was a partnership as alleged, [19]*19and, on behalf of the defendant, that there was. no partnership. And it is proper to state here, that the district court wasi fully authorized by the evidence to find that, if there was. a partnership as to. third person®, the note being for money borrowed', which went into the business., Pipher would be liable on the note.
1 [20]*202 [19]*19The main contention, arises upon a written contract entered into by Pipher and Winter. This contract is quite lengthy, but, as we think the rights of the parties are mainly controlled by its provisions, it appears' to be necessary to set it out in full. It is as follows: “This article of agreement, made and entered-into this thirtieth day of November, 1887, between John Pipher. party of the first part, and W. Stanton Winter, party of the second part, witnesseth: That the party of the first part hereby agrees to deliver into the possession of the party of the second part his stock of drugs, etc., now contained in the building situated on lot No. 15, block 8, in the town of Griswold, Iowa, which the party of the second part, for the compensation hereafter named agrees to manage. The party of the first paid agrees, after the inventory of the stock has been made, to order 'and pay for any goods that may be necessary to make a good full stock for the Griswold trade. He further agrees that the party of the second part shall have the use of all the second story, except that part occupied by Dr. J. B. Martin, in the building in which the said stock is contained. The party of the first part further agrees that the party of the second part shall receive for his services one-half of the net profits of the business, said profits to. be determined as hereafter provided. The party of the second part hereby agrees to take said stock, and manage it in a faithful manner and to the best of his ability, for the compensation hereinbefore mentioned, to-wit, one-half of the net profits of the business. The net profits to be determined [20]*20as follows: First. An inventory of the stock on handy and the goods to be ordered to complete the stock, shall be made upon the taking effect of this contract, and annually thereafter. Second. Enough shall be added to or taken from the cash sales, and collections for the year to make the stock equal in value with the last annual inventory. Third. All goods purchased shall be paid for. Fourth. John Pipher shall receive fifteen dollars' per month rent for the store building. Fifth. Clerk hire, insurance on stock, and all incidental expenses shall be paid. Sixth. The remainder after subtracting the sums* of items, 3, 4, from item 2, shall constitute the net profit, and shall be equally divided' between the parties. If at any annual settlement the stock shall be greater in value than at the last annual settlement, the excess shall be charged to the party of' the first part, and taken from his share of the net profits. If the stock is less in value, the difference shall be charged to the party of the second part, and taken from his share of the net profits. Neither party shall draw from the business more than thirty dollars of the profits during any one month. The party of the first part shall at all times exercise a controlling interest in the business and thé party of the second part shall at all times be subject to-the control and under the directions of the party of the first part in all matters relating to the business.. All bills for goods purchased; and all expenses connected with the business, shall be met with the proceeds of the cash sales, and collections. All back accounts unpaid- at the annual settlement shall be carried over into- the following year, and no division, of such accounts, shall be made until final settlement, when they shall be. equally divided; and no account shall be taken of the book accounts, in determining the net profits at the annual settlements. This agreement shall take effect on March 1st, 1888, and continue in [21]*21force five years from that date, unless sooner determined by law, or as hereinafter provided. Either party may determine this contract by giving to- the other party ninety days’ notice in writing, and at the expiration of the notice an inventory shall be made and- a -settlement had as at the usual annual settlement, except that the book accounts'sh'all be divided as hereinbefore provided. At the expiration of this contract, either by lapse of time or by act of either party, the stock shall wholly belong to the party of the first part. No change in this contract -shall be binding unless made in writing, and signed by both parties: John Pipher. W. Stanton Winter.”
3 A careful examination of "the provisions of the contract fails- to show that if the- business- should result in loss', instead of gain, Winter should be liable- for any part of the loss, as between himself and Pipher. In other words, if at the conclusion of the joint venture there should be a loss, and Pipher should pay it, there is no stipulation by which he could recover of Winter anything in the way of contribution to the loss. A partnership is defined to be “a contract of two or more competent persons to place their money, effects, labor, and sikill, or some or all of them, in lawful commerce or business, and to- divide the profit and bear the loss in certain proportions.” 3 Kent, Comm. 23. In 17 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 834, it is said, “Participation in the profits -and losses of a joint business or undertaking affords the usual, and perhaps- the most cogent, test of the existence of an intention to- form a partnership.” We need not cite the large- number of case® which sustain this proposition. It is true that there are cases which hold that a community of interest in- profits is sufficient to constitute a partnership. But this- court is committed to the doctrine that there must be a sharing of the losses. In Ruddick v. Otis, 33 Iowa, 402, it was said that “No doctrine of the [22]*22law is better settled than that a mere participation in the profits do.es not constitute a partnership in respect to the concern or adventure from Which, the profits arise.” Story, Partn. sections 540-545. “In order to constitute a partnership inter se, there must be a sharing in the losses, as well as the profits.” See, also, Price v. Alexander, 2 G. Greene, 431; Williams v. Soutter, 7 Iowa, 445; Munson v. Sears, 12 Iowa, 178; and Holbrook v. Oberne, 56 Iowa, 324 (9 N. W. Rep. 291). In the last-named case it was. held that an .employe who was to receive a share of the profits, as, a part of his compensations, for conducting the business is not a partner. The whole scope of this written contract shows that Winter was a mere manager or employe, and the signatures to the note indicate that he was no more than a. manager. The word “partner” or “partnership” is. not to be found in the contract, and all of its provisions, contemplate, payment or compensation for services rendered, and the measure of his compensation was to be one-half of the profits. It is expressly provided that “the party of the first part further agrees that the party of the second part shall receive for Ms services one-half of the net profits of the business.” There was, evidence introduced on the trial which showed that the business was. conducted in the name of John Pipher & Oo. so that there would be no confusion in that business with other business enterprises carried on by Pipher. In the arguments presented to this court a great many authorities are cited by the respective counsel, and it is to be conceded that the question as to whether a partnership exists i® sometimes exceedingly difficult to determine, and there is, apparently much conflicting authority upon the subject; but adhering to the rule, which has long been established in this, state, that there must be community of loss, we are relieved from reviewing or considering cases cited by counsel. And there is no. [23]*23evidence in the case, a® to the manner of conducting the business, which authorizes a finding that there was a partnership as between the parties.
4 [24]*245 [23]*23II. The plaintiff is a third party, and an important question to be determined is, should the defendants be held to. be partners as to her? The evidence shows that she is the wife of Winter, and that the note in suit was. given without the knowledge of Pipher. If the. acts, and conduct of Pipher and Winter were such as to mislead the plaintiff, and induce her to believe that a partnership existed, then Pipher might be liable. But it was incumbent on the plaintiff to> show that she acted in the belief that they were partners. Pipher testified on this subject as follows: “Some time in September, 1889, I received notice to terminate the contract between us. The notice was in writing, and there was a letter accompanying it, asking me to come over and talk the matter over. I went over soon after and had a talk with him and with his wife. I told the plaintiff that we had come up there to talk over the business, because I understood from Winter that she was dissa tisfied because the thirty dollars per month was not enough for them to live upon. She said it was not too much, of course, but that they could get along on it, only she wanted to go back to Ohio to visit, and Winter could not furnish her the money. I said to her that Winter could go out and get fifty or sixty dollars per month, and they would have more money to spend, but I thought it best to, receive less, and have something accumulating. I told her I would sell him an interest in the business just as soon as be had something ahead, so that he could buy an interest, and that I did not want to run the business myself. She seemed to understand that they were,to draw but thirty dollars per month, and made no claim that her husband was a partner in the business. She expressed [24]*24no surprise when I spoke of their being'entitled to' only thirty dollars per month, and did not say that she had no previous knowledge of the terms of the contract. She did not .claim that her husband had any interest in the business. The contract between us was in duplicate, and we each held one of the duplicates.” There is no evidence in conflict with this. In Brown v. Rains, 53 Iowa, 81 (4 N. W. Rep. 867), it is said, “A person can be held' a® partner, where he is .not a partner, only when his conduct has been such as . to mislead creditors, and estop him from showing the truth.” In the absence of some evidence that the plaintiff did not know the terms of the contract between the parties to the agreement, or was induced by the acts and conduct of Pipher to believe that there was a partnership in fact, there can1 be no' recovery as against him. The judgment of the district court is reversed.