CLOPTON, J.
— We shall first consider the questions arising on the demurrer to the bill as amended after the cause was remanded on the former appeal. Except as to the statute of limitations and the vagueness and uncertainty of averments, the several grounds of demurrer may be comprehended in one general cause — namely, that the amendment introduces a new cause of action, makes a new case, and is a radical departure [559] from the scope, objects and prayer of the original bill, as first amended. The special assignments of demurrer are specifications of .the particular matters in which the pleader alleges the departure consists.
Prior to the enactment of the statute of amendments in equity, complainants who had just causes of action, and title to relief, were often defeated, because of the insufficiency of the statements of the bill, or a variance between the allegations and proof, or the inconsistency of the case established by the evidence with that made by fhe bill, resulting from the existing rule of practice, that the allowance of amendments curing defects other than merely formal, after the cause was at issue, rested in the discretion of the chancellor. To remedy this evil, a statute broad and liberal was adopted, declaring, “Amendments to bills must be allowed at any time before final decree, by striking out, or- adding new parties, or to meet any state of evidence which will authorize relief.” — Code, § 3449. To prevent other and as great evils — the embarrassment of defendants in making defense, and confusion in the administration of justice — the statute was construed not to allow the introduction of an entirely new cause of action or case, or an entire change of parties. Within this limitation, reasonably construed, an amendment which is designed to cure mistakes, errors, or insufficiencies in the allegations of the bill, or vary them ás to a subject already in issue, so as “to meet any state of the evidence which will authorize relief,” should and must be allowed. The limitations on the right to amend should not be so rigorously applied, as to defeat the remedial purpose and just policy of the statute.
Whether an amendment falls within the limitations on the exercise of the right is sometimes a subtile and difficult matter, requiring nice discrimination. The usual tests are, whether the original and amended bills found the right of complainant to relief on different and consistent titles (Penn v. Spence, 54 Ala. 35); or present entirely new or inconsistent claims, based on differing state of facts (Ward v. Patton, 75 Ala. 207); or, whether the kind or character of relief, not the degree or extent, appropriate to one state of facts is inappropriate,to the other; or whether the same defenses are applicable. — Park v. Lide, 90 Ala. 246; Caldwell v. King, 76 Ala. 149. In other words, whether the matters of the original and amended bills could have been properly stated in the alternative, in the original bill.
So far as material in considering the propriety of allowing the amendment, the allegations of the original bill are, substantially, that a judgment for several thousand dollars, which had [560] been rendered against the husband of complainant, and for which defendant was liable as a surety, was purchased and paid for with the proceeds of one hundred shares of the capital stock of the Gainesville National Bank, the statutory separate estate of complainant, and transferred to defendant as her agent, to be used in the purchase of the lands of her husband for her benefit, if they were sold under execution on the judgment ; that the lands were subsequently sold under execution, ' and purchased by defendant as her agent, and for her benefit, using the j udgment in payment of the purchase-money, and flie deeds taken in his own name as agent. The special prayer is, that the lands be decreed to be the property of complainant, defendant be compelled to surrender possession and ■convey them to her, and that an account of the rents, income and profits be taken. There is, also, a prayer for general relief. The amendment alleges that the judgment was purchased and transferred to defendant for the benefit of complainant anil his own protection, and that complainant reimbursed him, , on account of the purchase of the judgment, the sum of sixty-four hundred dollars with the proceeds of her bank stock. It strikes out the averments in the original bill as to the rents, income, and profits, and alleges the right to recover the corpus of her separate estate invested in the lands, and substitutes lor (he special prayer that defendant be decreed a trustee in invltum, and a lien be declared on the lands to the extent of her separate estate invested therein.
When this case was here on former appeal, we came to the conclusion, alter a careful review and consideration, that the sum paid by complainant to the defendant was less than the amount paid by him for the judgment, and, therefore, a trust of the legal estate in the entire lands did not result. But we were, also, of opinion that a constructive trust arose in favor of complainant, to the amount of the funds of her .separate estate used in reimbursing defendant on account of the purchase of the .judgment, with which she was entitled to charge the lands; and remanded the cause that complainant, if so advised, might amend her bill to meet this state of the evidence. — 87 Ala. 395. It seemed to us, at that time, that the bill was amendable, and upon further consideration and investigation we have found no cause to change the first impression. It is true, the original bill proceeds on the ground that the judgment was purchased and wholly paid for with funds of complainant’s separate estate; and the amendment proceeds on the ground, that only a part thereof was- so paid. Notwithstanding this variation of allegations, the subject-matter of the amended and original bills is the same; the cause of [561] action is unchanged; the same character of relief is appropriate to the facts stated in both, differing only in extent, and the same defenses are applicable.
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CLOPTON, J.
— We shall first consider the questions arising on the demurrer to the bill as amended after the cause was remanded on the former appeal. Except as to the statute of limitations and the vagueness and uncertainty of averments, the several grounds of demurrer may be comprehended in one general cause — namely, that the amendment introduces a new cause of action, makes a new case, and is a radical departure [559] from the scope, objects and prayer of the original bill, as first amended. The special assignments of demurrer are specifications of .the particular matters in which the pleader alleges the departure consists.
Prior to the enactment of the statute of amendments in equity, complainants who had just causes of action, and title to relief, were often defeated, because of the insufficiency of the statements of the bill, or a variance between the allegations and proof, or the inconsistency of the case established by the evidence with that made by fhe bill, resulting from the existing rule of practice, that the allowance of amendments curing defects other than merely formal, after the cause was at issue, rested in the discretion of the chancellor. To remedy this evil, a statute broad and liberal was adopted, declaring, “Amendments to bills must be allowed at any time before final decree, by striking out, or- adding new parties, or to meet any state of evidence which will authorize relief.” — Code, § 3449. To prevent other and as great evils — the embarrassment of defendants in making defense, and confusion in the administration of justice — the statute was construed not to allow the introduction of an entirely new cause of action or case, or an entire change of parties. Within this limitation, reasonably construed, an amendment which is designed to cure mistakes, errors, or insufficiencies in the allegations of the bill, or vary them ás to a subject already in issue, so as “to meet any state of the evidence which will authorize relief,” should and must be allowed. The limitations on the right to amend should not be so rigorously applied, as to defeat the remedial purpose and just policy of the statute.
Whether an amendment falls within the limitations on the exercise of the right is sometimes a subtile and difficult matter, requiring nice discrimination. The usual tests are, whether the original and amended bills found the right of complainant to relief on different and consistent titles (Penn v. Spence, 54 Ala. 35); or present entirely new or inconsistent claims, based on differing state of facts (Ward v. Patton, 75 Ala. 207); or, whether the kind or character of relief, not the degree or extent, appropriate to one state of facts is inappropriate,to the other; or whether the same defenses are applicable. — Park v. Lide, 90 Ala. 246; Caldwell v. King, 76 Ala. 149. In other words, whether the matters of the original and amended bills could have been properly stated in the alternative, in the original bill.
So far as material in considering the propriety of allowing the amendment, the allegations of the original bill are, substantially, that a judgment for several thousand dollars, which had [560] been rendered against the husband of complainant, and for which defendant was liable as a surety, was purchased and paid for with the proceeds of one hundred shares of the capital stock of the Gainesville National Bank, the statutory separate estate of complainant, and transferred to defendant as her agent, to be used in the purchase of the lands of her husband for her benefit, if they were sold under execution on the judgment ; that the lands were subsequently sold under execution, ' and purchased by defendant as her agent, and for her benefit, using the j udgment in payment of the purchase-money, and flie deeds taken in his own name as agent. The special prayer is, that the lands be decreed to be the property of complainant, defendant be compelled to surrender possession and ■convey them to her, and that an account of the rents, income and profits be taken. There is, also, a prayer for general relief. The amendment alleges that the judgment was purchased and transferred to defendant for the benefit of complainant anil his own protection, and that complainant reimbursed him, , on account of the purchase of the judgment, the sum of sixty-four hundred dollars with the proceeds of her bank stock. It strikes out the averments in the original bill as to the rents, income, and profits, and alleges the right to recover the corpus of her separate estate invested in the lands, and substitutes lor (he special prayer that defendant be decreed a trustee in invltum, and a lien be declared on the lands to the extent of her separate estate invested therein.
When this case was here on former appeal, we came to the conclusion, alter a careful review and consideration, that the sum paid by complainant to the defendant was less than the amount paid by him for the judgment, and, therefore, a trust of the legal estate in the entire lands did not result. But we were, also, of opinion that a constructive trust arose in favor of complainant, to the amount of the funds of her .separate estate used in reimbursing defendant on account of the purchase of the .judgment, with which she was entitled to charge the lands; and remanded the cause that complainant, if so advised, might amend her bill to meet this state of the evidence. — 87 Ala. 395. It seemed to us, at that time, that the bill was amendable, and upon further consideration and investigation we have found no cause to change the first impression. It is true, the original bill proceeds on the ground that the judgment was purchased and wholly paid for with funds of complainant’s separate estate; and the amendment proceeds on the ground, that only a part thereof was- so paid. Notwithstanding this variation of allegations, the subject-matter of the amended and original bills is the same; the cause of [561] action is unchanged; the same character of relief is appropriate to the facts stated in both, differing only in extent, and the same defenses are applicable.
We do not understand, hs counsel for appellant insist, that complainant by the amendment has abandoned her claim, that the judgment was purchased and transferred for her benefit for the purpose of buying the lands, and now proceeds against defendant as for a conversion of her bank shares, seeking to subject lands bought by defendant for himself, to sale for her repayment. Such is not the theory of the amendment. By its allegations, complainant virtually ratifies the conversion, if any, and the use of her money in part reimbursement of defendant; and bases her right solely on the use of the judgment in purchasing the lands. Had the averments of the original bill been established by the proof, complainant would have been entitled, at her election, to have decreed a resulting-trust in the legal estate in the entire lands, or a trust and lien fastened on them for her repayment. — Morgan v. Morgan, 66 Ala. 80. And on the allegations of the amended bill, she is entitled to have a trust and lien fastened on the lands for the repayment of the amount of her separate funds invested in them, which trust and lien extend to the whole lands. Lewis v. Montg. Mu. B. & L. Asso., 70 Ala. 276. We regard the amended bill, not as introducing a new cause of action, a radical departure from the cause of action upon which the original bill was founded, but as varying the allegations as to a subject already in issue, so as to meet a state of the evidence which authorized relief. — Stein v. Robertson, 30 Ala. 286; Johnson v. Frowner, 28 Ala. 580; Conner v. Smith, 88 Ala. 300; Pitts v. Powledege, 56 Ala. 147; Shelby v. Tardy, 84 Ala. 327.
The general rule is, that an original and amended bill form one entire bill, the amendment being regarded as having relation to the commencement of the suit. True, when any new claim or matter is introduced, this rule does not operate to deprive the defendant of the right to insist upon the statute of limitations, if the bar is complete when the amendment is allowed; but, when no new matter or claim is introduced, the allegations being varied as to the subject within the Us pendens, then the statute will run only to the filing of the original bill. — King v. Avery, 37 Ala. 169; Adams v. Phillips, 75 Ala. 461. The original bill was filed in less than six years after the purchase of the lands, and, as we have shown, the amendment introduces no new claim, or cause of action.
On the former consideration of this case, we reached the conclusion, from the evidence then before us, that defendant [562] borrowed, or advanced bjr request of complainant, the money to purchase the judgment, and that the note for sixty-four hundred dollars was given to reimburse him in part; also, that complainant’s certificates of stock were sent to him with this note, and the proceeds thereof applied to its payment. The reasons for this conclusion are fully stated in the opinion then delivered; repetition is unnecessary. A material controverted question was, on the former appeal, as now, whether the proceeds of the stock were applied to the payment of this note, or Mitchell’s notes held by the Gainesville bank. We then said that the evidence could be reconciled only on the theory, ‘-that there was some unexplained connection between the settlement of Mitchell’s notes with the Gainesville bank and the payment of the note for $6,400.” We did not mean by this, that the latter constituted any part of Mitchell’s indebtedness to the bank, but simply some undisclosed connection as to their settlement, ox payment. Consideration of the-evidence taken since the bill was amended, in connection with that previously taken, confirms our former conclusions. Defendant’s version is, that upon an adjustment of their business matters in December, 1879, Mitchell made three several notes of specified amounts, for the purpose of raising money by discounting them, with which to pay the balance of his indebtedness to the Gainesville bank, after appropriating thereto the proceeds of complainant’s bank stock, and also the note for $6,400 ;r and that the note was paid with money secured by discounting these several notes. Admitting that such arrangement was made between Mitchell and defendant,. there is no pretense that complainant was a party, or consented to the same. As shown by the statement of defendant in various letters, her stock was pledged as collateral security for the note given by her which was held by the Mobile Savings Bank, and defendant and her husband could not apply it otherwise, at least, without her consent. Independent of this, the payment- of. the note with the money raised by discounting the notes of Mitchell is inconsistent with other ■ evidence. ,
Passing a comparison of the statement of defendant, that some of the notes made by Mitchell in December, 1879, were discounted in the National Commercial Bank, with the testimony of Pope, the book-keeper, that the notes of Mitchell of ' corresponding amounts discounted by that bank, on account of defendant, were, dated December 17th, 1881; we will allude ■ briefly to some of the salient points of the evidence as to the money with which Mitchell’s notes to the bank and the note for $6,400 were respectively paid. On the books of the ■ [563] Gainesville bank, two accounts were kept with defendant, one his individual account, and the other as banker, either he, or the National Bank of which he was president, being the fiscal agent in Mobile of the Gainesville bank, which went into voluntary liquidation in 1879. It appears from the testimony of Woodruff, the cashier of the Gainesville bank, that Mitchell’s notes were charged January 6th, 1880, to “A. A. Winston, banker’s account,” and credited to bills discounted; and that on the 16th of the same month, defendant deposited in the National Commercial Bank the sum of $20,000.65 to the credit of the Gainesville bank, which sum was credited to defendant on his banker’s account, the notes of Mitchell and others being itemized in the credit. The witness then states, “the notes were in this way settled so far as Mitchell was concerned, on the 6th January, 1880, and became charges against A. A. Winston, indorser.” While the evidence does not show from what sources defendant obtained the money thus deposited, it is apparent that no part of it consisted of the proceeds of complainant’s stock, unless it be sixteen hundred dollars, which defendant received January 15th, 1880, on account of twenty shares, and that a large part of the Mitchell notes was paid out of this deposit, and with the individual money of defendant. This is manifest from defendant’s letter of March 15th, 1885, to complainant, wherein he writes: “I paid the Gainesville bank with my money for Mr. Mitchell on his notes that I was security for,” stating four several sums amounting in the aggregate to $7,912.85.
According to the defendant’s own testimony, he paid the note for $6,400, less the interest, February 28th, 1880, though not then due, by a check on the National Commercial Bank, and on the next day gave the bank a receipt for sixty-four hundred dollars on eighty shares of complainant’s stock, and subsequently wrote across the face of the note, “paid by 80 shares, $6,400 of it, Martha A. Mitchell bank stock.” It is said, however, that the receipt to the Commercial Bank specifies on its face, “Cr. on D. Mitchell’s notes.” What notes? By reference to the check, with which he states the note for $6,400 was paid, we find that it is directed as follows: “Pay to D. M. note, or bearer.” From the payment of the note and the receipt of the money from the bank cotemporaneously, as may be said, the inference seems irresistible, that the receipt and check refer to the same note, and, also, that it was paid with the proceeds of eighty shares of complainant’s stock. The only explanation given by defendant of the entry on the note is, “a careful examination of the entries and papers connected with these matters, which I have had to make since [564] this suit was commenced, satisfies me that such indorsement was an error,' doubtless made at the time under a confusion of ideas as to the relation which the matters connected with the Mitchell matters bore to each other.” This can scarcely be regarded satisfactory. It must be admitted that the testimony is inreconcilable in many respects, and it is not our purpose to impugn the motives or veracity of any witness. The differences have no doubt grown out of the imperfections of memory and confusion of circumstances. In such case, the mind, unable to reconcile the-discrepancies, recurs with reasonable satisfaction to the entry on the note as to the character of the funds with which it was paid, made when the facts were known and fresh, especially when consistent with and corroborated by other writings made at or near the same time, such as the check and receipt.
The decree from which the appeal is taken was rendered and enrolled Sept. 10th, 1890. The appeal was granted and supersedeas bond given Oct. 17, 1890. During the ensuing term of the court, but after the appeal was taken, the chancellor, on application of complainant, amended and modified the decree, so as to charge defendant with interest from February 28, 1887, instead of from June 6, 1881. True, the rule of practice provides, that when a decree is rendered in vacation, either party may apply for a re-hearing by the second day of the next ensuing term of the court; yet, whether an amendment or modification of the decree after an appeal has been taken comes within the operation of the rule, is at least questionable. In the decree from which the appeal is taken,, there is error. The effect of a judgment of affirmance, without correcting the decree, would be to affirm it as it was when the appeal was taken — an erroneous decree. We shall, therefore, adopt the safer course, correcting the decree in the manner amended by the chancellor, and affirm it as corrected.
Appellant will pay the costs of appeal in this court, and each party will pay one-half of the costs of appeal in the.Chancery Court. No damages will be allowed.
Corrected and affirmed.