1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date. 6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 BOBBY WINDHAM and 8 VICKIE K. WINDHAM,
9 Plaintiff-Appellants,
10 v. NO. 29,212
11 L.C.I.2., INC., a New Mexico 12 corporation,
13 Defendant-Appellee.
14 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TAOS COUNTY 15 Michael E. Vigil, District Judge
16 Will Ferguson & Associates 17 David M. Houliston 18 Albuquerque, NM
19 Sanders and Westbrook, PC 20 Maureen Sanders 21 Albuquerque, NM
22 for Appellants
23 Law Office of Paul S. Grand, P.A. 24 Paul S. Grand 25 Santa Fe, NM
26 for Appellee 1 MEMORANDUM OPINION
2 VIGIL, Judge.
3 The employee of a roofing subcontractor (Plaintiff) fell through a skylight
4 opening while he was constructing the roof on a new building. Plaintiff sued L.C.I.2,
5 Inc. (Defendant), the general contractor of the building project, alleging negligence
6 in failing to provide Plaintiff with a safe workplace. On the same basis, Plaintiff’s
7 wife sought damages, alleging loss of consortium. A demand was filed for a twelve-
8 person jury to decide all issues of fact. Defendant moved for summary judgment on
9 grounds that Defendant did not retain control of the work premises or the manner in
10 which the subcontractor installed the roof. The district court granted Defendant’s
11 motion and dismissed the suit with prejudice. We reverse.
12 BACKGROUND
13 Defendant was the general contractor for the construction of a new swimming
14 pool building (the project) for the Town of Taos. Defendant contracted with Safety
15 Counselling, Inc., (Safety Counselling) to provide safety consultations. Defendant
16 also contracted with Newt & Butch’s Roofing & Sheet Metal, Inc., (Subcontractor)
17 to install the roof on the building. Plaintiff was employed by Subcontractor as a
18 roofer and was the foreman for the project.
19 On the day of the accident, Plaintiff’s crew was installing sheets of vinyl
20 membrane over the insulation on the roof. Plaintiff instructed his crew to roll the
2 1 vinyl sheets over openings in the roof reserved for skylights, and then cut the vinyl
2 around the perimeter of each skylight, making the opening visible. The skylight
3 opening was not visible while the vinyl was covering it.
4 As Plaintiff’s crew was beginning to roll and cut the vinyl on the roof, an
5 employee of Safety Counselling climbed onto the roof and told Plaintiff that the
6 skylight openings needed to be covered up to prevent someone from falling through
7 them. Plaintiff went to get materials to cover the skylight openings, and when he
8 returned to the roof, Plaintiff fell through a skylight opening which had just been
9 covered with vinyl by his crew. Plaintiff fell through the hole as his crew was cutting
10 the vinyl around the skylight opening.
11 This suit followed. The district court granted Defendant summary judgment on
12 grounds that Defendant did not retain control of the work premises or the manner in
13 which Subcontractor installed the roof. Plaintiff and his wife appeal.
14 DISCUSSION
15 Standard of Review
16 “Summary judgment is proper if there are no genuine issues of material fact and
17 the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Roth v. Thompson, 113 N.M.
18 331, 334, 825 P.2d 1241, 1244 (1992); see Rule 1-056 NMRA. “We review these
19 legal questions de novo.” Self v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 1998-NMSC-046, ¶ 6, 126
20 N.M. 396, 970 P.2d 582. In doing so, we view the facts in the light most favorable to
3 1 the non-moving party and indulge all reasonable inferences in support of a trial on the
2 merits. Ocana v. Am. Furniture Co., 2004-NMSC-018, ¶ 12, 135 N.M. 539, 91 P.3d
3 58. “Even if the basic material facts are undisputed, if equally logical, but conflicting,
4 reasonable inferences can be drawn from these facts, an award of summary judgment
5 is improper.” Marquez v. Gomez, 116 N.M. 626, 631, 866 P.2d 354, 359 (Ct. App.
6 1991).
7 General Contractor Liability to Employees of Subcontractors
8 As a general rule, a general contractor who employs a subcontractor does not
9 owe any duty of care to the subcontractor’s employees. See Tipton v. Texaco, Inc.,
10 103 N.M. 689, 694, 712 P.2d 1351, 1356 (1985). However, the general rule is subject
11 to numerous exceptions. See W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser & Keeton on the Law of
12 Torts § 71, at 510 (5th ed. 1984); see also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 409 cmt.
13 b (1965) (stating that the exceptions are so numerous that it can now be said that the
14 general rule is only “general” in the sense that it is applied where no good reason can
15 be found for departing from it). This case concerns one of those exceptions: the duty
16 to provide a safe workplace for a subcontractor’s employees.
17 The parties agree that a general contractor’s duty to provide a safe workplace
18 to employees of a subcontractor is well settled and defined by Fresquez v.
19 Southwestern Industrial Contractors & Riggers, Inc., 89 N.M. 525, 554 P.2d 986 (Ct.
20 App. 1976). Specifically, the parties agree that under Fresquez, the duty arises where
4 1 the general contractor retains control over the work premises or control over the
2 manner in which the work of the subcontractor is performed. We also agree.
3 Fresquez states, “Absent control over the job location or direction of the manner in
4 which the delegated tasks are carried out, the general contractor is not liable for
5 injuries to employees of the subcontractor resulting from either the condition of the
6 premises or the manner in which the work is performed.” Id. at 530-31, 554 P.2d at
7 991-92 (quoting Wolczak v. Nat’l Elec. Prods. Corp., 168 A.2d 412 (N.J. Super. Ct.
8 App. Div. 1961) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
9 In this case, Defendant owed a duty to Plaintiff to provide a safe work place if
10 (1) Defendant retained control over the job location; or (2) Defendant directed the
11 manner in which Subcontractor was to perform its tasks. Whether either condition
12 exists involves to some degree a function of the kind of control retained or exercised
13 by the general contractor over the work premises or the subcontractor’s work. These
14 are fact-based questions which do not lend themselves easily to resolution by
5 1 summary judgment. See Pollock v. State Highway & Transp. Dep’t, 1999-NMCA-
2 083, ¶ 20, 127 N.M. 521, 984 P.2d 768 (stating that the extent of the duty owed in the
3 factual context of a given case is a question for the jury); Pollard v. Westinghouse
4 Elec. Corp., 119 N.M.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date. 6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 BOBBY WINDHAM and 8 VICKIE K. WINDHAM,
9 Plaintiff-Appellants,
10 v. NO. 29,212
11 L.C.I.2., INC., a New Mexico 12 corporation,
13 Defendant-Appellee.
14 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TAOS COUNTY 15 Michael E. Vigil, District Judge
16 Will Ferguson & Associates 17 David M. Houliston 18 Albuquerque, NM
19 Sanders and Westbrook, PC 20 Maureen Sanders 21 Albuquerque, NM
22 for Appellants
23 Law Office of Paul S. Grand, P.A. 24 Paul S. Grand 25 Santa Fe, NM
26 for Appellee 1 MEMORANDUM OPINION
2 VIGIL, Judge.
3 The employee of a roofing subcontractor (Plaintiff) fell through a skylight
4 opening while he was constructing the roof on a new building. Plaintiff sued L.C.I.2,
5 Inc. (Defendant), the general contractor of the building project, alleging negligence
6 in failing to provide Plaintiff with a safe workplace. On the same basis, Plaintiff’s
7 wife sought damages, alleging loss of consortium. A demand was filed for a twelve-
8 person jury to decide all issues of fact. Defendant moved for summary judgment on
9 grounds that Defendant did not retain control of the work premises or the manner in
10 which the subcontractor installed the roof. The district court granted Defendant’s
11 motion and dismissed the suit with prejudice. We reverse.
12 BACKGROUND
13 Defendant was the general contractor for the construction of a new swimming
14 pool building (the project) for the Town of Taos. Defendant contracted with Safety
15 Counselling, Inc., (Safety Counselling) to provide safety consultations. Defendant
16 also contracted with Newt & Butch’s Roofing & Sheet Metal, Inc., (Subcontractor)
17 to install the roof on the building. Plaintiff was employed by Subcontractor as a
18 roofer and was the foreman for the project.
19 On the day of the accident, Plaintiff’s crew was installing sheets of vinyl
20 membrane over the insulation on the roof. Plaintiff instructed his crew to roll the
2 1 vinyl sheets over openings in the roof reserved for skylights, and then cut the vinyl
2 around the perimeter of each skylight, making the opening visible. The skylight
3 opening was not visible while the vinyl was covering it.
4 As Plaintiff’s crew was beginning to roll and cut the vinyl on the roof, an
5 employee of Safety Counselling climbed onto the roof and told Plaintiff that the
6 skylight openings needed to be covered up to prevent someone from falling through
7 them. Plaintiff went to get materials to cover the skylight openings, and when he
8 returned to the roof, Plaintiff fell through a skylight opening which had just been
9 covered with vinyl by his crew. Plaintiff fell through the hole as his crew was cutting
10 the vinyl around the skylight opening.
11 This suit followed. The district court granted Defendant summary judgment on
12 grounds that Defendant did not retain control of the work premises or the manner in
13 which Subcontractor installed the roof. Plaintiff and his wife appeal.
14 DISCUSSION
15 Standard of Review
16 “Summary judgment is proper if there are no genuine issues of material fact and
17 the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Roth v. Thompson, 113 N.M.
18 331, 334, 825 P.2d 1241, 1244 (1992); see Rule 1-056 NMRA. “We review these
19 legal questions de novo.” Self v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 1998-NMSC-046, ¶ 6, 126
20 N.M. 396, 970 P.2d 582. In doing so, we view the facts in the light most favorable to
3 1 the non-moving party and indulge all reasonable inferences in support of a trial on the
2 merits. Ocana v. Am. Furniture Co., 2004-NMSC-018, ¶ 12, 135 N.M. 539, 91 P.3d
3 58. “Even if the basic material facts are undisputed, if equally logical, but conflicting,
4 reasonable inferences can be drawn from these facts, an award of summary judgment
5 is improper.” Marquez v. Gomez, 116 N.M. 626, 631, 866 P.2d 354, 359 (Ct. App.
6 1991).
7 General Contractor Liability to Employees of Subcontractors
8 As a general rule, a general contractor who employs a subcontractor does not
9 owe any duty of care to the subcontractor’s employees. See Tipton v. Texaco, Inc.,
10 103 N.M. 689, 694, 712 P.2d 1351, 1356 (1985). However, the general rule is subject
11 to numerous exceptions. See W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser & Keeton on the Law of
12 Torts § 71, at 510 (5th ed. 1984); see also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 409 cmt.
13 b (1965) (stating that the exceptions are so numerous that it can now be said that the
14 general rule is only “general” in the sense that it is applied where no good reason can
15 be found for departing from it). This case concerns one of those exceptions: the duty
16 to provide a safe workplace for a subcontractor’s employees.
17 The parties agree that a general contractor’s duty to provide a safe workplace
18 to employees of a subcontractor is well settled and defined by Fresquez v.
19 Southwestern Industrial Contractors & Riggers, Inc., 89 N.M. 525, 554 P.2d 986 (Ct.
20 App. 1976). Specifically, the parties agree that under Fresquez, the duty arises where
4 1 the general contractor retains control over the work premises or control over the
2 manner in which the work of the subcontractor is performed. We also agree.
3 Fresquez states, “Absent control over the job location or direction of the manner in
4 which the delegated tasks are carried out, the general contractor is not liable for
5 injuries to employees of the subcontractor resulting from either the condition of the
6 premises or the manner in which the work is performed.” Id. at 530-31, 554 P.2d at
7 991-92 (quoting Wolczak v. Nat’l Elec. Prods. Corp., 168 A.2d 412 (N.J. Super. Ct.
8 App. Div. 1961) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
9 In this case, Defendant owed a duty to Plaintiff to provide a safe work place if
10 (1) Defendant retained control over the job location; or (2) Defendant directed the
11 manner in which Subcontractor was to perform its tasks. Whether either condition
12 exists involves to some degree a function of the kind of control retained or exercised
13 by the general contractor over the work premises or the subcontractor’s work. These
14 are fact-based questions which do not lend themselves easily to resolution by
5 1 summary judgment. See Pollock v. State Highway & Transp. Dep’t, 1999-NMCA-
2 083, ¶ 20, 127 N.M. 521, 984 P.2d 768 (stating that the extent of the duty owed in the
3 factual context of a given case is a question for the jury); Pollard v. Westinghouse
4 Elec. Corp., 119 N.M. 783, 785, 895 P.2d 683, 685 (Ct. App. 1995) (stating the extent
5 of the duty owed by a general contractor to employees of a subcontractor is to some
6 degree a function of control either retained or exercised by the general contractor over
7 the work performed, and this is primarily a fact question which does not lend itself to
8 resolution by summary judgment). It is only “when no [material] facts are in dispute
9 and the undisputed facts lend themselves to only one conclusion, [that] the issue may
10 properly be decided as a matter of law.” Ovecka v. Burlington N. Santa Fe Ry. Co.,
11 2008-NMCA-140, ¶ 9, 145 N.M. 113, 194 P.3d 728. With these principles in mind,
12 we now turn to the pertinent facts in the summary judgment record.
13 Factual Issues On Control of the Premises and Control of the Work
14 The roof installation process was as follows. When Subcontractor arrived on
15 the job site, the roof consisted of only iron bar joists placed horizontally across the
16 length of the roof. Subcontractor first laid and welded steel bar joists, called bulb tees,
17 perpendicularly to the horizontal bar joists. This process created a checkerboard
18 pattern of equally-sized 4 by 8 foot rectangles. Subcontractor then installed wood
19 panels, called tectum decking, into the 4 by 8 foot rectangles. To install the tectum
20 decking, Subcontractor’s workers would start at the bottom of the sloped roof at one
6 1 end and worked their way up the roof. As they installed the tectum decking, a
2 walking surface was created on the roof, but wood panels were not placed into certain
3 openings reserved for skylights that were larger in size than the 4 by 8 foot
4 dimensions of the wood panels. Once the tectum decking was installed, a solid
5 surface was created for the roof, except that there remained uncovered frames for the
6 skylights. Subcontractor then screwed insulation over the tectum decking panels. The
7 insulation panels also had 4 by 8 foot dimensions. Next, Subcontractor installed vinyl
8 or TPO membrane over the insulation. The vinyl came in 10-foot wide strips that
9 were rolled across the length of the roof. Lastly, Subcontractor was to install a sheet
10 metal exterior to the roof.
11 In light of this factual setting, a jury could conclude from the following
12 additional facts in the summary judgment record that there were two separate jobs
13 with two separate job sites: installation of the roof and the roof area installed by
14 Subcontractor on the one hand, and installation and management of the skylights and
15 the holes for installation of the skylights on the other hand. Further, the jury could
16 conclude that the holes for installation of the skylights were an area controlled by
17 Defendant. The additional facts in the summary judgment record are the following.
18 One of Subcontractor’s owners, Butch Wilson, stated that the job under the
19 subcontract was only to install the bulb tees, tectum decking, insulation, membrane,
20 and the roofing sheet metal. According to Wilson, Subcontractor’s job did not include
7 1 installing the skylights, and it did not determine where the skylights would be
2 placed—the project architect made that determination. Wilson stated that on roofing
3 projects skylight openings are generally framed in with steel before the roofing
4 process begins. Wilson said that the proper procedure for laying the vinyl would have
5 been to roll it out until a skylight opening was reached and to then cut the vinyl off
6 and continue to roll it on the other side of the opening. The roofers would then fill in
7 the area around the skylight with extra pieces of vinyl.
8 Wilson said that it was not part of Subcontractor’s job to provide guards for the
9 skylight openings, and that Subcontractor would have had to order additional
10 materials besides the roofing materials to create safety rails. In this regard, the
11 subcontract provides that Subcontractor was required to furnish only the materials
12 necessary to install the roof decking and the roof. Wilson also said that Defendant
13 should have ordered guards that could be installed right after the tectum decking was
14 in place and then Subcontractor could proceed with installing the insulation and vinyl
15 after the safety rails were in place. However, he did not know whose responsibility
16 it was to install guardrails to the skylight openings or to similarly prevent the fall
17 hazard by covering the openings with other material.
18 According to Plaintiff’s affidavit, the frames for the skylights were already
19 installed in the framing of the roof when he arrived at the job site, and he did not
20 construct or have any input as to the size, spacing, or configuration of the skylight
8 1 openings. On the date of the accident, the openings for the skylights had existed for
2 more than thirty days and were larger than the dimensions of the tectum decking used
3 by Subcontractor. Plaintiff said the curbing should have been completed before he
4 began to lay the vinyl, but it was not. According to Plaintiff, someone else was to
5 install glass or plastic on top of the skylight opening and a curb around the skylight.
6 One of Plaintiff’s crew employees (Desi Diaz), also asserted that it was not a part of
7 Subcontractor’s job to physically install the skylights or the curbs.
8 From the foregoing facts, a jury could conclude that Defendant retained control
9 over the work premises of the skylight openings. These include that the skylights
10 were already framed before Subcontractor began the roof installation; that the
11 subcontract only required Subcontractor to furnish roofing materials, which did not
12 include materials for guardrails or hole coverings; that Subcontractor was not involved
13 in the planning, placing, or installation of the skylights frames; that Subcontractor’s
14 work only involved the area around the perimeter of the skylight openings; and that
15 Subcontractor was not responsible for placing the curbing or glass on the skylight
16 openings. Thus, a jury could conclude that Subcontractor’s work premises only
17 included the areas in which it was to install the roofing materials and that Defendant
18 retained control of the skylight openings themselves.
19 A jury could also conclude from the facts presented that Defendant retained
20 control of the details of installing the roof insofar as the skylights are concerned. That
9 1 is, a jury could find that Defendant retained control of the entire skylight installation
2 process to the exclusion of Subcontractor. The facts support findings that
3 Subcontractor could not install the roof entirely in its own way because it had to
4 account for how to handle the pre-formed skylight frames in its roofing process;
5 Subcontractor was not involved with planning or installing the skylight frames;
6 Subcontractor was not required to provide materials for installation of the skylights
7 or guardrails; and Subcontractor did not control any details of the skylight installation.
8 A jury could reasonably conclude that Subcontractor did not have any say as to the
9 planning, placing, or installation of the skylights such that it controlled any details of
10 the dangerous work condition.
11 Defendant argues that it did not retain control of the roof, which constituted the
12 work premises, or of the manner in which Subcontractor installed the roof. Plaintiff
13 counters that the specific instrumentality creating the dangerous condition causing
14 Plaintiff’s injuries was not the roof installed by Subcontractor or any piece of
15 equipment supplied by Subcontractor. Instead, Plaintiff argues, the cause was the
16 unprotected skylight opening, which Subcontractor did not design, create, or control.
17 In our view, the facts and inferences could support either assertion. We therefore
18 conclude that Defendant was not entitled to summary judgment.
19 CONCLUSION
20 The order of the district court is reversed.
10 1 IT IS SO ORDERED.
2 _______________________________ 3 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge
4 WE CONCUR:
5 _________________________________ 6 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
7 _________________________________ 8 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge