Keith, P.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
C. O. Wilson gave notice of motion for judgment against the administrator of J. G. Harman, James Wooldridge and W. M. Higginbotham. The notice was in the following words :
“You are hereby notified that on the 20th day of February, 1915, which is the sixth day of the February term of the Circuit Court of Tazewell county, Virginia, I shall move the said court for the said county, for a judgment against you for the sum of $300.00 and interest thereon from the 20th day of March, 1912, as evidenced by a certain bond, a copy of which is hereto attached, for the sum of Three Hundred Dollars.
(Signed) “C. C. WILSON,
“By Counsel.”
The bond is in the following words:
“Twelve months after date we, or either of us, promise and bind ourselves, our heirs, etc., to pay O. C. Wilson Three Hundred Dollars for value received of him, with interest at 6 per cent, per annum until paid, and we hereby waive our homestead exemption law as to this debt, as witness our hands and seals this March 20, 1912.
“J. G. HAKMAN, (Seal)
“JAMES WQOLDKIDGE, (Seal)
“w. m. Higginbotham, (Seal).
At a subsequent day James Wooldridge, one of the obligors, entered the following plea:
[211]*211“Tbe said defendant, James Wooldridge, by his attorneys, comes and says that tbe supposed writing obligatory in tbe notice mentioned is not bis deed; and of tbis he puts himself upon tbe country.” And made tbe following affidavit:
“Tbis day tbe above-named defendant, James Wooldridge, personally appeared before me in my said county and made oath that tbe statements of tbe foregoing plea are true.” Attested by A. C. Buchanan, notary public.
Higginbotham appeared and pleaded “that tbe alleged instrument is not tbe note and instrument of tbis defendant, and be denies tbe signature of his name thereon to be bis bandwriting and signature, and denies that be is liable thereon for anything; and files tbis bis plea of non est factum, under which be expects and gives notice of his intention to prove that said instrument was never signed by him in bis bandwriting, or recognized or authorized by him as and for bis signature,” and tbis paper was accompanied by an affidavit. Subsequently Higginbotham appeared and pleaded non est factum, and to that plea be also made affidavit.
Upon these pleas tbe case was tried and tbe jury found a verdict in favor of tbe plaintiff against tbe administrator of J. Gr. Harman, deceased, and on tbe issue joined between tbe plaintiff and tbe defendants, James Wooldridge and W. M. Higginbotham, they found for tbe defendants. Thereupon, tbe plaintiff moved tbe court to set aside tbe verdict in favor of Wooldridge and Higginbotham, which motion tbe court overruled, and tbe plaintiff excepted. Judgment was then entered in accordance with tbe verdict, and tbe case is before us upon a writ of error.
Tbe writ of error and supersedeas awarded in tbis case only operates as to tbe judgment in favor of James Wooldridge, no question being made in tbis court with respect to tbe judgment in favor of Higginbotham.
Tbe first error assigned by tbe petitioner is that James [212]*212Wooldridge, while he verified his formal common-law plea as required by section 3278 of the Code, did not make and file with it the affidavit required by section 3279.
Section 3278 is as follows: “Ho plea in abatement or plea of non est factum shall be received, unless it be verified by oath.”
And section 3279 says: “Where a bill, declaration, or other pleading alleges that any person made, endorsed, assigned, or accepted any writing, no proof of the fact alleged shall be required, unless an affidavit be filed with the pleading putting it in issue, denying that such endorsement, assignment, acceptance, or other writing was made by the person charged therewith, or by any one thereto authorized by him.”
It will be observed, on comparing the notice in this case with section 3279, that it contains no allegation that any person made, endorsed, assigned, or accepted any writing, and applying to plaintiff in error the same strictness as to pleading which he invokes with respect to the defendant in error, it might well be held that he was not entitled to the benefit of section 3279. But there is a more meritorious answer to be made to this assignment of error.
In the plea of non est factum, James Wooldridge declares that the supposed writing obligatory in the notice mentioned is not his deed, and in his affidavit filed with the plea he makes oath that the statements of-the foregoing plea are true. It would seem, therefore, that with respect to the plea of non est factum, which is necessarily verified by affidavit by the express terms of the statute, it would be a work of supererogation to make substantially a similar affidavit under section 3279. We are of opinion that there is no merit in this contention.
During the progress of the trial, James Wooldridge took the stand to testify in his own behalf. His testimony was objected to upon the ground that J. G. Harman, whose name is signed to the bond sued on, is dead; but the court overruled the objection and permitted Wooldridge to testify.
[213]*213Section 3346, subsection 2, of tbe Oode is as follows: “Where one of the original parties to the contract or other transaction, which is the subject of investigation, is incapable of testifying by reason of death, insanity, infancy, or other legal cause, the other party to such contract or transaction shall not be admitted to testify in his own favor or in favor of any other person whose interest is adverse to that of the party so incapable of testifying,, unless he be first called to testify in behalf of such last-mentioned party; or unless some person, having an interest in or under such contract or transaction, derived from the party so incapable of testifying, has testified in behalf of the latter or of himself as to such contract or transaction; or unless the said contract or transaction was personally made or had with an agent of the party so incapable of testifying, and such agent is alive and capable of testifying.”
If that section stood alone, we would have no difficulty in holding, upon the authority of numerous cases in this court, notably that of Grigsby v. Simpson, 28 Gratt. (69 Va. 348, that the witness was incompetent; but section 3347 of the Oode seems to require a different conclusion. It is there provided, that “where any of the original parties to the contract or other transaction which is the subject of investigation, are partners or other joint contractors, or jointly entitled or liable, and some of them have died or otherwise become incapable of testifying, the others, or such of them as there may be, with whom the contract or transaction was personally made or had, or in whose presence and with whose privity it was made or had, shall not, nor shall the adverse party, be incompetent to testify because some of the partners or joint contractors, or of those jointly entitled or liable, have died or otherwise become incapable of testifying.”
This section seems to have been passed to meet the decision of the court in Mason v.
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Keith, P.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
C. O. Wilson gave notice of motion for judgment against the administrator of J. G. Harman, James Wooldridge and W. M. Higginbotham. The notice was in the following words :
“You are hereby notified that on the 20th day of February, 1915, which is the sixth day of the February term of the Circuit Court of Tazewell county, Virginia, I shall move the said court for the said county, for a judgment against you for the sum of $300.00 and interest thereon from the 20th day of March, 1912, as evidenced by a certain bond, a copy of which is hereto attached, for the sum of Three Hundred Dollars.
(Signed) “C. C. WILSON,
“By Counsel.”
The bond is in the following words:
“Twelve months after date we, or either of us, promise and bind ourselves, our heirs, etc., to pay O. C. Wilson Three Hundred Dollars for value received of him, with interest at 6 per cent, per annum until paid, and we hereby waive our homestead exemption law as to this debt, as witness our hands and seals this March 20, 1912.
“J. G. HAKMAN, (Seal)
“JAMES WQOLDKIDGE, (Seal)
“w. m. Higginbotham, (Seal).
At a subsequent day James Wooldridge, one of the obligors, entered the following plea:
[211]*211“Tbe said defendant, James Wooldridge, by his attorneys, comes and says that tbe supposed writing obligatory in tbe notice mentioned is not bis deed; and of tbis he puts himself upon tbe country.” And made tbe following affidavit:
“Tbis day tbe above-named defendant, James Wooldridge, personally appeared before me in my said county and made oath that tbe statements of tbe foregoing plea are true.” Attested by A. C. Buchanan, notary public.
Higginbotham appeared and pleaded “that tbe alleged instrument is not tbe note and instrument of tbis defendant, and be denies tbe signature of his name thereon to be bis bandwriting and signature, and denies that be is liable thereon for anything; and files tbis bis plea of non est factum, under which be expects and gives notice of his intention to prove that said instrument was never signed by him in bis bandwriting, or recognized or authorized by him as and for bis signature,” and tbis paper was accompanied by an affidavit. Subsequently Higginbotham appeared and pleaded non est factum, and to that plea be also made affidavit.
Upon these pleas tbe case was tried and tbe jury found a verdict in favor of tbe plaintiff against tbe administrator of J. Gr. Harman, deceased, and on tbe issue joined between tbe plaintiff and tbe defendants, James Wooldridge and W. M. Higginbotham, they found for tbe defendants. Thereupon, tbe plaintiff moved tbe court to set aside tbe verdict in favor of Wooldridge and Higginbotham, which motion tbe court overruled, and tbe plaintiff excepted. Judgment was then entered in accordance with tbe verdict, and tbe case is before us upon a writ of error.
Tbe writ of error and supersedeas awarded in tbis case only operates as to tbe judgment in favor of James Wooldridge, no question being made in tbis court with respect to tbe judgment in favor of Higginbotham.
Tbe first error assigned by tbe petitioner is that James [212]*212Wooldridge, while he verified his formal common-law plea as required by section 3278 of the Code, did not make and file with it the affidavit required by section 3279.
Section 3278 is as follows: “Ho plea in abatement or plea of non est factum shall be received, unless it be verified by oath.”
And section 3279 says: “Where a bill, declaration, or other pleading alleges that any person made, endorsed, assigned, or accepted any writing, no proof of the fact alleged shall be required, unless an affidavit be filed with the pleading putting it in issue, denying that such endorsement, assignment, acceptance, or other writing was made by the person charged therewith, or by any one thereto authorized by him.”
It will be observed, on comparing the notice in this case with section 3279, that it contains no allegation that any person made, endorsed, assigned, or accepted any writing, and applying to plaintiff in error the same strictness as to pleading which he invokes with respect to the defendant in error, it might well be held that he was not entitled to the benefit of section 3279. But there is a more meritorious answer to be made to this assignment of error.
In the plea of non est factum, James Wooldridge declares that the supposed writing obligatory in the notice mentioned is not his deed, and in his affidavit filed with the plea he makes oath that the statements of-the foregoing plea are true. It would seem, therefore, that with respect to the plea of non est factum, which is necessarily verified by affidavit by the express terms of the statute, it would be a work of supererogation to make substantially a similar affidavit under section 3279. We are of opinion that there is no merit in this contention.
During the progress of the trial, James Wooldridge took the stand to testify in his own behalf. His testimony was objected to upon the ground that J. G. Harman, whose name is signed to the bond sued on, is dead; but the court overruled the objection and permitted Wooldridge to testify.
[213]*213Section 3346, subsection 2, of tbe Oode is as follows: “Where one of the original parties to the contract or other transaction, which is the subject of investigation, is incapable of testifying by reason of death, insanity, infancy, or other legal cause, the other party to such contract or transaction shall not be admitted to testify in his own favor or in favor of any other person whose interest is adverse to that of the party so incapable of testifying,, unless he be first called to testify in behalf of such last-mentioned party; or unless some person, having an interest in or under such contract or transaction, derived from the party so incapable of testifying, has testified in behalf of the latter or of himself as to such contract or transaction; or unless the said contract or transaction was personally made or had with an agent of the party so incapable of testifying, and such agent is alive and capable of testifying.”
If that section stood alone, we would have no difficulty in holding, upon the authority of numerous cases in this court, notably that of Grigsby v. Simpson, 28 Gratt. (69 Va. 348, that the witness was incompetent; but section 3347 of the Oode seems to require a different conclusion. It is there provided, that “where any of the original parties to the contract or other transaction which is the subject of investigation, are partners or other joint contractors, or jointly entitled or liable, and some of them have died or otherwise become incapable of testifying, the others, or such of them as there may be, with whom the contract or transaction was personally made or had, or in whose presence and with whose privity it was made or had, shall not, nor shall the adverse party, be incompetent to testify because some of the partners or joint contractors, or of those jointly entitled or liable, have died or otherwise become incapable of testifying.”
This section seems to have been passed to meet the decision of the court in Mason v. Wood, 27 Gratt. (68 Va.) 783. In that case there were several obligors, one of whom died, with [214]*214the result that it rendered the obligee in the bond incompetent to testify and that fact disqualified the remaining obligors.' This section was passed to meet that situation.
In the case before us there was one obligee, O. O. Wilson, and three obligors, Harman, Wooldridge and Higginbotham. Harman died before the institution of the suit and his administrator is a party. He was one of three obligors who were jointly liable. The transaction under investigation is a bond and two of the obligors therein, with whom the contract was personally made, are alive, and the section under consideration expressly declares that neither the surviving obligors nor the adverse party, who is Wilson, the obligee, shall be incompetent to testify because one of the joint obligors has died.
We are of opinion that the circuit court did not err in permitting Wooldridge to testify as a witness in the case.
During the progress of the trial the plaintiff in error introduced three witnesses, Preston, Gillespie and Brittain, who testified that from their knowledge of Wooldridge’s signature and the comparison they had made between the alleged signature on the bond and his admitted signature they were of opinion that the signature to the bond in suit purporting to have been made by him was genuine. After the evidence of the plaintiff and defendants had been introduced in chief, and after Wooldridge had testified that he never signed the bond sued on, the plaintiff reintroduced the witnesses Preston, Gillespie and Brittain, and asked them if the fact that Wooldridge denied the genuineness of his alleged signature to the bond in question would affect their opinion as to the genuineness of said signature. To this the defendant, Wooldridge, objected, and the court sustained his objection.
These witnesses had been fully examined. They had made the statement in chief as to their opinion of the genuineness of Wooldridge’s signature, and it was not proposed to- examine them upon any new or omitted fact not covered by their original testimony, but merely to ask them whether their opinion [215]*215had been changed by the testimony of Wooldridge that his supposed signature was a forgery. This practice, if sanctioned, would lead to an endless chain of iteration and reiteration, and we think the court committed no error in refusing to permit the witnesses to testify.
During the course of the trial three checks and four notes were submitted to a witness, who identified the signatures thereon as the genuine and true signatures of James Wooldridge, and thereupon the plaintiff, by counsel, took the checks and notes and the bond sued on, and handed them to the jury and asked the jury to examine the signatures thereto and compare the signature on the bond sued on with the signatures identified by the witness. Thereupon, the defendant, by counsel, objected to the jury being allowed to make the comparison, upon the ground that the jury were not experts in handwriting. Before the court had ruled upon this objection, plaintiff, by counsel, withdrew his request that the jury make such examination, and the papers were withdrawn from the jury by plaintiff’s counsel. After all the evidence had been introduced in the case and the jury had been instructed as to the law and heard the arguments of counsel, and were about to retire to consider of their verdict, plaintiff asked that the jury be allowed to take the papers to their room, and thereupon Wooldridge, by counsel, objected to the jury being allowed to take them and plaintiff insisted upon his request, basing it upon section 3388 of the Oode, which is as follows: “Papers read in evidence, though not under seal, may be carried from the bar by the jury.” But the court sustained the objection and refused to permit the jury to take the papers to their room, because they had not been introduced in evidence, but only used by plaintiff’s witnesses for the purpose of comparison, to which ruling of the court the plaintiff then and there excepted.
We think, looking to all the circumstances attending the incident, there was no error in the ruling of the court. The counsel for plaintiff in error, as appears from the bill of exceptions, [216]*216took the papers in. question and handed them to the jury to make an examination of them. To his doing ,this Wooldridge, the defendant, by counsel, objected, and before the court could rule upon the objection counsel for plaintiff in error withdrew the request and the papers were withdrawn from the jury by plaintiff’s counsel. It is plain, therefore, that they were not read in evidence before the jury in accordance with the terms of section 3388, and that there was no error in the ruling of the court complained of.
The instructions given to the jury by the court were not objected to, and upon the whole case we are of opinion that the judgment of the circuit court should be affirmed.
Affirmed.