Minee, J.
This action in ejectment was brought by the plaintiffs and appellants in Juab County against the defendant and respondent, to recover possession of a certain mining claim called the “ Steeple Chase” by the appellants, and the “Mormon Chief” by the respondent, located in Tintic mining district, State of Utah. The appellants insist that the Steeple Chase mining claim was located January 1, 1897, by one R. C. Alexander, their grantor, upon unappropriated mineral land of the United States, subject to location in observance of all the laws of the United States, and the by-laws of the Tintic mining district, and that the appellants are the owners thereof [70]*70subject to the paramount title therein in the United States, and that while the plaintiffs and their grantors were the owners and entitled to the possession of said Steeple Chase, mining claim, the defendant, on the 15th day of January, 1897, entered into possession of said claim, and unlawfully withheld the possession of said claim from the plaintiffs,- to their damage, etc.
It appears that J. F. Kappes, at the time of his death, September 24,. 1895, was the owner of the Mormon Chief, which covers the same ground as the Steeple Chase, located August 10, 1882, by W. W. Hinch and O. T. McMillan. The Pride of the Hills mine was located August 11, 1885, by J. F. Kappes. The Sunday mine was located January 21, 1890, by J. F. Kappes and George Kappes. The Sunday Extension was located November 29, 1890, by J. F. Kappes, and the Silver Star was located January 29, 1892, by J. F. Kappes. These five claims were lying contiguous to each other. Notice of the consolidation of these five claims for working purposes, including the Mormon Chief, was duly made and recorded, and the group consolidated on or before 1896. On November 9, 1895, Hugo Deprizen was appointed administrator of the estate of J. F. Kappes, deceased. The administrator expended five hundred dollars in assessment work on these consolidated claims in 1896, by running a tunnel in the Pride of the Hills mine, the work being completed on November 28, 1896. This work was done for development work, for the benefit of the five claims named.. On December 24, 1896, Deprezin as administrator, and under an order of the Probate Court, and by consent and agreement of all the heirs and parties interested in the estate of J. F. Kappes, deceased, entered into a contract to sell, bond, and lease said five claims to Valentine Kramer, for ten [71]*71thousand dollars, of which sum $1,563.31 was paid in cash with an option to pay the balance in two years. Kramer went into possession and at work on the five claims in December, 1896, and continued at work until January 7, 1897. On January 11, 1897, Kramer assigned his contract to Kirby, and on February 12, 1897, Kirby assigned his contract to the respondent, a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Utah. From January 5, 1897, to the time of the trial, continuous work was done by the respondent and its grantors on the property. George Kappes had previously to 1896, conveyed his interest in the claims to J. F. Kappes. The respondent, in its answer, denied all the allegations of the complaint, and alleged that the plaintiff had no right, title, or interest in said claims, and is not, and never was, entitled to the possession thereof. The Steeple Chase mining claim claimed by the appellants as having been located by their grantor, January 1, 1897, is the same ground as the Mormon Chief, included in said group, and conveyed by the administrator of J. F. Kappes, by lease, bond, and sale. This is the only claim involved in this litigation. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the defendant, and the plaintiffs appeal.
After stating the facts, Miner, J.. delivered the opinion of the court.
The appellants contend that after having made a prima facie case, and no sufficient evidence of the location of the claims appearing, that the court erred in refusing to instruct the jury that unless it appeared to their satisfaction, from the evidence, that George Kappes and J. F. Kappes, the persons who located the Pride of the Hills, were citizens of the United States, or had declared their intention of becoming such at the time of making of the location in question, they acquired no right under Sec. [72]*722819, Rev. Stat. of the United States, and tbe location made nnder which the respondent claims, is invalid.
The five claims had been consolidated for the purpose of doing the work for the benefit of all upon one claim. The location notice for .each claim was shown in evidence by the defendant, as was also testimony tending to show that the assessment work for 1896 was done on the Pride of the Hills for the benefit of the five claims, and evidence was given tending to show, in some degree, that J. F. Nappes was a citizen at the time he located the claims, and received a conveyance thereof from George Nappes.
The authorities bearing upon the question in. issue are in conflict. From a review of all of them, upon this question, we conclude that if Nappes, although not a citizen perform all the acts necessary' to make a valid location of the claim, and claimed to be the owner thereof, as the proof tends to show, and that he or his administrator performed the work necessary to keep his claim good had he been a citizen, until the administrator by order of the court and by consent of the heirs conveyed the claim to the defendant or its grantors, and the defendant was a citizen of the United States when it received the conveyance, and after the conveyance to it took possession and control of the claims, and kept up the monuments and performed the necessary conditions to keep the claims good, its grantor, being a citizen, carried a good and valid right to the claims, as against the plaintiffs, from the date of the conveyance to it, and its grantors, provided no other right attached in plaintiff’s favor, prior to such conveyance and the subsequent performance of the required conditions by it and its grantors. The respondent being a corporation, organized under the laws of Utah, is a citizen of the State. No question is raised concerning the citizenship [73]*73of respondent’s grantors. Tbe defendant and its grantors acquired tbe conveyance before tbe plaintiff located bis claim, and the title vested in tbe defendant, even although tbe original locator was an alien. North Noonday Co. v. The Orient Co., 6 Sawyer, 299; 9 Morrison Mining Reports, 529; Manuel v. Wulff, 152 U. S., 505; 1 Lindley on Mines, Secs. 232, 233, 234.
This action does not involve tbe right of possession of any ground except tbe Mormon Chief. This is not an application for a patent, nor does tbe claim arise under Sec. 2326, Rev. Staff U. S.
After an examination of all tbe authorities, we conclude that as a general rule it is true that only citizens of tbe United States can locate mining claims; but it has been held in the case of Manuel v. Wulff., 152 U. S.,505, that this is a question that can only be asserted by tbe government. In a contest by individuals, as in this case, which is an action in ejectment, that question does not arise. When a party applies for a patent, tbe government is interested, and in a case of that kind tbe citizenship of tbe parties must be shown before they would be entitled to a patent. This not being an action for a patent, but an action in ejectment for tbe possession of tbe Mormon Chief, tbe question of citizenship does not arise and can not be considered. It is only for tbe government to make that objection on tbe ground of noncitizensbip.
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Minee, J.
This action in ejectment was brought by the plaintiffs and appellants in Juab County against the defendant and respondent, to recover possession of a certain mining claim called the “ Steeple Chase” by the appellants, and the “Mormon Chief” by the respondent, located in Tintic mining district, State of Utah. The appellants insist that the Steeple Chase mining claim was located January 1, 1897, by one R. C. Alexander, their grantor, upon unappropriated mineral land of the United States, subject to location in observance of all the laws of the United States, and the by-laws of the Tintic mining district, and that the appellants are the owners thereof [70]*70subject to the paramount title therein in the United States, and that while the plaintiffs and their grantors were the owners and entitled to the possession of said Steeple Chase, mining claim, the defendant, on the 15th day of January, 1897, entered into possession of said claim, and unlawfully withheld the possession of said claim from the plaintiffs,- to their damage, etc.
It appears that J. F. Kappes, at the time of his death, September 24,. 1895, was the owner of the Mormon Chief, which covers the same ground as the Steeple Chase, located August 10, 1882, by W. W. Hinch and O. T. McMillan. The Pride of the Hills mine was located August 11, 1885, by J. F. Kappes. The Sunday mine was located January 21, 1890, by J. F. Kappes and George Kappes. The Sunday Extension was located November 29, 1890, by J. F. Kappes, and the Silver Star was located January 29, 1892, by J. F. Kappes. These five claims were lying contiguous to each other. Notice of the consolidation of these five claims for working purposes, including the Mormon Chief, was duly made and recorded, and the group consolidated on or before 1896. On November 9, 1895, Hugo Deprizen was appointed administrator of the estate of J. F. Kappes, deceased. The administrator expended five hundred dollars in assessment work on these consolidated claims in 1896, by running a tunnel in the Pride of the Hills mine, the work being completed on November 28, 1896. This work was done for development work, for the benefit of the five claims named.. On December 24, 1896, Deprezin as administrator, and under an order of the Probate Court, and by consent and agreement of all the heirs and parties interested in the estate of J. F. Kappes, deceased, entered into a contract to sell, bond, and lease said five claims to Valentine Kramer, for ten [71]*71thousand dollars, of which sum $1,563.31 was paid in cash with an option to pay the balance in two years. Kramer went into possession and at work on the five claims in December, 1896, and continued at work until January 7, 1897. On January 11, 1897, Kramer assigned his contract to Kirby, and on February 12, 1897, Kirby assigned his contract to the respondent, a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Utah. From January 5, 1897, to the time of the trial, continuous work was done by the respondent and its grantors on the property. George Kappes had previously to 1896, conveyed his interest in the claims to J. F. Kappes. The respondent, in its answer, denied all the allegations of the complaint, and alleged that the plaintiff had no right, title, or interest in said claims, and is not, and never was, entitled to the possession thereof. The Steeple Chase mining claim claimed by the appellants as having been located by their grantor, January 1, 1897, is the same ground as the Mormon Chief, included in said group, and conveyed by the administrator of J. F. Kappes, by lease, bond, and sale. This is the only claim involved in this litigation. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the defendant, and the plaintiffs appeal.
After stating the facts, Miner, J.. delivered the opinion of the court.
The appellants contend that after having made a prima facie case, and no sufficient evidence of the location of the claims appearing, that the court erred in refusing to instruct the jury that unless it appeared to their satisfaction, from the evidence, that George Kappes and J. F. Kappes, the persons who located the Pride of the Hills, were citizens of the United States, or had declared their intention of becoming such at the time of making of the location in question, they acquired no right under Sec. [72]*722819, Rev. Stat. of the United States, and tbe location made nnder which the respondent claims, is invalid.
The five claims had been consolidated for the purpose of doing the work for the benefit of all upon one claim. The location notice for .each claim was shown in evidence by the defendant, as was also testimony tending to show that the assessment work for 1896 was done on the Pride of the Hills for the benefit of the five claims, and evidence was given tending to show, in some degree, that J. F. Nappes was a citizen at the time he located the claims, and received a conveyance thereof from George Nappes.
The authorities bearing upon the question in. issue are in conflict. From a review of all of them, upon this question, we conclude that if Nappes, although not a citizen perform all the acts necessary' to make a valid location of the claim, and claimed to be the owner thereof, as the proof tends to show, and that he or his administrator performed the work necessary to keep his claim good had he been a citizen, until the administrator by order of the court and by consent of the heirs conveyed the claim to the defendant or its grantors, and the defendant was a citizen of the United States when it received the conveyance, and after the conveyance to it took possession and control of the claims, and kept up the monuments and performed the necessary conditions to keep the claims good, its grantor, being a citizen, carried a good and valid right to the claims, as against the plaintiffs, from the date of the conveyance to it, and its grantors, provided no other right attached in plaintiff’s favor, prior to such conveyance and the subsequent performance of the required conditions by it and its grantors. The respondent being a corporation, organized under the laws of Utah, is a citizen of the State. No question is raised concerning the citizenship [73]*73of respondent’s grantors. Tbe defendant and its grantors acquired tbe conveyance before tbe plaintiff located bis claim, and the title vested in tbe defendant, even although tbe original locator was an alien. North Noonday Co. v. The Orient Co., 6 Sawyer, 299; 9 Morrison Mining Reports, 529; Manuel v. Wulff, 152 U. S., 505; 1 Lindley on Mines, Secs. 232, 233, 234.
This action does not involve tbe right of possession of any ground except tbe Mormon Chief. This is not an application for a patent, nor does tbe claim arise under Sec. 2326, Rev. Staff U. S.
After an examination of all tbe authorities, we conclude that as a general rule it is true that only citizens of tbe United States can locate mining claims; but it has been held in the case of Manuel v. Wulff., 152 U. S.,505, that this is a question that can only be asserted by tbe government. In a contest by individuals, as in this case, which is an action in ejectment, that question does not arise. When a party applies for a patent, tbe government is interested, and in a case of that kind tbe citizenship of tbe parties must be shown before they would be entitled to a patent. This not being an action for a patent, but an action in ejectment for tbe possession of tbe Mormon Chief, tbe question of citizenship does not arise and can not be considered. It is only for tbe government to make that objection on tbe ground of noncitizensbip. Billings v. Aspen Min. Co., 51 Fed., 338; Billings v. Aspen Min. Co., 52 Fed., 250; Lone Jack Min. Co. v. Megginson, 82 Fed., 89; 1 Lindley on Mines, Secs. 232, 233, and 234; Jantzen v. Ariz. Copper Co., 20 Pac., 93; Manuel v. Wulff, 152 U. S., 505; Croesus M. &. M Co. v. Colo. M. & M. Co., 19 Fed., 78; Ferguson v. Neville, 61 Cal., 356; Goman Mining Co. v. Alexander, 2 So. Dak., 557; Osterman v. Baldwin, 6 Wall., 122; Wulff v. [74]*74Manuel, 9 Mont., 279; Craig v. Radford, 3 Wheat, 594.
The conclusions reached in 1 Lindley on Mines, Sec. 234, and which appear to us to be sustained by the greater weight of authority and reason in a case like this, are, first, ‘ ‘ An alien may locate or purchase a mining claim, and until ‘inquest of office ’ may hold and dispose of the same in like manner as a citize
“2. Proceedings to obtain patents are in the nature of ‘inquest of office,’ and in such proceedings citizenship is a necessary and material fact to be alleged and proved.
“3. In all other classes of action between individuals with which the government has no concern, citizenship is not a fact in issue; it need be neither alleged nor proved. ’ ’
These rules may be subject to the limitation that a qualified locator may relocate the claim in the possession of an alien, who has not declared his intention to become a citizen, if such relocation be made without force or violence, and prior to the declaration of intention of naturalization of the alien, or conveyance of his rights to the claim to a citizen. As against a mere intruder or trespasser, or one having no higher or better right than the occupant, possession of the mineral claim is prbna facie evidence of a right of possession whether the occupant be an alien or not. But as against one connecting himself with the government title this mere occupancy must yield to the higher right. 1 Lindley on Mines, Sec. 216, 218; Sparks v. Pierce, 115 U. S., 408; Brandt v. Wheeler, 52 Cal., 430.
W e conclude that no error was committed by the court, in refusing the request.
It is also contended that the lease, bond, and contract of sale by the administrator to the defendant, was improperly admitted in evidence, and did not convey any right [75]*75of possession. It appears that the lease and contract of sale was made by the administrator to the defendant by order of the court, and by consent of all the heirs and parties interested in the estate of J. F. Nappes, deceased,, based upon a proper petition, and that the defendant was in possession thereunder by consent of all the interested parties. This as against a stranger not claiming under or through any party in interest, as well as against a, trespasser, was a sufficient showing of title under which to justify possession. Smith v. North Canyon Water Co., 52 Pac. (Utah), 28, 16 Utah, 194; Carpenter v. Small, 35 Cal., 346; Freeman on Judgments (3d ed.), Sec. 335; Haws v. Victoria Min. Co., 106 U. S., 303; Zilmer v. Gerichten, 111 Cal., 73.
It is also claimed that the court erred in admitting evidence of the certificate of location of the Pride of the Hills Mine, on the ground that the location was not sufficiently tied to any natural object or permanent monument, so as to identify the -claim. The certificate recites that the claim is located on the east side of the Mormon Chief Mine, and southeast of the Elmer Kay Mine, located August 11, 1885, together with a description of its boundaries and size, measured from the stakes and discovery shaft of the claim, in the Tintic mining district. The Mormon Chief Mine referred to, and also the Elmer Kay, were definitely known and staked. The Mormon Chief was located about 400 feet southeast from the hoisting works of the Lock Ground mining claim on the Sunbeam lode in the same district. No objection was made to the introduction of the location notice of the Mormon Chief. W e conclude that when a notice of location is recorded, it must contain the name or' names of the locators, the date of the location, and such a description of the claim-or claims located, by reference to some [76]*76natural object or permanent monument, as will identify the claim. A reference therein to a known mining claim with date of its location, or to recorded, claims adjoining it, with a hoisting shaft, is a sufficient compliance with law requiring reference to be made to some natural object or permanent monument. When the location is made upon a barren hillside, the posting of notices at each of the four corners of the location, either by driving stakes into the ground, or building stone monuments so as to keep the stakes in place, is sufficient, if the locality is referred to by means of natural monuments, or other known locations, with date of location, so that the claim can .be found and readily traced upon the ground, and it is im accordance with the legal rules and laws. In such cases the construction given the notice should be liberal and not technical. This construction is not in conflict with Darger v. LeSieur, 8 Utah, 160, and is in conformity with the weight of authority. Book v. Justice Min. Co., 58 Fed., 106; Hammer v. Garfield Min. Co., 130 U. S., 130; 1 Lindley on Mines, 383; Upton v. Larkin, 17 Pac., 728; Riste v. Moreton, 49 Pac., 556.
We are of the opinion that the notice of location was properly admissible in evidence.
Many objections were made to the admissibility of evidence based upon the ground that the locators were not citizens. This question, having been disposed of adversely to the appellants, requires no further consideration.
It is also contended that the group of claims, including the Steeple Chase or Mormon Chief, was one, and not held in common, and, therefore, work upon one of the group would not inure to the benefit of all.
The testimony tends to show the consolidation of these . claims for development ,and working purposes, and that the required amount of work was performed on the Pride [77]*77of the Hills for that year, to answer the requirements of the statute, upon all the claims, and that J. F. Kappes was the owner of all the claims, by location or assignment.
The court submitted all these matters to the jury, and we are unable to discover any reversible error in such instructions. We are of the opinion that the court committed no error in refusing to grant the requests of . the appellants, as requested. We have given attention to all the several assignments of error, and conclude that no reversible error was committed.
The judgment of the District Court is affirmed, with costs.
Bartch, C. J., and Baskin, J., concur.