Opinion op the court by
JUDGE BARKER
Affirming in part.
The law under which these prosecutions were had is an act entitled “An act to amend the charter of the Kentucky State Dental Association,” approved May 10, 1886 (2 Acts 1885-86, pp. 528, 524, c. 1017), which, so far as pertinent, is as follows:
“Section 1. The board of examiners of the Kentucky State Dental Association shall keep a record, in which shall be registered the names and residence or place of business of all persons authorized under this act to practice dentistry or denial surgery in this State.
“Sec. 2. Every person now legally engaged in the practice of dentistry or dental surgery in this State at the time of the passage of this act, shall, within six months thereafter, cause his name and residence or place of business to be registered with said board of examiners, upon which said board shall issue a certificate to such person, duly signed by a majority of the members of said board, and which certificate shall entitle the person to whom it is- issued to all the rights and privileges set forth in section 1 of -an act approved April 8, 1878, to amend an act, entitled ‘An act to incorporate the Kentucky State Dental Association.’”
“Sec. 4. Any person who shall, in violation of this act, practice dentistry or dental surgery in the State of Kentucky, for fee or reward, shall be subject to indictment by the grand jury of the county in which the offense is committed; and, upon conviction, ¡shall be fined in a sum of [772]*772not less than fifty dollars nor more than two hundred dollars for each offense.”
Three indictments were returned against appellant by the grand jury of Hardin county, Ky., for violation of this act by practicing dentistry without a certificate. Each covers the same period of time, being one year prior to the 19th d'ay of November, 1903. They are precisely alike in every respect, except that in each one the name of a different patient appears upon whom the practicing was done. That containing the name of Sam Bell as the patient operated on was tried first, under a plea of not guilty, with an agreed statement of facts. The trial resulted in the appellant being found guilty, and- his fine fixed at $60. After-wards those containing the names of Yirgie Greenwell and Elie Lewis were tried under the plea of not guilty and also the plea of former conviction, with the same agreement of facts as in the first case. These trials resulted in the appellant’s conviction, and a fine of $51 in each case. From these judgments the appellant has appealed to this court.
Two propositions are insisted upon for reversal: First, that the act creating the Kentucky Dental Association, as amended by the acts of April 8, 1878 (1 Acts 1877-78, p. 97, c. 847), May 10, 1886 (2 Acts 1885-86, p. 523„ c. 1017), and May 1, 1893 (Acts 1891-93, p. 840, c. 189), in so far as it required the appellant, who had been practicing dentistry in Kentucky since 1864, to register, is unconstitutional; second, if this be not sound, then the judgment of conviction under the first indictment is a bar to the prosecution of the other two. The case of Commonwealth v. Basham, 101 Ky., 170, 19 R., 336, 40 S. W., 253, in principle involves the very case we have here on the first proposition. There Basham had practiced dentistry prior to 1878, but, failing to register under the provisions of the amendment of 1886, [773]*773was indicted. A general demurrer to the indictment was sustained by the circuit court, and it was dismissed. This judgment was reversed on appeal, the court holding that the act of 1S7S and the amendments of 1886 and 1893 constituted one law regulating the practice of dentistry in Kentucky, and that, although the defendant had begun the practice of his profession prior to 1878, his failure to register was a violation of the amendment of 1S86, which required every person practicing dentistry at the date of its enactment to register: While the opinion does not discuss the constitutionality of the act, that was, necessarily, upheld in order to reverse the case. The constitutionality, however, of a similar act was expressly decided in the case of the Kentucky Board of Pharmacy, etc., v. Cassidy, 74 S. W., 730, 25 Ky. Law Rep., 102, and the authorities bearing upon the question are therein reviewed at length. These cases are conclusive of the first judgment against appellant, as that involves only the question of the constitutionality of the act under which it was rendered.
The pleas of former conviction to the second and third indictments present valid defenses. As said before, they cover the same period of time as that occupied by the first. The statute provides that upon conviction for a violation of the act “the defendant shall be fined in the sum of not less than fifty dollars nor more than two hundred dollars for each offense.” 2 Acts 1885-88, p. 524, c. 1017, § 4. The question presented is whether or not the offense denounced by the statute is of such continuous nature as to subject the violator to only one conviction for the whole period of time next.before the institution of the prosecution, or is it of such a character as that each act of practice constitutes a separate offense? It is apparent, upon very slight consideration, that if each time an unregistered dentist pulls a [774]*774tooth he is subject to a fine of from $50 to $200, in a short while these would aggregate so large a sum as to make payment impossible, and, as a result, the defendant might lie in jail a large part of his life. Such a conclusion is not to be reached, unless constrained by the very letter of the statute. We are not without high authority, as well as sound reason, against the cumulative construction. In the case of the Apothecaries Co. v. Jones, 1 Q. B. 89, there Avas involved an act similar in principle to the one under consideration. The Apothecaries act-of 1815 (55 Geo. III, c. 194, § 20) provided that “any person AVho shall ‘act or practice as an apothecary’ Avithout a certificate is liable to a penalty ‘for every such offense.’ ” The defendant had practiced as an apothecary Avithout a certificate, and given medical advice and supplied medicine to three different persons at different times on the same day, and it was held that the words “act or practice as an apothecary” were directed against an habitual or continuous- course of conduct, and that the defendant Avas not guilty of a separate offense in attending each of the three persons, and was only liable to one penalty. In the opinion the leading case of Ore-pps v. Burden Avas relied on. In the latter ease the plaintiff had been convicted in four separate cases for unlawfully exercising his business of a baker by selling rolls on Sunday, contrary to the statute of 29 Car. II, c. 7, the Avords of that statute being “that no tradesman or other person shall do' or exercise any worldly labour, business, or Avork of their ordinary calling on the Lord’s Day,” and Lord Mansfield is quoted as saying: “The offense is exercising his ordinary trade upon the Lord’s Day; and that without any fractions of a day hours-, or minutes. It is but one entire offense, whether longer or shorter in point of duration; so Avhether it consists of one or a number of [775]*775particular acts, the penalty incurred by this offense is five shillings. There is no idea conveyed by the act itself that if a tailor sews on the Lord’s Day every stitch he takes is a separate offense, or if a shoemaker or carpenter work for different customers at different times on the same Sunday that those are so many separate and distinct offenses.
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Opinion op the court by
JUDGE BARKER
Affirming in part.
The law under which these prosecutions were had is an act entitled “An act to amend the charter of the Kentucky State Dental Association,” approved May 10, 1886 (2 Acts 1885-86, pp. 528, 524, c. 1017), which, so far as pertinent, is as follows:
“Section 1. The board of examiners of the Kentucky State Dental Association shall keep a record, in which shall be registered the names and residence or place of business of all persons authorized under this act to practice dentistry or denial surgery in this State.
“Sec. 2. Every person now legally engaged in the practice of dentistry or dental surgery in this State at the time of the passage of this act, shall, within six months thereafter, cause his name and residence or place of business to be registered with said board of examiners, upon which said board shall issue a certificate to such person, duly signed by a majority of the members of said board, and which certificate shall entitle the person to whom it is- issued to all the rights and privileges set forth in section 1 of -an act approved April 8, 1878, to amend an act, entitled ‘An act to incorporate the Kentucky State Dental Association.’”
“Sec. 4. Any person who shall, in violation of this act, practice dentistry or dental surgery in the State of Kentucky, for fee or reward, shall be subject to indictment by the grand jury of the county in which the offense is committed; and, upon conviction, ¡shall be fined in a sum of [772]*772not less than fifty dollars nor more than two hundred dollars for each offense.”
Three indictments were returned against appellant by the grand jury of Hardin county, Ky., for violation of this act by practicing dentistry without a certificate. Each covers the same period of time, being one year prior to the 19th d'ay of November, 1903. They are precisely alike in every respect, except that in each one the name of a different patient appears upon whom the practicing was done. That containing the name of Sam Bell as the patient operated on was tried first, under a plea of not guilty, with an agreed statement of facts. The trial resulted in the appellant being found guilty, and- his fine fixed at $60. After-wards those containing the names of Yirgie Greenwell and Elie Lewis were tried under the plea of not guilty and also the plea of former conviction, with the same agreement of facts as in the first case. These trials resulted in the appellant’s conviction, and a fine of $51 in each case. From these judgments the appellant has appealed to this court.
Two propositions are insisted upon for reversal: First, that the act creating the Kentucky Dental Association, as amended by the acts of April 8, 1878 (1 Acts 1877-78, p. 97, c. 847), May 10, 1886 (2 Acts 1885-86, p. 523„ c. 1017), and May 1, 1893 (Acts 1891-93, p. 840, c. 189), in so far as it required the appellant, who had been practicing dentistry in Kentucky since 1864, to register, is unconstitutional; second, if this be not sound, then the judgment of conviction under the first indictment is a bar to the prosecution of the other two. The case of Commonwealth v. Basham, 101 Ky., 170, 19 R., 336, 40 S. W., 253, in principle involves the very case we have here on the first proposition. There Basham had practiced dentistry prior to 1878, but, failing to register under the provisions of the amendment of 1886, [773]*773was indicted. A general demurrer to the indictment was sustained by the circuit court, and it was dismissed. This judgment was reversed on appeal, the court holding that the act of 1S7S and the amendments of 1886 and 1893 constituted one law regulating the practice of dentistry in Kentucky, and that, although the defendant had begun the practice of his profession prior to 1878, his failure to register was a violation of the amendment of 1S86, which required every person practicing dentistry at the date of its enactment to register: While the opinion does not discuss the constitutionality of the act, that was, necessarily, upheld in order to reverse the case. The constitutionality, however, of a similar act was expressly decided in the case of the Kentucky Board of Pharmacy, etc., v. Cassidy, 74 S. W., 730, 25 Ky. Law Rep., 102, and the authorities bearing upon the question are therein reviewed at length. These cases are conclusive of the first judgment against appellant, as that involves only the question of the constitutionality of the act under which it was rendered.
The pleas of former conviction to the second and third indictments present valid defenses. As said before, they cover the same period of time as that occupied by the first. The statute provides that upon conviction for a violation of the act “the defendant shall be fined in the sum of not less than fifty dollars nor more than two hundred dollars for each offense.” 2 Acts 1885-88, p. 524, c. 1017, § 4. The question presented is whether or not the offense denounced by the statute is of such continuous nature as to subject the violator to only one conviction for the whole period of time next.before the institution of the prosecution, or is it of such a character as that each act of practice constitutes a separate offense? It is apparent, upon very slight consideration, that if each time an unregistered dentist pulls a [774]*774tooth he is subject to a fine of from $50 to $200, in a short while these would aggregate so large a sum as to make payment impossible, and, as a result, the defendant might lie in jail a large part of his life. Such a conclusion is not to be reached, unless constrained by the very letter of the statute. We are not without high authority, as well as sound reason, against the cumulative construction. In the case of the Apothecaries Co. v. Jones, 1 Q. B. 89, there Avas involved an act similar in principle to the one under consideration. The Apothecaries act-of 1815 (55 Geo. III, c. 194, § 20) provided that “any person AVho shall ‘act or practice as an apothecary’ Avithout a certificate is liable to a penalty ‘for every such offense.’ ” The defendant had practiced as an apothecary Avithout a certificate, and given medical advice and supplied medicine to three different persons at different times on the same day, and it was held that the words “act or practice as an apothecary” were directed against an habitual or continuous- course of conduct, and that the defendant Avas not guilty of a separate offense in attending each of the three persons, and was only liable to one penalty. In the opinion the leading case of Ore-pps v. Burden Avas relied on. In the latter ease the plaintiff had been convicted in four separate cases for unlawfully exercising his business of a baker by selling rolls on Sunday, contrary to the statute of 29 Car. II, c. 7, the Avords of that statute being “that no tradesman or other person shall do' or exercise any worldly labour, business, or Avork of their ordinary calling on the Lord’s Day,” and Lord Mansfield is quoted as saying: “The offense is exercising his ordinary trade upon the Lord’s Day; and that without any fractions of a day hours-, or minutes. It is but one entire offense, whether longer or shorter in point of duration; so Avhether it consists of one or a number of [775]*775particular acts, the penalty incurred by this offense is five shillings. There is no idea conveyed by the act itself that if a tailor sews on the Lord’s Day every stitch he takes is a separate offense, or if a shoemaker or carpenter work for different customers at different times on the same Sunday that those are so many separate and distinct offenses. There can be but one entire offense on one and the same day.” In the case of In re Snow, 120 U. S., 274, 7 Sup. Ct., 556, 30 L. Ed., 658, there was involved the construction of an act of Congress directed against Mormonism. So much as illustrates the matter in hand is as follows: “Sec. 3. That if any male person, in a territory or other place over which the United States have exclusive jurisdiction, hereafter cohabits with more than one woman, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished1 by a fine of not more than three hundred dollars, or by imprisonment for not more than six months, or by both ¡said punishments1, in the discretion of the court.” Act March 22, 1882, c. 47, 22 Stat. 31 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3634]. Snow was indicted by the grand jury of the United States for the November term, 1885, in the District Court of the first judicial district in and for the territory of Utah, for four violations of this1 statute, and was convicted under each. In an opinion reversing these judgments the supreme court said: “There was but a single offense committed prior to the time the indictments were found. This appears on the face, of the judgment. It refers to the indictments as found ‘for the crime of unlawful cohabitation committed’ ‘during the time’ stated, divided into three periods, according to each indictment. For so much of the offense as covered each of these periods the defendant is, according to the judgment, to be imprisoned for six months, and to pay a fine of $300. -The division of the [776]*776two years and eleven months is wholly arbitrary. On the same principle there might have been an indictment covering each of the thirty-five months* with imprisonment for seventeen years and a half, and fines amounting to $10,500, or even an indictment covering every week, with imprisonment for seventy-four years, and fines amounting to $44,-400, and so on, ad infinitum, for smaller periods of time.. It is to prevent such an application of penal laws that .the rule has obtained that a continuing offense of the character of the one in this case can be. committed but once, for the purpose of indictment or prosecution, prior to the time the prosecution is instituted.’ To the same effect are the following: Cawein v. Commonwealth, 61 S. W., 275, 22 Ky. Law Rep., 1734; Parks v. Nashville, C. & St. L. R. R. (Tenn.) 49 Am. Rep., 655; Friedeborn v Commonwealth (Pa.) 6 Alt., 160, 57 Am. Rep., 464; and Am. & Eng. Encycl. of Law (2d Ed.) vol. 13, p. 63, title “Rule as to Offenses of Continuing Nature,” and cases there cited1.
In the first case — being that in which Sam Bell is* alleged to have been the patient operated on — the judgment must be affirmed; in the other two cases the judgments are reversed.