GILBERT, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). [1] It is contended that the evidence in the case contains no proof of fraud against the government by either Helen Pack Wilson or Virgil R. Wilson ; that, although these persons were involved in the unlawful conspiracy and entered into the scheme to obtain these lands in violation of the law, yet at the last moment they abandoned the scheme, repudiated their co-conspirators, and entered the land and paid for the same for their own use and benefit. And it is urged that, at the time when this was done, there is no evidence that the entrymen were actuated by unlawful motives, and that the government was not de-. frauded inasmuch as the entries were not made for the use and benefit of the Sterling Coal Company, but solely for the use and benefit of the entrymen. The hill alleges, and the evidence proves, a conspiracy to obtain for an association coal lands in excess of the amount permitted by law, an agreement between all the entrymen on the one part, and R. A. Wilson and George D. Wilson on the other, whereby the [547] latter were to liave an interest in the lands when acquired and the right to require that all the lands or an interest therein he conveyed to such person or corporation as might he induced to furnish the purchase price therefor. In carrying out this unlawful agreement, Virgil Wilson promptly conveyed his land to Minn Marie Wilson. The stipulation as to the facts contains the following:
“Those several persons in making tlieir declaratory statements and in doing the assessment work in said lands all'acted in concert for the punióse of acquiring for themselves as an association said 1,040 a&es of coal lands, and It. A. Wilson was tlieir joint representative and the author of the scheme to acquire these coal lauds.”
The scheme thus admittedly had its inception in fraud. At what point in the proceedings was the transaction purged' of the fraud? It was not purged of fraud by the fact that the Sterling Coal Company was unable to recover from the entrymen money which the latter had fraudulently diverted for the purchase of the lands,- nor was it relieved of its fraudulent character by the fact that the government received for the lands the purchase price at which all coal lands are offered for sale. The government docs not offer its coal lands for the purpose of selling them for money, but for the purpose of administering a trust, and carrying out its policy for the benefit of its citizens. The restrictions in the statutes which provide for the sale of the coal lands of the United States are for the purpose of preventing monopolies in such lands. Undoubtedly those who acquire c.oal lands in pursuance of the statute and obtain patents therefor are at liberty thereafter to dispose of the same as they may see fit. But in the present case it is clear that the lands were not obtained in compliance with the statutes. United States v. Trinidad Coal Company, 137 U. S. 160, 11 Sup. Ct. 57, 34 L. Ed. 640; United States v. Keitel, 211 U. S. 370, 20 Sup. Ct 123, 53 L. Ed. 230.
[2] It is earnestly contended that the title of the Wilson Coal Company should be protected as that of an innocent purchaser for value without notice. In August, 1904, one Kirkpatrick, with a view to investing- in the lands, obtained from Helen Pack Wilson and Minn Marie Wilson an option, whereby it was provided that, upon his forming a corporation to take over the lands and obtaining bona fide subscriptions oí stock of a certain amount thereto, the owners of the lands would convey the same to the corporation and receive certain amounts of capital stock in payment therefor. Kirkpatrick organized the corporation oh September 21, 1904. The capital stock was §65,000, consisting of 6,500 shares. Helen Pack Wilson subscribed for all the stock except four shares. She transferred the coal lauds to the corporation for a stated consideration of $64,960, and thereby paid her stock subscription. She was .one of the incorporators of the company. She placed 2,500 shares of the capital stock in the treasury, to be the property of the corporation, and to be used to raise money to develo]) the mines and carry on the coal business. The stock hook was not offered in evidence; but there was testimony to show that before the commencement of the suit one subscriber to stock paid $1,000 for 100 shares, and another subscribed to 50 shares, for which he was to pay in work for the company, and that thereafter 200 shares were issued [548] in part payment for a road which was constructed for the company. But, at the time when the suit was brought, Helen Pack Wilson was the holder of more than nine-tenths of the stock. It has been held that where one who has notice of the infirmity of his own title to land unites with others to form a corporation to which he subscribes for nearly all of the stock, and to which corporation he conveys the land in payment of his subscription to stock, the corporation is affected with notice of the circumstances impairing the title, and cannot claim to be a bona fidfe purchaser without notice. 10 Cyc. 1059; Hoffman Steam Coal Co. v. Cumberland Coal Co., 16 Md. 456, 77 Am. Dec. 311; Simmons Creek Coal Company v. Doran, 142 U. S. 417, 12 Sup. Ct. 239, 35 L. Ed. 1063; California Consol. Min. Co. v. Manley, 10 Idaho, 786, 81 Pac. 50; McCaskill Co. v. United States, 216 U. S. 504, 30 Sup. Ct. 386, 54 L. Ed. 590.
In Simmons Creek Coal Company v. Doran, where the incorpora-tors subscribed to the stock, and through the incorporators the company claimed title, the record disclosing that one of them became its president, the court said:
“Associated: together to carry forward a common enterprise, the knowledge or actual notice of all these corporators and the president was the knowledge or notice of the company, and, if constructive notice hound them, it bound the company.”
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GILBERT, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). [1] It is contended that the evidence in the case contains no proof of fraud against the government by either Helen Pack Wilson or Virgil R. Wilson ; that, although these persons were involved in the unlawful conspiracy and entered into the scheme to obtain these lands in violation of the law, yet at the last moment they abandoned the scheme, repudiated their co-conspirators, and entered the land and paid for the same for their own use and benefit. And it is urged that, at the time when this was done, there is no evidence that the entrymen were actuated by unlawful motives, and that the government was not de-. frauded inasmuch as the entries were not made for the use and benefit of the Sterling Coal Company, but solely for the use and benefit of the entrymen. The hill alleges, and the evidence proves, a conspiracy to obtain for an association coal lands in excess of the amount permitted by law, an agreement between all the entrymen on the one part, and R. A. Wilson and George D. Wilson on the other, whereby the [547] latter were to liave an interest in the lands when acquired and the right to require that all the lands or an interest therein he conveyed to such person or corporation as might he induced to furnish the purchase price therefor. In carrying out this unlawful agreement, Virgil Wilson promptly conveyed his land to Minn Marie Wilson. The stipulation as to the facts contains the following:
“Those several persons in making tlieir declaratory statements and in doing the assessment work in said lands all'acted in concert for the punióse of acquiring for themselves as an association said 1,040 a&es of coal lands, and It. A. Wilson was tlieir joint representative and the author of the scheme to acquire these coal lauds.”
The scheme thus admittedly had its inception in fraud. At what point in the proceedings was the transaction purged' of the fraud? It was not purged of fraud by the fact that the Sterling Coal Company was unable to recover from the entrymen money which the latter had fraudulently diverted for the purchase of the lands,- nor was it relieved of its fraudulent character by the fact that the government received for the lands the purchase price at which all coal lands are offered for sale. The government docs not offer its coal lands for the purpose of selling them for money, but for the purpose of administering a trust, and carrying out its policy for the benefit of its citizens. The restrictions in the statutes which provide for the sale of the coal lands of the United States are for the purpose of preventing monopolies in such lands. Undoubtedly those who acquire c.oal lands in pursuance of the statute and obtain patents therefor are at liberty thereafter to dispose of the same as they may see fit. But in the present case it is clear that the lands were not obtained in compliance with the statutes. United States v. Trinidad Coal Company, 137 U. S. 160, 11 Sup. Ct. 57, 34 L. Ed. 640; United States v. Keitel, 211 U. S. 370, 20 Sup. Ct 123, 53 L. Ed. 230.
[2] It is earnestly contended that the title of the Wilson Coal Company should be protected as that of an innocent purchaser for value without notice. In August, 1904, one Kirkpatrick, with a view to investing- in the lands, obtained from Helen Pack Wilson and Minn Marie Wilson an option, whereby it was provided that, upon his forming a corporation to take over the lands and obtaining bona fide subscriptions oí stock of a certain amount thereto, the owners of the lands would convey the same to the corporation and receive certain amounts of capital stock in payment therefor. Kirkpatrick organized the corporation oh September 21, 1904. The capital stock was §65,000, consisting of 6,500 shares. Helen Pack Wilson subscribed for all the stock except four shares. She transferred the coal lauds to the corporation for a stated consideration of $64,960, and thereby paid her stock subscription. She was .one of the incorporators of the company. She placed 2,500 shares of the capital stock in the treasury, to be the property of the corporation, and to be used to raise money to develo]) the mines and carry on the coal business. The stock hook was not offered in evidence; but there was testimony to show that before the commencement of the suit one subscriber to stock paid $1,000 for 100 shares, and another subscribed to 50 shares, for which he was to pay in work for the company, and that thereafter 200 shares were issued [548] in part payment for a road which was constructed for the company. But, at the time when the suit was brought, Helen Pack Wilson was the holder of more than nine-tenths of the stock. It has been held that where one who has notice of the infirmity of his own title to land unites with others to form a corporation to which he subscribes for nearly all of the stock, and to which corporation he conveys the land in payment of his subscription to stock, the corporation is affected with notice of the circumstances impairing the title, and cannot claim to be a bona fidfe purchaser without notice. 10 Cyc. 1059; Hoffman Steam Coal Co. v. Cumberland Coal Co., 16 Md. 456, 77 Am. Dec. 311; Simmons Creek Coal Company v. Doran, 142 U. S. 417, 12 Sup. Ct. 239, 35 L. Ed. 1063; California Consol. Min. Co. v. Manley, 10 Idaho, 786, 81 Pac. 50; McCaskill Co. v. United States, 216 U. S. 504, 30 Sup. Ct. 386, 54 L. Ed. 590.
In Simmons Creek Coal Company v. Doran, where the incorpora-tors subscribed to the stock, and through the incorporators the company claimed title, the record disclosing that one of them became its president, the court said:
“Associated: together to carry forward a common enterprise, the knowledge or actual notice of all these corporators and the president was the knowledge or notice of the company, and, if constructive notice hound them, it bound the company.”
Helen Pack Wilson, as we have seen, subscribed to all of the capital stock of the appellant company, leaving only four shares to be held by others in order to qualify them to act as directors, and she paid for her subscription by conveying the real estate. Kirkpatrick, who was an active promotor of the corporation, and who subsequently furnished money therefor and became a stockholder, had, before the corporation was formed and before investing money therein, actual notice of the suit of the Sterling Coal Company, and knew the ground on which that company sought the recovery of the land. He was also informed by Richardson, who had furnished the money which had been used for the purchase of the lands, of his claim of right in the premises. These facts, which came to his notice before he invested his money in the lands or in the corporation, were sufficient to put him upon notice to ascertain the nature and the disposition of the Sterling Company’s suit. Had he pursued the inquiry, he would have learned that the suit was dismissed on the ground that the coal lands had been obtained as the result of a conspiracy to defraud the United States. Those who subscribed to the stock of the new corporation and paid for the same must be held to stand in no better position than the persons through whose original subscription their stock was subsequently acquired. Cases are cited which hold that knowledge possessed by an officer of a corporation who is selling property to the corporation is not imputed to the corporation itself; but they are cases where the officer does not act as the agent of the corporation in making the sale, but where the corporation is represented by others. Shareholders are not co-owners of the property in any sense. The title to the property rests in the legal entity called the corporation.
[549] [3 | It has never been held, so far as we know, and we think it not sustainable on principle, that a corporation which has taken property with notice of defects of title can defend an action to recover it by showing that its stockholders subscribed to or purchased their stock in good faith and in ignorance of the defect.
The decree is affirmed.