Keith, P.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
Upon the petition of the requisite number of persons, an election was ordered by the Corporation Court of the city of [477]*477Fredericksburg, to take place on the 5th clay of May, 1908, upon the question “for licensing” or “against licensing” the sale of intoxicating liquors within the limits of the said city. At the election held in obedience to this order, 351 ballots were cast against and 320 in favor of licensing.
On May 14, 1908', a petition, signed by 24 persons was filed, praying that the election be declared illegal, null and void, upon the following grounds:
“(1) Because the persons petitioning for the election had not paid their poll taxes hs required by law six months prior to the presentation of the said petition to the Corporation Court of Fredericksburg, and none of them were exempt from the payment of capitation taxes as a prerequisite to voting, and hence none of them were qualified voters authorized to sign said petition.
“(2) Because about 80 per cent, of the persons voting at the election were not qualified voters, none of them having paid their poll tax six months prior to the date of the election, they not being exempt from such payment.
“(3) Because the act of the General Assembly approved February 25, 1908, known as the Ward Act (Acts 1908, p. 83), is unconstitutional and void, inasmuch as the said act provides that at any local option election held on or before the second Tuesday in June any person shall be qualified to vote who is otherwise qualified to vote and has personally paid, at least six months prior to the second Tuesday in June of that year, all State poll taxes assessed or assessable against him during the three years next preceding that in. which such special or local option election is held.”
A number of citizens who had voted against license were made parties defendant, and filed their answer, denying all the material allegations of the petition; and the case coming on to be heard upon the petition, the answer and the testimony of witnesses, an order was entered holding the Ward Act passed February 25, 1908, to be in plain conflict with the Constitution [478]*478of Virginia, and that the election held on May 5, 1908, was null and void.
To that judgment a writ of error was allowed by this court.
The only question insisted upon in the argument before us, and the only one which we shall consider, is as to the constitutionality of the act of assembly approved February 25, 1908, and commonly known as the Ward Act (Acts 1908, p. 83).
Counsel for plaintiffs in error have warned us of the evils which must flow from an affirmance of the judgment of which they complain, while counsel for defendants in error forebode consequences no less mischievous should the judgment be reversed. In this dilemma, we cannot do better than to concede that the case is one of grave importance, and that any conclusion we may reach will be attended by serious results to the interests involved.
To pass upon the power of the legislature and determine whether a statute which it has enacted is a valid exercise of its power, or is to be deemed null and void on account of its repugnancy to the Constitution, is a duty of the utmost delicacy. From the earliest exercise of this power by the courts, down to the latest expression upon the subject, they have with one voice declared, that while the power was essential in a government in which the people, who are the source of all power, have seen fit to restrain the various governmental agencies, which they have established, by an organic act or Constitution emanating directly from themselves, nothing short of a plain and palpable repuganancy to the Constitution of the statute whose validity is called in question can warrant a court in holding a statute to be null and void.
Another principle of equal authority is that “as to matters not ceded to the Federal government, the legislative powers of the General Assembly are without-limit, except so far as restrictions are imposed by the Constitution of the State in express terms, or by strong implication. The ■ State Constitution is a restraining instrument only, and every presumption is made [479]*479in favor of the constitutionality of a State statute. ■ No stronger presumption is known to the- law. In order to warrant the courts to declare a State statute unconstitutional, the infraction must be clear and palpable.” Whitlock v. Hawkins, 105 Va. 242, 53 S. E. 401.
As is said in Prison Association of Virginia v. Ashby, 93 Va. 667, 25 S. E. 893, “the legislature of the State has plenary legislative power, except where it is restricted by the Constitution of the State, or of the United States, and the courts have no power to declare its acts invalid merely because they regard the legislation as unwise or vicious.”
And in Button v. State Corporation Commission, 105 Va. 634, 54 S. E. 769, it is said that acts of the legislature “are always presumed to be constitutional, and can never be declared otherwise, except where they clearly and plainly violate the Constitution. All doubts are resolved in favor of their validity, and, in resolving doubts, the legislative construction put upon the Constitution is entitled to great consideration, though it will not be given a controlling effect.” See also Eyre v. Jacob, 14 Gratt. 422, 73 Am. Dec. 367.
The principles enunciated in these decisions are fully recognized and firmly established.
By article II, section IS of the Constitution, it is provided, that “every male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years of age, who has been a resident of the State two years, of the county, city, or town one year, and of the precinct in which he1 offers to vote, thirty days, next preceding the election in which he offers to vote, has been registered, and has paid his State poll taxes, as hereinafter required, shall be entitled to vote for members of the General Assembly and all officers elective by the people; * * *.”
The remaining sections of that article merely serve to provide the means by which the voter may be secured in the exercise of his right, and the public may be protected against fraudulent •and illegal voting.
[480]*480This article prescribes the qualifications for voters for members of the General Assembly and all officers elective by the people; that and none other is its purpose and extent.
It will be well to consider the suffrage provisions of former Constitutions of this Commonwealth.
In the Constitution of 1YY6, it was provided, that “the right of suffrage in the election of members to both houses shall remain as exercised at present;” and turning to Henning’s Statutes at Large, Yol. 8, at p. 306, we find, that “every person shall have a right to vote at any election of burgesses, for any county, who hath an estate of freehold for his own life or the life of another or other greater estate” in land a,s therein prescribed; thus incorporating into the Constitution the right of suffrage as it was at that time, exercised by virtue of the statute law.
By the Constitution of 1830, “every white male citizen resident therein, aged 21 years and upwards being qualified to exercise the right of suffrage according to the former Constitution and laws, and every such citizen being possessed or whose tenant for years or at will or at sufferance, is possessed of an estate of freehold of the value of $25 * * * shall be qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly.”
Hnder the Constitution of 1850, “every white male citizen of the Commonwealth who has been a resident of the State for two years, and of the county, city or town where he offers to vote for twelve months next preceding an election—and no other 'person—shall be qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly and of all officers elective by the people.”
A similar provision occurs in the Alexandria Constitution of 1864; and by that of 1869, known as the Underwood Constitution, “every male citizen of the United States who shall have been a resident of this State twelve months and of the county, city or town in which he shall offer to vote three months next preceding the election shall be entitled to vote upon all questions submitted to the people at such election.”
It is to be observed that down to 1850, the qualification of [481]*481voters applied only to the election of members of the General Assembly. At that time, however, the number of officers to be chosen by direct vote of the people was greatly increased, and provision was then made, that the electorate created by the Constitution should be qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly and for all officers elective by the people. It is a striking circumstance that the Constitution of 1869, provided that the electorate which it created should be “entitled to vote upon all questions submitted to the people at such election ” and that within seven years after its adoption that Constitution was amended and the language of the Constitution of 1850 upon this subject was restored.
We think it plain that if the question before us were to be determined by reference to the second article of the Constitution, there could be no doubt that the legislature, following the precedents that had been established from the foundation of our government, would have had the right to prescribe the qualifications of voters at all elections except those for members of the General Assembly and officers elective by the people, the only elections which are mentioned or referred to in that article, or indeed in any part of the Constitution until we come tO' the schedule, the effect of which we shall now consider.
The 18'th section of the schedule provides, that “in all elections held after this Constitution goes into effect, the qualifications of electors shall be those required by article two of this Constitution;” and the contention is that the phrase “all elections” embraces not only all elections provided for by the Constitution, but elections of every kind and description—that it fastens itself upon, regulates, and controls the power of the legislature with respect to all elections which it may see fit to order, and confines the electorate to those having the qualifications required by article II of the Constitution.
It is true that in the interpretation of all writings words must he construed with reference to their plain and ordinary meaning, and, if possible, every word must be given its due [482]*482force and effect; but, in the effort to give the words their due force, we must not lose sight of other parts of the instrument, but each part must be construed with reference to the whole, so as to make it harmonious and sensible as a whole.
As was said by Judge Moncure in The Richmond Mayorality Case, 19 Gratt. at p. 712, “the office of a schedule is to provide for a transition from the old to the new government, and to obviate inconveniences which would otherwise arise from such transition.” .Elsewhere in the same opinion it is said, that “if a convention, in framing the schedule, should plainly show an intention to place any of its provisions beyond the control of the legislature, such provisions, being the act of the representatives of the sovereignty of the State without any constitutional restrictions, would be as effectual and «binding as if they were embodied in the Constitution itself.”
The general principle, however, is that the office of a schedule, as this schedule discloses, is not to cure defects or provide for omissions in the Constitution; not to introduce new'and substantive provisions into the Constitution—there was no occasion for that. The whole subject, the entire instrument, was within the breast of the convention and subject in all its parts to be altered and amended as to the convention seemed best.. Is it to be supposed that under such circumstances a provision which was to limit the power of the legislature over a numerous and important class of subjects, a power which had existed in and been exercised by all preceding legislatures, would have been postponed to the schedule ? To do so would be to suggest doubt and to invite controversy, when, if such was the purpose of the convention, it could have been placed beyond the pale of question or debate by its insertion where it properly belonged.
But it is urged upon us that the convention was called and the Constitution was adopted in order to purge the electorate of ignorant and undesirable voters, and that unless all elections of whatever description are to be confided to the electorate thus established, the convention to that extent fell short of discharging its duty.
[483]*483We have seen that in the several .Constitutions of this State, down to that of 1869, and under it after the amendment of 1876, the General Assembly, without question in numerous instances and in furtherance of various objects, exercised its power and discretion in submitting questions to an electorate of its own choosing, with qualifications different from those prescribed by the Constitution. We have seen that the Constitution of 1869 provided in express terms that the electorate which it established should vote “upon all questions submitted to the people;” and we have seen that this provision was stricken out, and the phrase “for members of the General Assembly and all officers elective by the people,” was inserted, thereby bringing the Constitution of 1869 into harmony with the long established policy of the Commonwealth.
This circumstance seems to us to be one of the utmost importance. From 1776 to 1869 the power had been exercised by the General Assembly, when dealing with elections not provided for in the Constitution, to prescribe the qualifications for an electorate as to such elections. By the Constitution of 1869 this power was taken away, and the people of Yirginia, with their attention directed to the specific question, voted to strike this provision from the Constitution and restored the power to the General Assembly
It is true that the convention of 1901 was assembled in order to purge the electorate of ignorant and undesirable voters. When the convention met the chief difficulty, encountered in the performance of their duty was found in the limitations upon their power contained in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States.
The object of the Fourteenth Amendment, so far as it bears upon the question before us, was to secure “the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for president and vice-president of the United States, representatives in congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof.”
[484]*484The Fifteenth Amendment declares that “the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
We think that it may fairly be said that the Fifteenth Amendment is intended to secure the right of citizens to vote in the elections enumerated in the Fourteenth Amendment; that with respect to the right of suffrage the two amendments cover and embrace the same objects.
These amendments imposed the only limitations that existed upon the power of the convention to deal with the , question of suffrage, ■ and certainly the Fourteenth Amendment never contemplated an election such as we are now considering.
So far as the history of the times throws light upon the situation, there is nothing to suggest that any part of the evil with which the convention had to deal grew out of, or was in any degree referable to the improper exercise of the power which the legislature had theretofore possessed, to provide an electorate other than that created by the Constitution for the determination of elections for which the Constitution itself did not provide.
The exercise of the power having been the subject of no complaint, it may well be supposed that the convention felt that having purged the electorate by which the General Assembly was to be chosen, that body would be in the future entitled to the same confidence and respect which it had theretofore enjoyed.
It is said, however, that unless the construction contended for by defendants in error be given to the 18th section of the schedule, it would be meaningless and inoperative.
The schedule provided for convening the legislature within five days after the Constitution went into effect. The eighteenth section of the schedule provides, that in all elections held after the Constitution goes into effect the qualification of electors shall be those required by article II of the Constitution—that is, [485]*485with respect to all elections which were intended to be embraced by this section of the schedule all the requirements of article II should apply; not this or that section of article II, but article II as an entirety. Some of the sections of.that article1 are not self-executing and require legislative action to render them operative. The schedule refers in terms to many, if not all, the elections, State, county and municipal provided for by the Constitution, and it is a reasonable construction of the 18 th section of the schedule to make it apply either to all elections ordained by the Constitution, or to all such as are mentioned in the schedule itself, if any election provided for by the Constitution be omitted; or, to put it more accruately, is such a construction so manifestly contrary to, unwarranted by and so plainly ?„t war with the Constitution that it must be condemned by the courts?
The word “all” is without doubt one of very comprehensive meaning, but the meaning to be given to it in any particular case must be determined by its context. It may have its broadest signification, or it may be limited in its meaning to all of a particular kind or class. This phrase “all elections” has been frequently construed by the courts of other States.
In Birchmore v. State Board of Canvassers, 76 S. C. 461, 59 S. E. 145, the Supreme Court, of South Carolina held, that an election to determine whether or not intoxicating liquor may be sold in a precinct is within a constitutional provision that all elections shall be by ballot. This case is reported in 14 Lawyers’ Reports Annotated (IST. S.), on page 850, and is the subject of an elaborate note, in which it is said that the position of the court, that the phrase “all elections,” as used in the Constitution, was sufficiently broad to include not only elections for the selection of officers, but also elections to determine any particular or special question which might be submitted to the electors, “seems to be contrary to the weight of authority, as the general rule appears to be that the words ‘election’ or ‘all elections’ imply merely elections for the selec[486]*486lion of officers, and that elections for the decision of some stated proposition need not be conducted under the formal and prescribed rules for elections for the selection of officers.” In support of this criticism many cases are cited.
In Valverde v. Shattuck, 19 Col. 104, 34 Pac. 947, 47 Am. St. Rep. 208, the Constitution in question provided, that “Every male person over the age of twenty-one year’s, possessing the following qualifications, shall be entitled to vote at all elections.” The court said: “In our opinion the word ‘elections’ thus used does not have its general or comprehensive signification, including all acts of voting, choice, or selection without limitation, but is used in a more restricted political sense'—as elections of public officers.”
In Graham v. Greenville, 67 Tex. 62, 2 S. W. 742, article 503 of the revised statutes reads as follows: “Whenever a majority of the inhabitants qualified to vote for members of the State legislature of any territory adjoining the limits of any city accepting the provisions of this title, to the extent of one-half mile in width, shall vote in favor of becoming a part of said city, any three of them may make affidavit to the fact, to be filed before the mayor, who shall certify the same to the city council of said city.” Under this law the court held that a petition signed by a majority of the qualified voters within a certain district was a sufficient vote to determine the question of annexation, although the Constitution said that in all elections by the people the vote should be by ballot; the court holding that this provision of the Constitution did not provide that the will of a limited number of people on any subject in which they might be interested should be ascertained in no other way than by ballot.
In Porter v. Crock, 126 Ala. 600, 28 South. 745, the Constitution provided that all elections by the people should be by ballot, and that the General Assembly should pass laws to regulate and govern elections in the State, and all such laws should be uniform throughout the State; and that no classes [487]*487of qualified voters should be excluded from participating in the elections. The legislature passed a law providing for an election to establish a county seat, which law required ballots to be numbered, and that the election be restricted to voters within the county. The court said that it might well be doubted whether the provisions of the article of the Constitution cited above did not relate exclusively to elections held to select public officers; but that it was unnecessary to decide that question, as the power to locate or change a county seat was exclusively in the legislature, and it could prescribe any method for selecting a location that it chose.
In Pritchard v. Magoun, 109 Iowa, 364, 80 N. W. 512, 46 L. R. A. 381, a statute contained the following provisions: “That in all elections to be held after Rovember 1, 1892, in the State, for public officers (except those elected at school elections), the voting shall be by ballots, printed and distributed at public expense as hereinafter provided; and no other ballot shall he used.” “The term ‘city election’ shall apply to any municipal election held in a city or incorporated town.” The court held that the latter provision was not intended to apply to a special election, although held within the limits of a city, and the provisions, taken together, did not require that an election to decide the.question of raising money to build a bridge should be by ballot.
And the same laws were held not to apply to a special election held for the purpose of raising money to support a railroad. Bras. v. McConnell, 114 Iowa, 402, 87 N. W. 290.
See also, Buckner v. Gordon, 81 Ky. 665; Belles v. Burr, 16 Mich. 1, 43 N. W. 24.
In Hanna v. Young, 84 Md. 179, 35 Atl. 674, 57 Am. St. Rep. 396, 34 L. R. A. 55, the Supreme Court of Maryland construed a provision of the Constitution of that State which reads as follows: “All elections shall be by ballot and every male citizen of the United States of the age of twenty-one years or Upwards, who has been a resident of the State for one year, [488]*488and of the legislative district of Baltimore city, or of the county, which he may offer to vote, for six months next preceding the election, shall be entitled to vote, in the ward or election district in which he resides, at all elections hereafter to be held in the State.” “It is contended,” said the court, “that this section of the Constitution plainly comprehends and includes within its express terms all elections, whether State, Federal, county, or municipal. Yet there is but one municipality mentioned in this section of the organic law, and, in fact, Baltimore city is the only municipality mentioned eo nomine in any part of the Constitution. This court in Smith v. Stephan, 66 Md. 381, 7 Atl. 561, 10 Atl. 671, Mr. Justice Bryan, delivering the opinion of the court, said: Tt is sufficient to say that no municipal elections except those held in the city of Baltimore are within the terms or meaning of the Constitution.’ Whilst the Constitution, article III, section 48, authorizes and empowers the General Assembly to create corporations for municipal purposes, it nowhere prohibits the legislature from imposing upon the qualified voters, residing within the corporate limits of a town, any reasonable restrictions it may deem proper, when seeking the exercise of the right of elective franchise in the selection of its officers. In this respect the power of the legislature is unlimited.”
The contention before the Maryland court was, as here, that the act in question was void because the Constitution had conferred the right and prescribed tbe qualifications of electors at all elections, and the legislature was, therefore, without authority to change or add to them in any manner. Speaking to this proposition, the court said: “The Constitution of this State provides for the creation of certain- offices, State and county, which are filled, either by election or by appointment; and we regard it as an unreasonable inference to suppose that municipal elections, held within tbe State (outside the corporate limits of Baltimore city), can be properly termed elections under the Constitution, such as State and county elections; or [489]*489that the framers of the Constitution ever contemplated that article I, section 1, of that instrument was intended to apply to municipal elections, such as the one now under consideration, which is the mere creature of statutory enactment.” _ The court then refers w'ith approval to the case of Attorney General v. Dillon, 32 Fla. 545, 14 South. 383, 22 L. R. A. 124, where it was held that the suffrage provision in the Constitution of that State, prescribing the qualifications of voters at all elections under it, does not apply to elections for municipal officers, but such elections are subject to statutory regulation; and, further, that it is competent for the legislature to prescribe the qualifications of voters at the same. Continuing, the Maryland court says: “It is only at elections which the Constitution itself requires to be held, or which the legislature under the mandate of the Constitution makes provision for, that persons having the qualifications set forth in said section 1, article I, are by the Constitution of the State to be qualified electors.’’ See also McMahon v. Savannah, 66 Ga. 217, 42 Am. Rep. 65.
We have freely used the notes to cases in Lawyers’ Reports Annotated, and cheerfully acknowledge our obligation.
To recapitulate the case made by the record: We find that the power which the order appealed from denies to the General Assembly has been exercised by that body under every Constitution of this Commonwealth from 1776 down to that of 1902. Down to the Constitution of 1850, the right to vote was expressly given by the Constitutions only as to members of the General Assembly: By the Constitution of 1850 the right was extended by adding’ the phrase “all officers elective by the people.” The Constitution of 1864 used the same expression. In 1869 the constitutional provision was extended to “all questions submitted to the people,” which was by direct-vote of the people stricken out in 1876, and the right “to vote for members of the General Assembly and all officers elective by the people” was substituted for it. As we have seen, the principal object of calling the convention of 1901 was to purge [490]*490the electorate of undesirable and ignorant voters, and the chief difficulty in accomplishing that object was found in the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the Constitution of the United States. The provision of the second article of the State Constitution confers a right of suffrage which is practically commensurate with these amendments. The Constitution of the State, exclusive of the schedule, it is conceded, does not make the act of assembly here called in question 'unconstitutional ; but, if it be so, it is by virtue of the 18th section of the schedule. The office of a schedule is to “provide for the transition from the old to the new government,” and not to introduce independent and substantive provisions of law into the Constitution, though it is conceded that it may be done’ if such purjwse plainly appears. When the schedule was prepared, the whole of the Constiution was still within the control of the convention to alter and amend as it deemed proper, and, had such, been the purpose, a provision so important as that under consideration would have been inserted in its appropriate place in plain and unequivocal language, as was done in the Constitution of 1869, and not in an unusual and inappropriate place and expressed in undecided and ambiguous terms, certain to cause doubt and to invite controversy. The phrase “all elections,” as must have been known to the learned lawyers in the convention, had in many States been held to refer only to such elections as had been prescribed by the Constitution itself, and, indeed, at the time the schedule was adopted, there was no decision to the contrary, the case of Birchmore v. State Board of Canvassers, supra, having been decided since that date.
We have seen that article IT was not self-executing as to some of its features, and that the schedule provided for the assembling of the legislature within five days after the Constitution went into effect. Many if not all of the elections mentioned in the Constitution are refrred to. in the schedule, and it was a natural and proper thing, under all the circumstances, to insert a mandatory clause in the schedule which made it imperative upon [491]*491the General Assembly, to provide at once that “all elections” within the purview of the Constitution and schedule should be held in accordance with article TI.
When all these facts are recalled, and the rules of construction to which we have referred are applied to them, when we reflect that all legislative power may be exercised by the General Assembly, except as restrained by the Constitution; that it is only in cases of plain and palpable repugnancy to the Constitution that we can declare the statute to be unconstitutional ; and that to doubt is to affirm the validity of the statute; we are led to 'the conclusion that .the statute in question is a valid expression of legislative power.
Bull and Others v. Read, 13 Gratt. 78, is a leading case in this State and beyond its limits with respect to the power of the legisl atare to make the operation of a statute dependent upon a vote of the people thereafter to be taken, -or other future contingency, and in the course of his opinion, Judge Lee speaks as follows: “As to the wisdom and expediency of this kind of legislation, this is not the place t-o express an opinion. To say that it is liable to be abused is but to affirm what is equally true of every mode of legislation. Whilst there may be occasions on which it may be adopted with advantage to the public in-' terest, it may also be resorted to upon others to enable the representative to escape from his just responsibilities. Yet, however profoundly impressed the judicial mind may be in, any given instance with its impropriety and inexpediency, it ■will not do to say that for that cause the- law may be set aside. This would but be for the judiciary to set itself up as a revisory body upon the acts of the General Assembly and would be a plain usurpation upon the powers conferred upon the body. * * .# ffow great soever the evil may be, the security against it must be sought in the wisdom and integrity of the legislative body, or, failing these, the corrective will be found in the virtue and intelligence of the people.”
Yo matter how ingeniously arranged may be the checks and [492]*492limitations imposed by Constitutions, the point will at last bo reached where confidence must be reposed, and wherever that occurs there is danger of its abuse. It is impossible in a Constitution, however elaborate, to provide for every contingency; something must be left to the discretion of those entrusted with the conduct of government. 'The General Assembly, the direct agent and representative of the sovereignty of the people, is the natural and necessary repository of power, to be exercised at its discretion for the general good, except as the people have seen fit, in express terms or by necessary implication, to impose limitations and restraints. Any other conclusion is founded upon distrust of the people and their representatives.
We are of opinion that the act under which the election was held is not repugnant to the Constitution of the State, but is a valid exercise of legislative power, and that the judgment of the corporation court, of the city of Eredericksburg'must be reversed.