IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
WILLIE L. BOWMAN, § § No. 427, 2025 Plaintiff Below, § Appellant, § Court Below: Superior Court § of the State of Delaware v. § § C.A. No. N23C-04-059 ROBERTO DURAN-MADRIGAL & § EVERGREEN WASTE § SERVICES, LLC § § Defendants Below, § Appellees. §
Submitted: June 10, 2026 Decided: July 21, 2026
Before SEITZ, Chief Justice; TRAYNOR and LEGROW, Justices.
ORDER
After consideration of the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal, it appears
to the Court that:
(1) Willie Bowman appeals from a $95,000 jury verdict in his favor
following a three-day trial of his personal injury action arising from a motor vehicle
collision. Bowman challenges two of the Superior Court’s evidentiary rulings: first,
an order granting Defendants’ motion in limine to exclude Bowman’s lost-wage
claim and his economist’s testimony; and second, an order denying Bowman’s
motion in limine to exclude evidence under Delaware Rule of Evidence 609(b) of his 2013 convictions for crimes of dishonesty. Bowman has not shown that the
Superior Court abused its discretion as to either ruling. We therefore affirm the
Superior Court’s judgment.
(2) On May 7, 2021, Bowman was operating a pickup truck along
Philadelphia Pike in New Castle County. At the same time, Roberto Duran-
Madrigal, in the course of his employment with Evergreen Waste Services, LLC,
was driving along Clearview Avenue. Duran-Madrigal failed to stop at a stop sign,
and the vehicles collided. Bowman alleged that he sustained personal injuries as a
result of the collision and sought past and future lost wages.
(3) Bowman’s forensic economist, Dr. Lawrence Spizman, opined that
Bowman had incurred approximately $3.35 million to $4.66 million in lost income
from his business, Bowman Concrete.1 Despite repeated discovery requests and a
court order compelling production, Bowman produced limited records to corroborate
his earnings: an IRS Account Transcript for 2019; a self-prepared, unsigned 2020
federal return generated through FreeTaxUSA.com; an IRS Account Transcript for
2020; an unsigned, unfiled 2021 federal return prepared by Lucia Garibay of Journey
Tax based solely on figures that Bowman supplied for what he told Garibay were
“legal” reasons;2 and IRS Account Transcripts confirming that no returns were filed
1 App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A91 (Dr. Spizman Report). 2 App. to Appellee’s Answering Br. at B157 (Garibay Dep.).
2 for 2017, 2018, or 2021. Bowman did not produce monthly bank statements,
financial statements, invoices, payroll records, W-2s, W-3s, 1099s, or credit-card
statements—despite testifying that he kept business records in a safe at his residence.
(4) Defendants’ forensic economist, James Stavros, stated that Bowman’s
production was unreliable and insufficient to support a calculation of pre-injury
earning capacity. Stavros identified specific defects: gross receipts and expenses
reported in round numbers; reported material costs of only 8% (2019) and 4.6%
(2020) of more than $700,000 in alleged gross receipts; and reported labor costs of
$93,300 (2019) and $75,000 (2020) that could not plausibly support fifteen
employees.3 The unfiled 2021 return reflected no business income for the year of
the accident. Defendants also obtained surveillance video from August 2024
depicting Bowman, in a Bowman Concrete work shirt, removing concrete-finishing
tools from his pickup truck at a residence under construction. Bowman testified at
trial that he was training other workers, not working himself.4
(5) In his first claim on appeal, Bowman argues that the Superior Court
abused its discretion by excluding his lost-wage claim as speculative. We review
the Superior Court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for abuse of discretion.5
3 App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A106–07 (Stavros Report). 4 Id. at A406–08 (Trial Tr. Oct. 6, 2025). 5 Miller v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 993 A.2d 1049, 1052–53 (Del. 2010).
3 Bowman argues that he produced sufficient evidence—IRS account transcripts,
federal tax returns for 2019 and 2020, and Dr. Spizman’s expert calculations—to
permit a jury to estimate his loss,6 and that any deficiencies in that evidence were
questions of credibility to be weighed by the jury.7
(6) To recover lost wages, a plaintiff must establish a prima facie basis for
recovery. The plaintiff bears the burden of providing evidence offering “some
reasonable basis upon which a jury may estimate with a fair degree of certainty the
probable loss which the plaintiff will sustain in order to enable it to make an
intelligent determination of the extent of the loss.”8 Although such damages “need
not be demonstrated with scientific precision,” they “cannot be speculatively
estimated.”9
(7) Our decision in Drozdov v. Webster squarely addressed “the
admissibility of an expert’s economic projection of future lost wages.”10 There, the
plaintiff sued for personal injuries arising from an automobile accident and sought
to recover, as part of her damages, future lost wages from a part-time job. The
6 Appellant’s Opening Br. at 11. 7 Id. at 12. 8 Moody v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 549 A.2d 291, 293 (Del. 1988) (quoting Henne v. Balick, 146 A.2d 394, 396 (Del. 1958)). 9 McMoore v. Lawrence, 2021 WL 5834381, at *6 (Del. Com. Pl. Dec. 9, 2021); see also LaPoint v. AmerisourceBergen Corp., 2007 WL 2565709, at *9 (Del. Ch. Sept. 4, 2007). 10 Drozdov v. Webster, 345 A.2d 895, 895 (Del. 1975).
4 evidence that she offered to support that claim was thin: her pre-accident work
history showed only sporadic days or weeks of part-time employment, with
maximum one-year earnings of $800.11 On that factual foundation, her economist
projected first-year future losses of $2,208.75—more than two and a half times her
highest annual earnings. We reversed, holding that “[t]here must be some reasonable
basis in fact upon which a jury may estimate with a fair degree of certainty the
probable loss a plaintiff will sustain.”12 We found “no basis in the record for
allowing the economist’s projection” because such sporadic part-time earnings could
not, on their own, establish with “reasonable probability” the nature and extent of
the plaintiff’s future lost earnings over a lifetime.13
(8) Drozdov establishes that, where a plaintiff’s claim for future lost wages
depends on an economist’s projection, the projection itself must rest on a reasonable
basis in fact. A court need not admit such a projection, even when produced by an
expert, if the projection’s assumptions cannot be tied to a reliable evidentiary
foundation.
(9) Applying the Drozdov standard, we conclude that the Superior Court
did not abuse its discretion in granting Defendants’ motion in limine because it was
11 Id. at 896. 12 Id. 13 Id.
5 reasonable to find that Dr. Spizman’s projection of future lost wages lacked a
reasonable basis in fact. Despite a court order compelling production, Bowman
produced no monthly bank or financial statements, no invoices, no payroll records,
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
WILLIE L. BOWMAN, § § No. 427, 2025 Plaintiff Below, § Appellant, § Court Below: Superior Court § of the State of Delaware v. § § C.A. No. N23C-04-059 ROBERTO DURAN-MADRIGAL & § EVERGREEN WASTE § SERVICES, LLC § § Defendants Below, § Appellees. §
Submitted: June 10, 2026 Decided: July 21, 2026
Before SEITZ, Chief Justice; TRAYNOR and LEGROW, Justices.
ORDER
After consideration of the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal, it appears
to the Court that:
(1) Willie Bowman appeals from a $95,000 jury verdict in his favor
following a three-day trial of his personal injury action arising from a motor vehicle
collision. Bowman challenges two of the Superior Court’s evidentiary rulings: first,
an order granting Defendants’ motion in limine to exclude Bowman’s lost-wage
claim and his economist’s testimony; and second, an order denying Bowman’s
motion in limine to exclude evidence under Delaware Rule of Evidence 609(b) of his 2013 convictions for crimes of dishonesty. Bowman has not shown that the
Superior Court abused its discretion as to either ruling. We therefore affirm the
Superior Court’s judgment.
(2) On May 7, 2021, Bowman was operating a pickup truck along
Philadelphia Pike in New Castle County. At the same time, Roberto Duran-
Madrigal, in the course of his employment with Evergreen Waste Services, LLC,
was driving along Clearview Avenue. Duran-Madrigal failed to stop at a stop sign,
and the vehicles collided. Bowman alleged that he sustained personal injuries as a
result of the collision and sought past and future lost wages.
(3) Bowman’s forensic economist, Dr. Lawrence Spizman, opined that
Bowman had incurred approximately $3.35 million to $4.66 million in lost income
from his business, Bowman Concrete.1 Despite repeated discovery requests and a
court order compelling production, Bowman produced limited records to corroborate
his earnings: an IRS Account Transcript for 2019; a self-prepared, unsigned 2020
federal return generated through FreeTaxUSA.com; an IRS Account Transcript for
2020; an unsigned, unfiled 2021 federal return prepared by Lucia Garibay of Journey
Tax based solely on figures that Bowman supplied for what he told Garibay were
“legal” reasons;2 and IRS Account Transcripts confirming that no returns were filed
1 App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A91 (Dr. Spizman Report). 2 App. to Appellee’s Answering Br. at B157 (Garibay Dep.).
2 for 2017, 2018, or 2021. Bowman did not produce monthly bank statements,
financial statements, invoices, payroll records, W-2s, W-3s, 1099s, or credit-card
statements—despite testifying that he kept business records in a safe at his residence.
(4) Defendants’ forensic economist, James Stavros, stated that Bowman’s
production was unreliable and insufficient to support a calculation of pre-injury
earning capacity. Stavros identified specific defects: gross receipts and expenses
reported in round numbers; reported material costs of only 8% (2019) and 4.6%
(2020) of more than $700,000 in alleged gross receipts; and reported labor costs of
$93,300 (2019) and $75,000 (2020) that could not plausibly support fifteen
employees.3 The unfiled 2021 return reflected no business income for the year of
the accident. Defendants also obtained surveillance video from August 2024
depicting Bowman, in a Bowman Concrete work shirt, removing concrete-finishing
tools from his pickup truck at a residence under construction. Bowman testified at
trial that he was training other workers, not working himself.4
(5) In his first claim on appeal, Bowman argues that the Superior Court
abused its discretion by excluding his lost-wage claim as speculative. We review
the Superior Court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for abuse of discretion.5
3 App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A106–07 (Stavros Report). 4 Id. at A406–08 (Trial Tr. Oct. 6, 2025). 5 Miller v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 993 A.2d 1049, 1052–53 (Del. 2010).
3 Bowman argues that he produced sufficient evidence—IRS account transcripts,
federal tax returns for 2019 and 2020, and Dr. Spizman’s expert calculations—to
permit a jury to estimate his loss,6 and that any deficiencies in that evidence were
questions of credibility to be weighed by the jury.7
(6) To recover lost wages, a plaintiff must establish a prima facie basis for
recovery. The plaintiff bears the burden of providing evidence offering “some
reasonable basis upon which a jury may estimate with a fair degree of certainty the
probable loss which the plaintiff will sustain in order to enable it to make an
intelligent determination of the extent of the loss.”8 Although such damages “need
not be demonstrated with scientific precision,” they “cannot be speculatively
estimated.”9
(7) Our decision in Drozdov v. Webster squarely addressed “the
admissibility of an expert’s economic projection of future lost wages.”10 There, the
plaintiff sued for personal injuries arising from an automobile accident and sought
to recover, as part of her damages, future lost wages from a part-time job. The
6 Appellant’s Opening Br. at 11. 7 Id. at 12. 8 Moody v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 549 A.2d 291, 293 (Del. 1988) (quoting Henne v. Balick, 146 A.2d 394, 396 (Del. 1958)). 9 McMoore v. Lawrence, 2021 WL 5834381, at *6 (Del. Com. Pl. Dec. 9, 2021); see also LaPoint v. AmerisourceBergen Corp., 2007 WL 2565709, at *9 (Del. Ch. Sept. 4, 2007). 10 Drozdov v. Webster, 345 A.2d 895, 895 (Del. 1975).
4 evidence that she offered to support that claim was thin: her pre-accident work
history showed only sporadic days or weeks of part-time employment, with
maximum one-year earnings of $800.11 On that factual foundation, her economist
projected first-year future losses of $2,208.75—more than two and a half times her
highest annual earnings. We reversed, holding that “[t]here must be some reasonable
basis in fact upon which a jury may estimate with a fair degree of certainty the
probable loss a plaintiff will sustain.”12 We found “no basis in the record for
allowing the economist’s projection” because such sporadic part-time earnings could
not, on their own, establish with “reasonable probability” the nature and extent of
the plaintiff’s future lost earnings over a lifetime.13
(8) Drozdov establishes that, where a plaintiff’s claim for future lost wages
depends on an economist’s projection, the projection itself must rest on a reasonable
basis in fact. A court need not admit such a projection, even when produced by an
expert, if the projection’s assumptions cannot be tied to a reliable evidentiary
foundation.
(9) Applying the Drozdov standard, we conclude that the Superior Court
did not abuse its discretion in granting Defendants’ motion in limine because it was
11 Id. at 896. 12 Id. 13 Id.
5 reasonable to find that Dr. Spizman’s projection of future lost wages lacked a
reasonable basis in fact. Despite a court order compelling production, Bowman
produced no monthly bank or financial statements, no invoices, no payroll records,
no W-2s, W-3s, or 1099s, and no records contemporaneous with Bowman
Concrete’s operations—even though Bowman testified at his deposition that he kept
these business records in a safe at his residence.14 The evidence that Bowman did
produce bore specific markers of unreliability: gross receipts and expenses reported
in round numbers; reported material costs that were minimal in comparison to the
business’s claimed receipts; and reported labor costs that could not plausibly support
the number of employees that Bowman claimed worked at the company at the time
of the collision.15 The unfiled 2021 return reflected no business income for the year
of the accident, and was prepared, not from typical financial data, but solely from
figures that Bowman had supplied for what he told his tax accountant were “legal”
reasons.16 Considering that Dr. Spizman’s projection of multi-million-dollar future
losses rested solely on this factual foundation, the Superior Court acted within its
14 App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A21 (Bowman Dep.). 15 Id. at A106–08 (Stavros Report). 16 App. to Appellee’s Answering Br. at B157 (Garibay Dep.).
6 discretion in concluding that this record provided no reasonable basis in fact for a
jury to estimate Bowman’s future lost earnings with a fair degree of certainty.17
(10) In his second claim on appeal, Bowman argues that the Superior Court
abused its discretion when it denied his motion in limine and admitted evidence of
his 2013 Pennsylvania convictions for forgery and theft by unlawful taking.18 Those
convictions arose from a fraudulent real estate scheme involving three adjoining
parcels in Chester, Pennsylvania, that had been titled solely in the name of
Bowman’s brother. Bowman’s brother died in November 2011. Bowman admitted
that, approximately nine months after his brother’s death, he took the deeds to the
three properties, signed his brother’s name as the grantor, signed his own name as
the grantee, had them notarized, and recorded each with the Delaware County,
Pennsylvania Recorder of Deeds. Each deed bore a notary acknowledgment
certifying that Bowman’s brother had personally appeared before the notary on the
date of transfer—nine months after his death. A jury convicted Bowman of three
17 Bowman argues that Moody is a better analogue than Drozdov. Appellant’s Opening Br. at 9– 10. We disagree. The plaintiff in Moody sought past lost wages for the eighteen months that he was disabled after the accident. For that claim, he offered primary evidence of historical operations: his own testimony, a contemporaneous notebook record of past receipts, and an existing business that Nationwide’s claims adjuster had visited and verified. Moody, 549 A.2d at 292. Moody held that it is for the jury to assess the credibility of somewhat suspect primary historical evidence. Id. at 294. Moody did not consider whether the same rule applies when a plaintiff’s claim depends on an economist’s derivative projection of future lost wages built on disputed tax records. For that question, Drozdov is a better analogue. 18 Appellant’s Opening Br. at 13.
7 counts of forgery and one count of theft by unlawful taking. The Pennsylvania
Superior Court affirmed Bowman’s convictions on September 19, 2014.19
(11) Delaware Rule of Evidence 609(a) generally permits impeachment with
evidence of a witness’s prior felony conviction or crime of dishonesty.20 Rule 609(b)
adds a temporal limit: when more than ten years have elapsed since the witness’s
conviction or release from confinement, evidence of the conviction is not admissible
unless the court determines that “the probative value of the conviction supported by
specific facts and circumstances substantially outweighs its prejudicial effect.”21
Bowman contends that his convictions are more than ten years old and that, under
D.R.E. 609(b), their probative value could not substantially outweigh their
prejudicial effect in a motor-vehicle case in which the underlying claim had nothing
to do with crimes of dishonesty.22
(12) The Superior Court applied Rule 609(b) within the bounds of its
discretion. The court acknowledged on the record that the convictions were “over
the ten-year period of time” and applied the Rule 609(b) balancing test.23 The court
identified the specific facts and circumstances supporting the conviction’s probative
19 App. to Appellee’s Answering Br. at B137–46 (Pa. Super. Ct. Op. on Appeal). 20 D.R.E. 609(a). 21 D.R.E. 609(b). 22 Appellant’s Opening Br. at 16–17. 23 App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A283 (Trial Tr. Oct. 6, 2025).
8 value, including that Defendants’ neuropsychologist, Dr. Langan, had opined that
the results of Bowman’s cognitive tests strongly suggested that he was deliberately
choosing wrong answers.24 As the court explained, “Mr. Bowman’s credibility is at
issue here,” and Bowman’s prior convictions for crimes of dishonesty—forging
deeds and notary acknowledgments for personal pecuniary gain—were directly
probative of whether he had similarly falsified his answers on a test designed to
measure his accident-related injuries.25 The court conducted the balancing the rule
requires, finding that “[o]bviously there’s some prejudice to this” but that “the
probative value outweighs the prejudice.”26 In addition, the court tailored the use of
the evidence to mitigate prejudice; the jury would hear only “a general conviction of
a crime of dishonesty” in Pennsylvania and not the specific charges, the number of
counts, or the underlying facts.27 The court also reserved the option to give a
24 App. to Appellee’s Answering Br. at B170–78 (Dr. Langan Report). Defendants retained Dr. James Langan to conduct a neuropsychological examination of Bowman in light of his claimed traumatic brain injury. Dr. Langan administered a battery of validity tests routinely given to patients with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, who typically score much higher than Bowman did. On one such test, Bowman answered only two of the twenty-four questions correctly. Dr. Langan opined that the result was so improbable that Bowman would have had to know the correct answers and deliberately select wrong ones to achieve it. App. to Appellee’s Answering Br. at B206–08 (Dr. Langan Report); App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A281–82 (Trial Tr. Oct. 6, 2025) (court summarizing Dr. Langan’s findings). 25 App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A282 (Trial Tr. Oct. 6, 2025). 26 Id. 27 Id. at A284 (Trial Tr. Oct. 6, 2025).
9 credibility-only limiting instruction at Bowman’s request.28 Bowman has identified
no error in the Superior Court’s D.R.E. 609(b) analysis.29
NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that the judgment of the Superior
Court is AFFIRMED.
BY THE COURT:
/s/ Abigail M. LeGrow Justice
28 Id. at A285 (Trial Tr. Oct. 6, 2025). 29 Bowman argues that our decision in Wilson v. Sico requires a different result. Appellant’s Opening Br. at 15. Not so. Wilson requires that, when a Rule 609(b) conviction is admitted, its application must be properly limited under D.R.E. 105 to its probative purpose. Wilson v. Sico, 713 A.2d 923, 924–25 (Del. 1998). The Superior Court did exactly that here, restricting the evidence to a single, generic reference and offering a limiting instruction.