Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, Jan 13 2015, 5:55 am collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
DARREN BEDWELL GREGORY F. ZOELLER Marion County Public Defender’s Office Attorney General of Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana KARL M. SCHARNBERG Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
WILLIE HAWKINS, ) ) Appellant-Defendant, ) ) vs. ) No. 49A04-1401-CR-27 ) STATE OF INDIANA, ) ) Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT The Honorable Grant Hawkins, Judge Cause No. 49G05-1208-FC-57882
January 13, 2015
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
ROBB, Judge Case Summary and Issues
Following a jury trial, Willie Hawkins was convicted of corrupt business influence,
a Class C felony; burglary, a Class C felony; and twelve counts of theft, all Class D felonies.
He raises several issues for review, which we consolidate and restate as: 1) whether the
evidence was sufficient to sustain certain convictions; and 2) whether his convictions for
burglary (Count 2) and theft (Count 3) of the same property violate the Indiana Double
Jeopardy Clause. Concluding the State presented sufficient evidence for the jury to find
Hawkins guilty on all challenged counts but that Hawkins’s convictions of burglary and
theft of the same property violate the Indiana Double Jeopardy Clause, we affirm in part,
reverse in part, and remand with instructions for the trial court to vacate Hawkins’s
conviction of Count 3.
Facts and Procedural History
Hawkins owned and operated The Budget Property Group (“the Company”). The
Company proclaimed it was in the business of renting homes, arranging short sales for
homes in foreclosure, and repairing credit. The Company advertised its services by placing
signs in the yards of vacant homes that stated “rent-to-buy.” However, Hawkins operated
a general scheme through the Company, where he would find vacant homes; purport to
have authority to sell the home; convince aspiring home owners to sign a rent-to-buy
agreement; offer to repair the person’s credit so they could obtain financing; and require a
deposit which was promised to go towards the home’s purchase price.
Wayne Shelton, a detective assigned to the Marion County Prosecutor’s Office
grand jury division, was contacted by a HUD agent and advised to investigate Hawkins’s
2 business practices. Shelton’s investigation revealed several instances of criminal conduct
by Hawkins, and the State charged Hawkins accordingly. In total, nineteen counts
proceeded to the jury. The jury found Hawkins guilty of fourteen counts, including the
following at issue on appeal: corrupt business influence (Count 1); theft of Patrick
McKee’s home (Count 15); theft of Anarose Clay’s currency (Count 6); theft of Ronnie
Balay’s currency (Count 7); theft of Patsy Skelton’s currency (Count 19); and burglary and
theft of Terri Miller’s home (Counts 2 and 3, respectively).1 With respect to the corrupt
business influence charge, the State alleged twelve acts of theft to show Hawkins engaged
in a pattern of racketeering activity, of which the jury specifically found Hawkins engaged
in Act 2—unauthorized control of Terri Miller’s home—and Act 11—unauthorized control
of Patrick McKee’s home. Hawkins now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as
necessary.
Discussion and Decision
I. Sufficiency of Evidence
A. Standard of Review
“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we
consider only the probative evidence and reasonable inferences supporting the verdict.”
Oster v. State, 992 N.E.2d 871, 875 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. We will not
reweigh evidence or assess credibility of the witnesses. Glenn v. State, 999 N.E.2d 859,
861 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). “The conviction will be affirmed unless no reasonable fact-
1 He was also found guilty of seven additional counts of theft.
3 finder could find the elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (citation
and quotation marks omitted).
B. Corrupt Business Influence
1. Pattern of Racketeering Activity
In order to convict Hawkins of corrupt business influence as charged, the State had
to show Hawkins was “employed by or associated with an enterprise, and [he] knowingly
or intentionally conduct[ed] or otherwise participate[d] in the activities of that enterprise
through a pattern of racketeering activity.” Ind. Code § 35-45-6-2(3); see also Appellant’s
Appendix at 279. A “[p]attern of racketeering activity means engaging in at least two (2)
incidents of racketeering activity that have the same or similar intent, result, accomplice,
victim, or method of commission . . . .” Ind. Code § 35-45-6-1(d) (quotation marks
omitted).
At trial, the State alleged twelve acts of theft to show a pattern of racketeering
activity and Hawkins was convicted of corrupt business influence after the jury found him
guilty of two specific acts of racketeering: Act 2, theft of Miller’s home, and Act 11, theft
of McKee’s home. In order to prove each of these acts of theft, the State had to prove
Hawkins “knowingly or intentionally exert[ed] unauthorized control over property of
another person, with intent to deprive the other person of any part of its value or use . . . .”
Ind. Code § 35-43-4-2(a). For purposes of the theft statute, “exert control over property”
means “to obtain, take, carry, drive, lead away, conceal, abandon, sell, convey, encumber,
or possess property, or to secure, transfer, or extend a right to property.” Ind. Code § 35-
43-4-1(a).
4 On appeal, Hawkins challenges his conviction of corrupt business influence only on
the grounds that the evidence was insufficient to show he committed Act 11—theft of
McKee’s home. However, because Hawkins was also convicted independently of theft of
McKee’s home, he challenges his convictions of both corrupt business influence and theft
of McKee’s home (Count 15) under the same theory. Thus, Hawkins convictions of both
corrupt business influence and theft of McKee’s home depend on whether there was
sufficient evidence to sustain his conviction of theft of McKee’s home.
2. Theft of Patrick McKee’s Home
Hawkins claims there was insufficient evidence to show he committed theft of
McKee’s home, because no direct evidence existed to show he exerted control over the
home. However, “[c]ircumstantial evidence will be deemed sufficient [to sustain a
conviction] if inferences may reasonably be drawn that enable the trier of fact to find the
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Pierce v. State, 761 N.E.2d 821, 826 (Ind.
2002). Our review reveals an overwhelming amount of circumstantial evidence.
McKee and his wife owned the home at 11457 High Timber Drive. They had a
mortgage on the property, and because they were falling behind on payments, they decided
to work with the bank and sell the property. They moved out of the home in case
foreclosure became necessary. However, McKee continued to check on his home. At
some point, McKee received a phone call from Hawkins. Hawkins said he “could help
[him] out with selling it and possibly doing a bankruptcy.” Transcript at 617. Hawkins
said he wanted to buy the home. McKee and Hawkins began discussing a contract;
5 however, McKee did not agree with the terms of the contract Hawkins offered. No contract
was signed, and McKee did not give any house keys to Hawkins.
A few weeks later, McKee checked on the home and discovered the locks had been
changed, and the electricity in the home had been turned back on. He contacted the bank,
and it had neither changed the locks nor sold the home. McKee discovered that people
were living in the home, so he contacted Hawkins. Hawkins told McKee that he “put his
sister in the house.” Tr. at 620. McKee told Hawkins that he did not have permission to
do that. McKee then knocked on the door to the home and met two individuals who said
they knew Willie Hawkins.
The evidence presented at trial shows Hawkins knew McKee’s home was vacant,
and Hawkins was interested in buying it. Just weeks after McKee rejected Hawkins’s
contract proposal, McKee discovered people living in the home, the locks on the home had
been changed, and the electricity had been turned back on. When confronted by McKee,
Hawkins admitted that he “put his sister in the house.” Id. Moreover, the people living in
the home told McKee they knew Hawkins. Under these circumstances, it is reasonable to
infer that Hawkins—without authority from the bank or McKee—obtained access to the
home, secured the home, and facilitated the move in of his sister. There was sufficient
evidence to show Hawkins exerted unauthorized control over McKee’s property, and
therefore, the evidence was sufficient to show Hawkins committed theft and also to prove
an act of racketeering activity. Because Hawkins did not challenge the evidence supporting
the racketeering activity alleged in Act 2, the evidence is sufficient to show Hawkins
6 participated in a pattern of racketeering activity and committed corrupt business influence.
Accordingly, Hawkins’s convictions of Count 1 and Count 15 are affirmed.
C. Hawkins’s Additional Theft Convictions
To convict Hawkins of theft, the State had to prove he knowingly or intentionally
exerted unauthorized control over another person’s property. See Ind. Code § 35-43-4-
2(a). Hawkins exerted control over another person’s property if he took the property,
obtained the property, or possessed the property, see Ind. Code § 35-43-4-1(a), and it was
“unauthorized” if it was exerted by transferring property while failing to disclose a legal
impediment to the enjoyment of that property, by creating a false impression, or by
promising performance that he knew would not be performed, see Ind. Code § 35-43-4-
1(b).
1. Anarose Clay’s Currency
Hawkins was convicted of theft of Anarose Clay’s currency. Hawkins now
contends there is insufficient evidence to sustain his conviction, because there is no
evidence showing he exerted unauthorized control over Clay’s money.
Clay, looking for a home, contacted Hawkins. He informed Clay of several
properties, and after one of the Company’s employees showed her the home at 11051 Falls
Church Drive, Clay became interested. Hawkins told Clay that “he bought the house from
the owners” and that “he was reselling because it was under foreclosure.” Tr. at 487. Clay
signed a purchase agreement, agreeing to purchase the home for $115,000 and paid
Hawkins $1,500 as a down payment. Hawkins gave Clay a home buyer’s certificate, which
stated she “bought property from him.” Id. at 474. Nonetheless, Hawkins told Clay he
7 would need to fix her credit and it would take up to a year for her to purchase the home.
Accordingly, the agreement was a rent-to-own arrangement whereby Clay would pay him
$700 per month in rent until her credit improved. These payments were supposed to go
towards the purchase price of the home. Clay paid Hawkins $700 a month until the true
“owners came knocking on [her] door.” Id. at 482.
Clay stopped paying Hawkins when she learned that he did not own the home. “[H]e
wasn’t happy about that.” Id. at 484. He said she “shouldn’t talk to the [owners].” Id.
Clay moved out of the home about a month later and would have never signed the contract
with Hawkins if she knew he was not authorized to sell the home.
Hawkins’s control over Clay’s money was unauthorized if it was exerted by
promising performance that he knew would not be performed. See Ind. Code § 35-43-4-
1(b)(6). Hawkins told Clay that “he bought the house from the owners” and that “he was
reselling because it was under foreclosure.” Tr. at 487. Clay paid Hawkins $1,500 as a
down payment and made several $700 payments, all of which were supposed to go towards
the purchase price of the home. Hawkins gave Clay a home buyer’s certificate, which
stated she “bought property from him.” Id. at 474. Hawkins did all of this without any
rights in the property or authority to sell the home. Accordingly, the evidence is sufficient
to show Hawkins exerted unauthorized control over Clay’s money.
2. Ronnie Balay’s Currency
Hawkins was convicted of theft of Ronnie Balay’s currency. Hawkins now
contends there is insufficient evidence to sustain his conviction, because there is no
evidence showing he exerted unauthorized control over Balay’s money.
8 Ronnie Balay and her husband saw a rent-to-buy sign at the intersection of 30th
Street and Pawnee Drive. She called the number listed on the sign and talked to Devin
Davis, Hawkins’s business partner. Balay met with Davis a few weeks later to look at the
home at 2816 Pawnee Drive. Although Balay did not go inside, she liked it. Accordingly,
a meeting with Hawkins was set up. Balay met Hawkins at the home, but because Hawkins
did not have the keys, they entered through a broken garage door.
Balay liked what she saw and made a $1,500 deposit on the home. However,
Hawkins never gave her the keys. Balay was told to enter the home through the garage
and change the locks. Because the home was dirty, Hawkins let Balay clean the home in
lieu of paying the first month’s rent. After living in the home about a month, Balay signed
a contract, agreeing to pay Hawkins rent until her credit was good enough to buy the home.
The parties verbally agreed to a purchase price of $70,000 for the home. Balay made
twelve payments of $700 to Hawkins, amounts he said would go towards the purchase
price of the home.
Balay stopped paying Hawkins when she found an eviction notice on her door. The
house had been sold at a sheriff’s sale. When confronted, Hawkins told Balay that the
house “hadn’t actually sold at a sheriff’s sale.” Id. at 233. He told her to “do nothing.” Id.
Balay called the new owners and started renting the home from them. Balay never got the
chance to purchase the home, and Hawkins never returned her money.
Hawkins purported to have authority to access and sell the home at 2816 Pawnee
Drive. In doing so, he collected a $1,500 down payment and twelve $700 monthly
payments, all of which were supposed to go towards the purchase price of the home. By
9 deception, Hawkins promised Balay performance that he could not perform. Accordingly,
the evidence was sufficient to show Hawkins exerted unauthorized control over Balay’s
money.
3. Patsy Skelton’s Currency
Hawkins was convicted of theft of Patsy Skelton’s currency. Hawkins now
contends there is insufficient evidence to sustain his conviction, because there is no
evidence showing he exerted unauthorized control over Skelton’s money.
Patsy Skelton and her husband wanted to buy a new home. While looking for a
home, Skelton saw a sign, called the number listed on the sign, and talked to Hawkins.
They set up a meeting, at which Hawkins reviewed all three of the Skeltons’ credit reports,
and the Skeltons informed Hawkins of all of their bills. One of the credit reports listed a
$5,000 judgment against the Skeltons. Hawkins agreed to fix the Skeltons’ credit for $300.
Although Skelton did not have a specific home in mind, she signed a contract and paid
Hawkins $1,200 as a down payment for a home. Hawkins told her to find “any house that
had a for rent to buy sig[n].” Id. at 398.
Skelton found a home she liked at 1382 Westminster Court. Hawkins showed
Skelton the home. Although he had permission to secure the property, Hawkins did not
have permission to rent, sell, or enter the home; the owner of the home never gave him the
keys. After seeing the home, Skelton asked Hawkins how she could get it, and he said she
and her husband needed “to fix things on [their] credit.” Id. at 403. At some point,
Hawkins talked with Mr. Skelton about obtaining a VA loan to purchase the home.
However, Hawkins could not contact anyone at the VA and could never get the keys.
10 Hawkins then told the Skeltons that they could not get the home, because of a $5,000
judgment on their credit report. Skelton never had the chance to purchase a home, and
Hawkins failed to return Skelton’s down payment.
Hawkins collected a $1,200 down payment from Skelton, and it was supposed to go
towards the purchase price of a home. Hawkins took Skelton’s money even though he
reviewed all three credit reports in advance. He then showed the Skeltons a home which
he had no authority to sell. After the Skeltons decided they liked that home, Hawkins told
the Skeltons that a $5,000 judgment showed up on their credit report. Although Skelton
never purchased a home, Hawkins never returned her deposit. On these facts, the evidence
was sufficient to show Hawkins exerted unauthorized control over Skelton’s money.
In conclusion, the State presented sufficient evidence to show Hawkins exerted
unauthorized control over Clay’s, Balay’s, and Skelton’s money by promising to sell them
homes that he knew he had no right to sell. His convictions of theft as to each of them is
affirmed.
II. Indiana Double Jeopardy Clause
Hawkins was convicted of burglary and theft of Terri Miller’s home. He now
contends his burglary conviction (Count 2) and his theft conviction (Count 3) violate the
Double Jeopardy Clause in Article 1, Section 14 of the Indiana Constitution.
Whether a conviction violates the principles of double jeopardy is a question of law
which this court reviews de novo. Calvert v. State, 14 N.E.3d 818, 822 (Ind. Ct. App.
2014). “[T]wo or more offenses are the same offense in violation of Article I, Section 14
11 of the Indiana Constitution, if, with respect to either the statutory elements of the
challenged crimes or the actual evidence used to convict, the essential elements of one
challenged offense also establish the essential elements of another challenged offense.”
Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d 32, 49 (Ind. 1999) (quotation marks omitted) (emphasis
in original). “[I]n order to find a double-jeopardy violation pursuant to
the Richardson actual evidence test, we must conclude there is a reasonable possibility that
the evidentiary facts used by the fact-finder to establish the essential elements of one
offense may also have been used to establish the essential elements of a second challenged
offense.” Garrett v. State, 992 N.E.2d 710, 722-23 (Ind. 2013) (citation and quotation
marks omitted). Under the actual evidence test, there is no violation “when the evidentiary
facts establishing the essential elements of one offense also establish only one or even
several, but not all, of the essential elements of a second offense.” Id. at 719 (citation
B. Hawkins’s Burglary and Theft Convictions
Hawkins claims and the State concedes that his burglary and theft convictions
violate the Double Jeopardy Clause in Article 1, Section 14 of the Indiana Constitution,
because both convictions are based on the same actual evidence.
The State’s evidence showed that Jeffrey and Terri Miller owned the house at 11420
Louden Lane. However, the Millers divorced and only Terri Miller lived in the home. She
was attempting to sell it. Due to financial difficulty, she filed bankruptcy in April 2011.
Working with Wells Fargo, Terri moved out of the home in June 2011, and the foreclosure
process began. Terri did not intend on keeping the home; however, she left some personal
12 items behind and continued to check on the home periodically. In August 2011, she
stopped by the house to “get some things” and noticed a rent sign placed in the front yard.
Tr. at 86. Terri called the phone number listed on the sign but had to leave a message. She
then called Wells Fargo and the law firm representing it in the foreclosure process. Before
leaving the home, Terri ensured it was secure.
Terri checked on the home again in December 2011. She noticed a chair sitting on
the front porch and curtains hanging in the window. There was also mail in the mailbox
addressed to someone with the last name Hawkins. Terri learned that a woman was living
in the home and told the woman that it had not yet been sold.
Shortly after speaking with the woman, Terri received a phone call from Willie
Hawkins. She had never before spoken with him; however, Hawkins expressed interest in
purchasing the home at a sheriff’s sale. He also told Terri that his sister was going through
a difficult time, and “he had moved in on the home too soon.” Id. at 92. He had “made a
bad business decision.” Id. Terri told Hawkins that he was unauthorized to be in the home.
Based on this evidence, the State charged Hawkins with burglary and theft of Terri
Miller’s home. The State’s charging information for burglary (Count 2) stated:
In or about December 2011, Willie J. Hawkins, Jr., did break and enter the building or structure, that is: 11420 Louden Lane, or another person, that is: Terri and/or Jeffrey Miller, with the intent to commit the felony of Theft therein; that is, with the intent to knowingly exert unauthorized control over the property of Terri and/or Jeffrey Miller, with intent to deprive Terri and/or Jeffrey Miller of any part of its value of use.
Appellant’s Appendix at 105. Similarly, theft (Count 3) stated:
In or about December 2011, Willie J. Hawkins, Jr., knowingly exerted unauthorized control over the property, that is, 11420 Louden Lane, or Terri
13 and/or Jeffrey Miller, with the intent to deprive Terri and/or Jeffrey Miller any part of its value or use, and the fair market value of such property was over $100,000.
Id. However, with respect to Count 3, the State submitted jury instructions for Class D
felony theft, which omitted the State’s need to prove the value of the property as stated in
the original charge. Id. at 181.
Additionally, the State made the following argument to the jury regarding the
burglary and theft of Terri Miller’s home:
Burglary requires breaking and entering [sic] gaining unauthorized access to a person’s residence, by breaking and entering for the purpose of committing a crime inside. And the crime here is theft and it’s actually theft of the house, it’s theft of the house itself, not stuff in the house, the house. He took the house from Terri Miller and Jeffrey Miller. They didn’t have access to it while someone else was living in it. He took their house. So this one is a little bit different. It’s both the burglary of a house and then the theft of the house itself from Terri, from Jeffrey.
Tr. at 850-51. Considering the fact that the State did not distinguish between the evidence
used to support each conviction, we conclude there is a reasonable possibility that the
evidentiary facts used by the jury to establish the essential elements of burglary may also
have been used to establish the essential elements of theft. See Garrett, 992 N.E.2d at 722-
23. This violates the actual evidence prong of our double jeopardy analysis, and therefore,
both convictions cannot stand. Accordingly, we reverse and remand with instructions for
the trial court to vacate Hawkins’s conviction of Count 3.2
2 As an alternative argument, Hawkins also asked this court to order the trial court to correct an error on his abstract of judgment. Namely, Hawkins has pointed out that his conviction of Count 3 is listed as a Class C felony but should be listed as a Class D felony per the State’s jury instructions. Since his conviction of Count 3 will be vacated, this issue is now moot.
14 Conclusion
Concluding there was sufficient evidence to support Hawkins’s corrupt business
influence and challenged theft convictions, we affirm those convictions. Concluding that
Hawkins’s convictions of both burglary (Count 2) and theft (Count 3) of Miller’s home
violate Article 1, Section 14 of the Indiana Constitution, we reverse and remand with
instructions for the trial court to vacate Hawkins’s conviction of theft (Count 3).
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded. BAKER, J., and KIRSCH, J., concur.