IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-11-00140-CR
WILLIE EASTLAND, JR., Appellant v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
From the 19th District Court McLennan County, Texas Trial Court No. 2011-274-C1
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The jury convicted Willie Eastland, Jr. of the offense of tampering with physical
evidence and assessed his punishment at five years confinement. We affirm.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his first issue on appeal, Eastland argues that the evidence is insufficient to
support his conviction for tampering with evidence. Two Waco police officers were on
patrol when they observed a black Lincoln Navigator leaving from a house that had
been condemned. The officers were familiar with the house because it was a “problem house” where they had encountered persons selling drugs. The officers followed the
vehicle and then conducted a traffic stop after the driver failed to signal his intent to
turn.
Officer Vern Darlington approached the vehicle on the passenger side. He
testified that Eastland had a “wad of money” in his left hand and with his right hand
“he was making stuffing motions” into his pants. Officer Darlington could not identify
what Eastland was stuffing into his pants. Officer Darlington testified that when he
approached the vehicle, he detected the smell of marijuana coming from the vehicle.
Officer Jeremiah Beaman approached the vehicle on the driver’s side. Officer
Beaman testified that the window of the vehicle was rolled down and that he smelled
marijuana coming from the vehicle. Officer Beaman made contact with Eastland and
asked about the smell of marijuana. Eastland initially denied smoking marijuana, but
then said he had smoked it a few hours ago.
The officers learned that Eastland had an outstanding warrant and placed him
under arrest. Officer Darlington had informed Officer Beaman through the radio
system that he saw Eastland stuffing something into his pants. Officer Beaman felt a
“bulge” in Eastland’s pants, and he testified he knew it was marijuana. Officer
Darlington removed a large bag from Eastland’s pants that contained individually
wrapped smaller baggies of marijuana. The officers searched Eastland’s vehicle and
found more marijuana.
Three elements define the offense of tampering with physical evidence: (1)
knowing that an investigation or official proceeding is pending or in progress, (2) a
Eastland v. State Page 2 person alters, destroys, or conceals any record, document, or thing, (3) with intent to
impair its verity, legibility, or availability as evidence in the investigation or official
proceeding. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 37.09 (a) (1) (West 2011); Williams v. State, 270
S.W.3d 140, 142 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). Eastland specifically argues that the evidence is
insufficient to show that he concealed the marijuana after the police initiated the traffic
stop.
Eastland testified at trial that on the night of the offense he stopped and
purchased marijuana on his way home. Eastland stated that he put the marijuana in his
“briefs.” He further testified that the marijuana was already in his “briefs” at the time
of the traffic stop.
Officer Darlington saw Eastland with his hand inside of his pants making
“stuffing motions,” but he could not see what was in Eastland’s hand. Officer
Darlington testified that he believes Eastland was stuffing the marijuana down his pants
when Officer Darlington approached the vehicle.
The Court of Criminal Appeals has expressed our standard of review of a
sufficiency issue as follows:
In determining whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support a conviction, a reviewing court must consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether, based on that evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom, a rational fact finder could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979); Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). This "familiar standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts." Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. "Each fact need not point directly and independently to the guilt of the appellant, as long as the
Eastland v. State Page 3 cumulative force of all the incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction." Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13.
Lucio v. State, No. AP-76,020, 2011 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 1222, *43-44 (Tex. Crim. App.
Sept. 14, 2011).
The Court of Criminal Appeals has also explained that our review of "all of the
evidence" includes evidence that was properly and improperly admitted. Conner v.
State, 67 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). And if the record supports conflicting
inferences, we must presume that the factfinder resolved the conflicts in favor of the
prosecution and therefore defer to that determination. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,
326, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979). Further, direct and circumstantial evidence
are treated equally: "Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in
establishing the guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to
establish guilt." Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Finally, the
Court of Criminal Appeals has repeatedly reminded us that the factfinder is entitled to
judge the credibility of witnesses and can choose to believe all, some, or none of the
testimony presented by the parties. Chambers v. State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1991).
A rational trier of fact could have found that Eastland concealed the marijuana in
his pants after the officers initiated the traffic stop. Officer Darlington approached the
vehicle immediately after the traffic stop and observed Eastland pull back his
“underwear” and “stuff something into his pants.” We overrule Eastland’s first issue.
Eastland v. State Page 4 Admission of Testimony
In his second issue, Eastland argues that the trial court erred in allowing the State
to admit testimony that he was a drug dealer. We review the trial court's decision to
admit evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. Resendiz v. State, 112 S.W.3d 541,
546 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 1032, 124 S.Ct. 2098, 158 L.E71d.2d 3
(2004). There is no abuse of discretion when the trial court's ruling lies within the zone
of reasonable disagreement. Moses v. State, 105 S.W.3d 622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
Officer Darlington testified that Eastland had a large bag inside of his pants that
contained smaller individually wrapped baggies of marijuana and that the packaging is
indicative of a drug dealer or seller. Officer Darlington further testified that no one
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IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-11-00140-CR
WILLIE EASTLAND, JR., Appellant v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
From the 19th District Court McLennan County, Texas Trial Court No. 2011-274-C1
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The jury convicted Willie Eastland, Jr. of the offense of tampering with physical
evidence and assessed his punishment at five years confinement. We affirm.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his first issue on appeal, Eastland argues that the evidence is insufficient to
support his conviction for tampering with evidence. Two Waco police officers were on
patrol when they observed a black Lincoln Navigator leaving from a house that had
been condemned. The officers were familiar with the house because it was a “problem house” where they had encountered persons selling drugs. The officers followed the
vehicle and then conducted a traffic stop after the driver failed to signal his intent to
turn.
Officer Vern Darlington approached the vehicle on the passenger side. He
testified that Eastland had a “wad of money” in his left hand and with his right hand
“he was making stuffing motions” into his pants. Officer Darlington could not identify
what Eastland was stuffing into his pants. Officer Darlington testified that when he
approached the vehicle, he detected the smell of marijuana coming from the vehicle.
Officer Jeremiah Beaman approached the vehicle on the driver’s side. Officer
Beaman testified that the window of the vehicle was rolled down and that he smelled
marijuana coming from the vehicle. Officer Beaman made contact with Eastland and
asked about the smell of marijuana. Eastland initially denied smoking marijuana, but
then said he had smoked it a few hours ago.
The officers learned that Eastland had an outstanding warrant and placed him
under arrest. Officer Darlington had informed Officer Beaman through the radio
system that he saw Eastland stuffing something into his pants. Officer Beaman felt a
“bulge” in Eastland’s pants, and he testified he knew it was marijuana. Officer
Darlington removed a large bag from Eastland’s pants that contained individually
wrapped smaller baggies of marijuana. The officers searched Eastland’s vehicle and
found more marijuana.
Three elements define the offense of tampering with physical evidence: (1)
knowing that an investigation or official proceeding is pending or in progress, (2) a
Eastland v. State Page 2 person alters, destroys, or conceals any record, document, or thing, (3) with intent to
impair its verity, legibility, or availability as evidence in the investigation or official
proceeding. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 37.09 (a) (1) (West 2011); Williams v. State, 270
S.W.3d 140, 142 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). Eastland specifically argues that the evidence is
insufficient to show that he concealed the marijuana after the police initiated the traffic
stop.
Eastland testified at trial that on the night of the offense he stopped and
purchased marijuana on his way home. Eastland stated that he put the marijuana in his
“briefs.” He further testified that the marijuana was already in his “briefs” at the time
of the traffic stop.
Officer Darlington saw Eastland with his hand inside of his pants making
“stuffing motions,” but he could not see what was in Eastland’s hand. Officer
Darlington testified that he believes Eastland was stuffing the marijuana down his pants
when Officer Darlington approached the vehicle.
The Court of Criminal Appeals has expressed our standard of review of a
sufficiency issue as follows:
In determining whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support a conviction, a reviewing court must consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether, based on that evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom, a rational fact finder could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979); Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). This "familiar standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts." Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. "Each fact need not point directly and independently to the guilt of the appellant, as long as the
Eastland v. State Page 3 cumulative force of all the incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction." Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13.
Lucio v. State, No. AP-76,020, 2011 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 1222, *43-44 (Tex. Crim. App.
Sept. 14, 2011).
The Court of Criminal Appeals has also explained that our review of "all of the
evidence" includes evidence that was properly and improperly admitted. Conner v.
State, 67 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). And if the record supports conflicting
inferences, we must presume that the factfinder resolved the conflicts in favor of the
prosecution and therefore defer to that determination. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,
326, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979). Further, direct and circumstantial evidence
are treated equally: "Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in
establishing the guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to
establish guilt." Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Finally, the
Court of Criminal Appeals has repeatedly reminded us that the factfinder is entitled to
judge the credibility of witnesses and can choose to believe all, some, or none of the
testimony presented by the parties. Chambers v. State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1991).
A rational trier of fact could have found that Eastland concealed the marijuana in
his pants after the officers initiated the traffic stop. Officer Darlington approached the
vehicle immediately after the traffic stop and observed Eastland pull back his
“underwear” and “stuff something into his pants.” We overrule Eastland’s first issue.
Eastland v. State Page 4 Admission of Testimony
In his second issue, Eastland argues that the trial court erred in allowing the State
to admit testimony that he was a drug dealer. We review the trial court's decision to
admit evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. Resendiz v. State, 112 S.W.3d 541,
546 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 1032, 124 S.Ct. 2098, 158 L.E71d.2d 3
(2004). There is no abuse of discretion when the trial court's ruling lies within the zone
of reasonable disagreement. Moses v. State, 105 S.W.3d 622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
Officer Darlington testified that Eastland had a large bag inside of his pants that
contained smaller individually wrapped baggies of marijuana and that the packaging is
indicative of a drug dealer or seller. Officer Darlington further testified that no one
would purchase marijuana that has been in someone’s underwear. Officer Beaman also
stated that the marijuana was packaged for sale and that it was not common for a
person to store marijuana in his or her underwear. The State argued that the testimony
was relevant to show that because the marijuana was packaged to sell, Eastland had not
stored it in his pants but rather put it there after the officers initiated the traffic stop.
Detective Anita Johnson testified that the marijuana seized from Eastland was
packaged individually for sale. She stated that it is not uncommon for people who
purchase and sell drugs to hide the drugs inside of their clothing and private areas.
Eastland argues that Detective Johnson’s testimony contradicted that of the other
officers and the stated purpose of showing that he concealed the marijuana after the
traffic stop. Eastland contends that the contradiction results in his portrayal as a drug
dealer.
Eastland v. State Page 5 Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make the existence of any fact that
is of consequence to the determination of the action more or less probable than it would
be without the evidence. TEX. R. EVID. 401. The issue before the jury was whether
Eastland put the marijuana in his pants before or after the officers initiated the traffic
stop. The State offered the testimony to show that it was unlikely Eastland concealed
the marijuana in his pants prior to the stop.
Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if the probative value is
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or
misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, or needless presentation of
cumulative evidence. TEX. R. EVID. 403. “Probative value” refers to the inherent
probative force of an item of evidence--that is, how strongly it serves to make more or
less probable the existence of a fact of consequence to the litigation--coupled with the
proponent's need for that item of evidence. Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W.3d 637, 641
(Tex. Crim. App. 2006). "Unfair prejudice" refers to a tendency to suggest decision on
an improper basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one. Id.
The State did not refer to Eastland as a drug dealer or elicit testimony that he was
known as a drug dealer. There is no dispute that Eastland possessed marijuana. The
State presented evidence that the marijuana was packaged for sale and that no one
would purchase marijuana that had been in a person’s underwear. The trial court did
not abuse its discretion in admitting the testimony. We overrule the second issue.
Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Eastland v. State Page 6 AL SCOGGINS Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Davis, and Justice Scoggins Affirm Opinion delivered and filed October 26, 2011 Do not publish [CR25]
Eastland v. State Page 7