[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT MAY 19, 2011 No. 11-12238 JOHN LEY CLERK ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 2:11-cv-00376-WKW
EDDIE D. POWELL,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff,
JASON ORIC WILLIAMS,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Intervenor Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
KIM THOMAS, Interim Commissioner, Alabama Department of Corrections, individually and in his official capacity, ANTHONY PATTERSON, Warden, Holman Correctional Facility, individually and in his official capacity,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama ________________________
(May 19, 2011) Before TJOFLAT, EDMONDSON and WILSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Jason Williams is currently on death row in Alabama.1 He is scheduled to
be executed at 6:00 p.m. on Thursday, May 19, 2011. In late April, the Alabama
Department of Corrections (“ADOC”) announced plans to alter its lethal injection
protocol for Williams’s execution. Specifically, it would be replacing the first
drug in its lethal injection protocol—sodium thiopental—with another
anesthetic—pentobarbital. That decision resulted from a heavily publicized,
nationwide shortage of sodium thiopental. Alabama, along with a number of other
states, selected pentobarbital as a replacement to ensure that it could continue to
carry out executions regardless of sodium thiopental’s availability. Williams filed
a motion for stay of execution in the Alabama Supreme Court alleging, inter alia,
that the ADOC’s protocol change will result in a violation of his Eighth
Amendment right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment. The Alabama
Supreme Court denied his request. He then filed a similar motion in federal
district court, which the court denied. Williams filed an appeal with this Court,
again asking for a stay of execution. After careful review, we conclude that the
district court did not abuse its discretion, and, accordingly, we affirm.
1 The details of Williams’s crimes are recapitulated in many court opinions. See, e.g., Williams v. Allen, 598 F.3d 778 (11th Cir. 2010).
2 I.
We review the denial of a stay of execution under the abuse-of-discretion
standard. See Jones v. Allen, 485 F.3d 635, 639 (11th Cir. 2007). A stay of
execution is equitable relief. Williams v. Allen, 496 F.3d 1210, 1212–13 (11th Cir.
2007). This Court may grant a stay of execution only if the moving party shows
that: (1) he has a substantial likelihood of success on the merits; (2) he will suffer
irreparable injury unless the injunction issues; (3) the stay would not substantially
harm the other litigant; and (4) if issued, the injunction would not be adverse to
the public interest. See In re Holladay, 331 F.3d 1169, 1176 (11th Cir. 2003).
II.
“That the Eighth Amendment protects against future harm to inmates is not
a novel proposition.” Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 33, 113 S. Ct. 2475
(1993). A typical Eighth Amendment2 challenge—alleging that the State will
inflict cruel or unusual punishment—requires the defendant to demonstrate that
(1) the State is being deliberately indifferent (2) to a condition that poses a
substantial risk of serious harm to him. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 828,
114 S. Ct. 1970 (1994). As a plurality of the Supreme Court summarized, “to
prevail on such a claim there must be a ‘substantial risk of serious harm,’ an
2 The Eighth Amendment is applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660, 666, 82 S. Ct. 1417 (1962).
3 ‘objectively intolerable risk of harm’ that prevents prison officials from pleading
that they were ‘subjectively blameless for purposes of the Eighth Amendment.’”
Baze v. Rees, 553 U.S. 35, 50, 128 S. Ct. 1520 (2008) (plurality opinion) (quoting
Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842, 846 & 847 n.9).3 Therefore, in order to obtain relief,
Williams must demonstrate that there is a substantial likelihood he can satisfy
those requirements. We conclude he cannot.
Ultimately, the most relevant evidence presented consisted of (1) an expert
report, introduced by Williams, challenging the use of pentobarbital in Oklahoma
executions, and (2) an expert report, submitted by the State, asserting that the use
of pentobarbital in the Alabama lethal injection protocol presents “an exceedingly
small risk that a condemned inmate . . . would experience any pain or suffering
associated with the administration of lethal doses of pancuronium bromide and
potassium chloride.” The federal courts that considered Oklahoma’s use of
pentobarbital ultimately rejected the expert report that Williams now offers. See
Pavatt v. Jones, 627 F.3d 1336, 1340 (10th Cir. 2010). The evidence present does
not demonstrate that the ADOC’s use of pentobarbital creates substantial risk of
serious harm to Williams. We are unable to determine that the district court
3 This Court has never engaged in extended analysis to determine the exact holding of the extraordinarily fractured Baze Court. We cite it here for its summary of unquestionable, controlling precedent and decline to address its full reach.
4 abused its discretion by crediting the expert report submitted by the State and
concluding that Williams has not demonstrated a substantial likelihood of success
on the merits of this Eighth Amendment claim.
III.
In attempting to avoid the legal prism typically used for analyzing similar
Eighth Amendment claims, see supra, Williams asserts that he has a broad Eighth
Amendment right to know the details of his execution in order to ensure proper
oversight and avoid uncertainty that unnecessarily creates anxiety, which greatly
exacerbates his sentence. Williams focuses on Nelson v. Campbell, 541 U.S. 637,
124 S. Ct. 2117 (2004), In re Medley, 134 U.S. 160, 10 S. Ct. 384 (1890), and
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 96 S. Ct. 2909 (1976), and he argues that these
cases establish an Eighth Amendment right to know the details surrounding his
execution.
In Nelson, the ADOC altered its lethal injection protocol—approximately
one week before defendant’s execution—to allow for a “cut-down” procedure.
541 U.S. at 640–41. This involved making a two-inch incision in the defendant’s
arm or leg and catheterizing a vein one hour before the execution with only local
anesthetic. Id. at 641.
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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT MAY 19, 2011 No. 11-12238 JOHN LEY CLERK ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 2:11-cv-00376-WKW
EDDIE D. POWELL,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff,
JASON ORIC WILLIAMS,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Intervenor Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
KIM THOMAS, Interim Commissioner, Alabama Department of Corrections, individually and in his official capacity, ANTHONY PATTERSON, Warden, Holman Correctional Facility, individually and in his official capacity,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama ________________________
(May 19, 2011) Before TJOFLAT, EDMONDSON and WILSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Jason Williams is currently on death row in Alabama.1 He is scheduled to
be executed at 6:00 p.m. on Thursday, May 19, 2011. In late April, the Alabama
Department of Corrections (“ADOC”) announced plans to alter its lethal injection
protocol for Williams’s execution. Specifically, it would be replacing the first
drug in its lethal injection protocol—sodium thiopental—with another
anesthetic—pentobarbital. That decision resulted from a heavily publicized,
nationwide shortage of sodium thiopental. Alabama, along with a number of other
states, selected pentobarbital as a replacement to ensure that it could continue to
carry out executions regardless of sodium thiopental’s availability. Williams filed
a motion for stay of execution in the Alabama Supreme Court alleging, inter alia,
that the ADOC’s protocol change will result in a violation of his Eighth
Amendment right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment. The Alabama
Supreme Court denied his request. He then filed a similar motion in federal
district court, which the court denied. Williams filed an appeal with this Court,
again asking for a stay of execution. After careful review, we conclude that the
district court did not abuse its discretion, and, accordingly, we affirm.
1 The details of Williams’s crimes are recapitulated in many court opinions. See, e.g., Williams v. Allen, 598 F.3d 778 (11th Cir. 2010).
2 I.
We review the denial of a stay of execution under the abuse-of-discretion
standard. See Jones v. Allen, 485 F.3d 635, 639 (11th Cir. 2007). A stay of
execution is equitable relief. Williams v. Allen, 496 F.3d 1210, 1212–13 (11th Cir.
2007). This Court may grant a stay of execution only if the moving party shows
that: (1) he has a substantial likelihood of success on the merits; (2) he will suffer
irreparable injury unless the injunction issues; (3) the stay would not substantially
harm the other litigant; and (4) if issued, the injunction would not be adverse to
the public interest. See In re Holladay, 331 F.3d 1169, 1176 (11th Cir. 2003).
II.
“That the Eighth Amendment protects against future harm to inmates is not
a novel proposition.” Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 33, 113 S. Ct. 2475
(1993). A typical Eighth Amendment2 challenge—alleging that the State will
inflict cruel or unusual punishment—requires the defendant to demonstrate that
(1) the State is being deliberately indifferent (2) to a condition that poses a
substantial risk of serious harm to him. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 828,
114 S. Ct. 1970 (1994). As a plurality of the Supreme Court summarized, “to
prevail on such a claim there must be a ‘substantial risk of serious harm,’ an
2 The Eighth Amendment is applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660, 666, 82 S. Ct. 1417 (1962).
3 ‘objectively intolerable risk of harm’ that prevents prison officials from pleading
that they were ‘subjectively blameless for purposes of the Eighth Amendment.’”
Baze v. Rees, 553 U.S. 35, 50, 128 S. Ct. 1520 (2008) (plurality opinion) (quoting
Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842, 846 & 847 n.9).3 Therefore, in order to obtain relief,
Williams must demonstrate that there is a substantial likelihood he can satisfy
those requirements. We conclude he cannot.
Ultimately, the most relevant evidence presented consisted of (1) an expert
report, introduced by Williams, challenging the use of pentobarbital in Oklahoma
executions, and (2) an expert report, submitted by the State, asserting that the use
of pentobarbital in the Alabama lethal injection protocol presents “an exceedingly
small risk that a condemned inmate . . . would experience any pain or suffering
associated with the administration of lethal doses of pancuronium bromide and
potassium chloride.” The federal courts that considered Oklahoma’s use of
pentobarbital ultimately rejected the expert report that Williams now offers. See
Pavatt v. Jones, 627 F.3d 1336, 1340 (10th Cir. 2010). The evidence present does
not demonstrate that the ADOC’s use of pentobarbital creates substantial risk of
serious harm to Williams. We are unable to determine that the district court
3 This Court has never engaged in extended analysis to determine the exact holding of the extraordinarily fractured Baze Court. We cite it here for its summary of unquestionable, controlling precedent and decline to address its full reach.
4 abused its discretion by crediting the expert report submitted by the State and
concluding that Williams has not demonstrated a substantial likelihood of success
on the merits of this Eighth Amendment claim.
III.
In attempting to avoid the legal prism typically used for analyzing similar
Eighth Amendment claims, see supra, Williams asserts that he has a broad Eighth
Amendment right to know the details of his execution in order to ensure proper
oversight and avoid uncertainty that unnecessarily creates anxiety, which greatly
exacerbates his sentence. Williams focuses on Nelson v. Campbell, 541 U.S. 637,
124 S. Ct. 2117 (2004), In re Medley, 134 U.S. 160, 10 S. Ct. 384 (1890), and
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 96 S. Ct. 2909 (1976), and he argues that these
cases establish an Eighth Amendment right to know the details surrounding his
execution.
In Nelson, the ADOC altered its lethal injection protocol—approximately
one week before defendant’s execution—to allow for a “cut-down” procedure.
541 U.S. at 640–41. This involved making a two-inch incision in the defendant’s
arm or leg and catheterizing a vein one hour before the execution with only local
anesthetic. Id. at 641. The state proposed the “cut down” procedure because
standard techniques for gaining intravenous access were unavailable because of
5 the defendant’s past drug use. Id. at 640. The holding of Nelson, however, is
“extremely limited.” Id. at 649. The Court simply concluded that 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983 was “an appropriate vehicle for petitioner’s Eighth Amendment claim
seeking a temporary stay” based on altered execution protocols that could violate a
defendant’s civil rights. Id. at 639. It remanded the case for further proceedings
to determine the merits of the defendant’s Eighth Amendment claim. Id. at 651.
In Medley, the Court, analyzing an ex post facto claim, concluded that a new
Colorado statute imposed a greater penalty than its predecessor because the new
law prohibited the warden from disclosing the execution date to the defendant,
while the previous statute required a court to inform the defendant of his execution
date. 134 U.S. at 170–72. Ultimately, the Court concluded that the “secrecy”
surrounding an execution under the new statute “must be accompanied by an
immense mental anxiety amounting to a great increase of the offender’s
punishment,” and, therefore, the statute in question violated the Constitution’s ex
post facto clause. Id. at 172. See also Gregg, 428 U.S. at 173 (prohibiting the
“unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain”).
We decline to read these cases as establishing a categorical rule entitling
defendants to a lethal injection protocol that is legislatively enacted and subjected
to extensive litigation. After an in camera review, the district court found that the
6 State’s representations regarding the amended execution protocol were accurate
and adequately informed Williams of the process that would be used. The
replacement of sodium thiopental with pentobarbital does not constitute a
significant alteration in the ADOC’s lethal injection protocol, and we conclude
that such an amendment does not violate the Eighth Amendment under the cases
cited by Williams.
IV.
Ultimately, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Williams’s motion to stay his execution. Accordingly, we affirm the decision of
the district court.
AFFIRMED.