Walker, P. J. Com. App.
Under the third ground assigned as error the appellants make several distinct specifications, some of which we wdl notice. It is urged under it that the court erred in finding and rendering judgment against the appellants on the facts:
1st. Because the evidence docs not show that the cotton sued for, and for the value of which judgment ivas rendered, was the property of the estate of Thomas L. Kerwin, deceased. The admission contained in the answer of the defendants which was adduced in evidence by the plaintiff, taken in connection with the items of credit embraced in the account of J. S. Williams & Co. allowed and approved against said estate, which showed the appropriation by said firm of divers lots of cotton, was certainly evidence tending very cogently to establish, prima facie,_ the fact that the cotton referred to was property which belonged to the estate of Thomas L. Kerwin, deceased; and it was within the province of the court, to whom was submitted the facts as well as the law, to weigh ail the evidence and determine from it whether the cotton described in the petition as that which was “ raised on the Kerwin farm in 1880,” the value of which was sued for, was or was not the same identical cotton referred to in the credits specified in the allowed and approved account. The answer of the defendants alleged the existence of a growing crop of cotton on that farm in 1880, and that J. S. Williams & Co. made advances to a large amount, $888.88, in order to secure and gather it. The pleadings of the defendants and their [580]*580evidence strongly imply that said firm did in fact obtain possession and control of the cotton crop thus raised. The court was not bound to accept as true the statement of the defendants’ answer, although it was put in evidence by the plaintiff, “ that all the cotton, with the exception of a few bales, received, appropriated and sold by said J. S. Williams & Co., was received and collected ” on certain notes referred to in the answer which they held as collateral security, and that “the proceeds thereof was applied to the payment of said debt and advances as shown by the account attached to the answer.”
The account of J. S. Williams & Co. is replete with items of debit and credit which tend to prove, circumstantially, that the cotton credited in it to the estate is the same that is referred to in the plaintiff’s petition. The evidence on this subject is sufficient to support the judgment.
It is further urged as a specific ground under the foregoing assignment that “The evidence shows that an account and claim in favor of J. S. Williams & Co. against Kerwin’s estate, wherein said cotton was stated, itemized and accounted for at its full value as a payment and credit on the same, was presented to the plaintiff as administrator of said Kerwin estate, and allowed by him and approved by an order and judgment of the county court.”
The answer sets up and relies on these facts as res adjudicata and a defense against this action. The facts thus alleged were sustained by the proof. The account of J. S. Williams & Co. debited the estate with §3,928.75, and credited it with §2,450.09, thus leaving a balance due the firm of $1,478.66, which was allowed and duly approved after the institution of this suit.
This account was presented for allowance and approval under article 2018, Bevised Statutes, which requires the claim to be “accompanied by an affidavit in writing that the claim is just and that all legal offsets, payments and credits known to affiant have been allowed.” When duly approved and allowed as provided for by law, its character as a claim and open account was changed and merged into the more solemn form of a judgment of the county court; a court possessing unquestioned and exclusive jurisdiction of claims against the estates of deceased persons. Such a judgment is conclusive of the matters thus acted on, and whether correct or not is binding upon every other court until annulled or set aside by decree of a court having jurisdiction to make such order. Swan v. House, 50 Tex., 653, and cases there cited.
The action of the court in approving or disapproving a claim shall [581]*581have the force and effect of a final judgment (art. 2031, R. S.) ; and this, too, where the claim is allowed by the administrator as to a part, and disallowed as to the balance, if the holder of the claim fails to sue for the establishment of the entire claim within ninety days on the rejection, and instead thereof procures the approval of the county court; the approval has upon the entire claim the effect of a judgment, and the holder of it cannot maintain a suit to establish such claim. Gibson v. Hale, 57 Tex., 406. The same conclusiveness as to the effect of such allowance and approval applies to the estate as to the holder of a claim against it. Swan v. House, 50 Tex., 653. The estate is bound by the judgment until it is set aside by a court of competent jurisdiction.
It was competent for the administrator de bonis non to have refused to allow the items of credit in the account which were allowed for Cotton, or for the county judge to refuse to approve the same; but they being credits submitted in the account against the claim of J. S. Williams & Co., for the action of the administrator and the court, jurisdiction to determine their validity certainly belonged to the court, and its action in the premises was conclusive of the matters involved in the entire account.
If there existed any valid ground for setting aside the allowance and approval of the claim as made, the administrator de bonis non ought to have taken steps accordingly to effect that purpose; but not having done so, it must be held that whilst the judgment of the county court thus continues in force, it has the effect to determine the state of the account that was acted upon in respect to all the items of it which were embraced by it. See Giddings v. Steele, 28 Tex., 756-7; Gibson v. Hale, 57 Tex., 405; Moore v. Moore, 59 Tex., 60.
It is urged by counsel for the appellee that the approval of the account by the probate court having been made subsequent to the institution of this suit, its action is not binding on the appellee. The question involved is not as to priority in time of the exercise of jurisdiction between courts having concurrent jurisdiction of the subject of litigation, and it is not affected by the consideration that the account was approved by the county court after the plaintiff had instituted this suit. The district and the county courts respectively had appropriate and exclusive jurisdiction of the subjects presented for their cognizance, and there was not necessarily any conflict between them in the action which the one or the other might take in respect to the matters submitted to them. If the appellee did not see proper to have the action of the probate court [582]*582upon the matters involved in the account which w7ere in dispute be: tween the parties, he could easily have avoided it by such action upon the account, when it was presented to him for his allowance,
as would confine the litigation to the jurisdiction of the district court. But, not having done so, and having allowed the account, he thereby admitted that the probate court should take the proper action in approving, or disapproving, his allowance, and he is precluded from insisting upon the determination of the merits of that account so far as they may be affected by the action of the probaté court.
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Walker, P. J. Com. App.
Under the third ground assigned as error the appellants make several distinct specifications, some of which we wdl notice. It is urged under it that the court erred in finding and rendering judgment against the appellants on the facts:
1st. Because the evidence docs not show that the cotton sued for, and for the value of which judgment ivas rendered, was the property of the estate of Thomas L. Kerwin, deceased. The admission contained in the answer of the defendants which was adduced in evidence by the plaintiff, taken in connection with the items of credit embraced in the account of J. S. Williams & Co. allowed and approved against said estate, which showed the appropriation by said firm of divers lots of cotton, was certainly evidence tending very cogently to establish, prima facie,_ the fact that the cotton referred to was property which belonged to the estate of Thomas L. Kerwin, deceased; and it was within the province of the court, to whom was submitted the facts as well as the law, to weigh ail the evidence and determine from it whether the cotton described in the petition as that which was “ raised on the Kerwin farm in 1880,” the value of which was sued for, was or was not the same identical cotton referred to in the credits specified in the allowed and approved account. The answer of the defendants alleged the existence of a growing crop of cotton on that farm in 1880, and that J. S. Williams & Co. made advances to a large amount, $888.88, in order to secure and gather it. The pleadings of the defendants and their [580]*580evidence strongly imply that said firm did in fact obtain possession and control of the cotton crop thus raised. The court was not bound to accept as true the statement of the defendants’ answer, although it was put in evidence by the plaintiff, “ that all the cotton, with the exception of a few bales, received, appropriated and sold by said J. S. Williams & Co., was received and collected ” on certain notes referred to in the answer which they held as collateral security, and that “the proceeds thereof was applied to the payment of said debt and advances as shown by the account attached to the answer.”
The account of J. S. Williams & Co. is replete with items of debit and credit which tend to prove, circumstantially, that the cotton credited in it to the estate is the same that is referred to in the plaintiff’s petition. The evidence on this subject is sufficient to support the judgment.
It is further urged as a specific ground under the foregoing assignment that “The evidence shows that an account and claim in favor of J. S. Williams & Co. against Kerwin’s estate, wherein said cotton was stated, itemized and accounted for at its full value as a payment and credit on the same, was presented to the plaintiff as administrator of said Kerwin estate, and allowed by him and approved by an order and judgment of the county court.”
The answer sets up and relies on these facts as res adjudicata and a defense against this action. The facts thus alleged were sustained by the proof. The account of J. S. Williams & Co. debited the estate with §3,928.75, and credited it with §2,450.09, thus leaving a balance due the firm of $1,478.66, which was allowed and duly approved after the institution of this suit.
This account was presented for allowance and approval under article 2018, Bevised Statutes, which requires the claim to be “accompanied by an affidavit in writing that the claim is just and that all legal offsets, payments and credits known to affiant have been allowed.” When duly approved and allowed as provided for by law, its character as a claim and open account was changed and merged into the more solemn form of a judgment of the county court; a court possessing unquestioned and exclusive jurisdiction of claims against the estates of deceased persons. Such a judgment is conclusive of the matters thus acted on, and whether correct or not is binding upon every other court until annulled or set aside by decree of a court having jurisdiction to make such order. Swan v. House, 50 Tex., 653, and cases there cited.
The action of the court in approving or disapproving a claim shall [581]*581have the force and effect of a final judgment (art. 2031, R. S.) ; and this, too, where the claim is allowed by the administrator as to a part, and disallowed as to the balance, if the holder of the claim fails to sue for the establishment of the entire claim within ninety days on the rejection, and instead thereof procures the approval of the county court; the approval has upon the entire claim the effect of a judgment, and the holder of it cannot maintain a suit to establish such claim. Gibson v. Hale, 57 Tex., 406. The same conclusiveness as to the effect of such allowance and approval applies to the estate as to the holder of a claim against it. Swan v. House, 50 Tex., 653. The estate is bound by the judgment until it is set aside by a court of competent jurisdiction.
It was competent for the administrator de bonis non to have refused to allow the items of credit in the account which were allowed for Cotton, or for the county judge to refuse to approve the same; but they being credits submitted in the account against the claim of J. S. Williams & Co., for the action of the administrator and the court, jurisdiction to determine their validity certainly belonged to the court, and its action in the premises was conclusive of the matters involved in the entire account.
If there existed any valid ground for setting aside the allowance and approval of the claim as made, the administrator de bonis non ought to have taken steps accordingly to effect that purpose; but not having done so, it must be held that whilst the judgment of the county court thus continues in force, it has the effect to determine the state of the account that was acted upon in respect to all the items of it which were embraced by it. See Giddings v. Steele, 28 Tex., 756-7; Gibson v. Hale, 57 Tex., 405; Moore v. Moore, 59 Tex., 60.
It is urged by counsel for the appellee that the approval of the account by the probate court having been made subsequent to the institution of this suit, its action is not binding on the appellee. The question involved is not as to priority in time of the exercise of jurisdiction between courts having concurrent jurisdiction of the subject of litigation, and it is not affected by the consideration that the account was approved by the county court after the plaintiff had instituted this suit. The district and the county courts respectively had appropriate and exclusive jurisdiction of the subjects presented for their cognizance, and there was not necessarily any conflict between them in the action which the one or the other might take in respect to the matters submitted to them. If the appellee did not see proper to have the action of the probate court [582]*582upon the matters involved in the account which w7ere in dispute be: tween the parties, he could easily have avoided it by such action upon the account, when it was presented to him for his allowance,
as would confine the litigation to the jurisdiction of the district court. But, not having done so, and having allowed the account, he thereby admitted that the probate court should take the proper action in approving, or disapproving, his allowance, and he is precluded from insisting upon the determination of the merits of that account so far as they may be affected by the action of the probaté court.
. Under the evidence in the case the court necessarily must have based its judgment on the items of credit in the account, showing cotton to have been in the hands of J. S. Williams & Co. belonging to the Kerwin estate, otherwise there would have been a want of evidence to support the judgment; it must consequently result from what has been said, that those items of account having been adjudicated and merged in the judgment of the probate court, cannot form the basis of a recovery by the plaintiff, and therefore the judgment must be reversed.
The exception taken by the defendants for misjoinder of parties ought to have been sustained; the plaintiff’s petition was obnoxious to the objection that it was multifarious in joining matters of a distinct and independent nature, and which involved wholly different rules as to the measure of liability against several defendants. The sureties of Adkisson on his bond as administrator, if liable, were so in consequence of the maladministration or a devastavit by their principal; the copartners of Adkisson, if liable, were so in virtue of their partnership relation and participation with their partner, Adkisson, in the alleged conversion of the cotton.
There existed no privity of relation nor community of action between these sets of defendants whereby a common or an alternative liability of all of them could be maintained. The right of recovery against one set or class, under the allegations .made in the petition, would preclude a recovery against the other class; there existed no necessary nor approximate relation between them, nor any common "principle or rule of liability applicable to the case under which they all alike might be held liable. Under the exposition of the rule applicable to the subject laid down in Clegg v. Varnell, 18 Tex., 300, we are of opinion that the court erred in overruling the exception. See, also, Frost v. Frost, 45 Tex., 340; Love v. Keowne, 58 Tex., 191.
It would seem that, ordinarily, if a plaintiff, being uncertain as to [583]*583the facts on which his case rests, or as to which of various persons, to be shown by the proofs to be made, are liable to his cause of action, he will not be permitted to solve the doubt by embracing each and all of them as defendants in his suit except under allegations showing such privity between them in respect to the subject of litigation as will show at least a contingent or alternative right to recover against any of the defendants on the general basis he has laid for a recovery against the others. He cannot under ordinary circumstances make a hypothetical case in his petition upon a given state of facts showing a good cause of action against one defendant, and in the same petition base a right to recover on a different cause of action for the same matter or subject of suit against another and a different defendant. He must in such case sue them separately, if he sues at all, and he cannot impose on either the delays, inconveniences and costs which may ensue by joining them in the same suit. The plaintiff will, of course, be entitled to so amend his petition as to relieve it from the objection that has been discussed; and if he still desires to prosecute his suit against all of the defendants, he can only do so by making such appropriate averments as will bring his case within the scope of those rules and principles of law under which the discretion of the court will be properly exercised in permitting them to be joined in the same action; otherwise he will be compelled to elect whether he will rely on a recovery against such of the defendants as he may select under allegations embracing them in a common liability in pursuance of the views we have heretofore expressed.
We conclude that the judgment ought to be reversed and the cause remanded.
^Reversed and remanded.
[Opinion adopted January 16, 1885.]