Williams v. Pollard

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: February 16, 2021
• Docket: 3:21-cv-00055
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JOHN WESLEY WILLIAMS, Case No.: 3:21-cv-00055-CAB-BGS CDCR #V-34099, 12 ORDER: Plaintiff, 13 vs. 1) GRANTING MOTION TO 14 PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS 15 [ECF No. 2] MARCUS POLLARD, Warden; B.D 16 PHILLIPS, Associate Warden; D. LEWIS, AND 17 Associate Warden; GARCIA, Facility Captain, 2) DIRECTING U.S. MARSHAL TO 18 Defendants. EFFECT SERVICE PURSUANT TO 19 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d) AND Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(c)(3) 20 21 John Wesley Williams (“Plaintiff”), currently incarcerated at R.J. Donovan State 22 Prison (“RJD”), has filed a pro se civil rights action pursuant 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (See ECF 23 No. 1.) Plaintiff did not prepay the civil filing fee required by 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a) at the 24 time of filing. He has instead filed a Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis (“IFP”) pursuant 25 to 28 U.S.C. §1915(a). (See ECF No. 2.) 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 I. Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis 2 A. Standard of Review 3 “All persons, not just prisoners, may seek IFP status.” Moore v. Maricopa County 4 Sheriff’s Office, 657 F.3d 890, 892 (9th Cir. 2011). Prisoners like Williams, however, “face 5 an additional hurdle.” Id. In addition to requiring prisoners to “pay the full amount of a 6 filing fee,” in “monthly installments” or “increments” as provided by 28 U.S.C. 7 § 1915(a)(3)(b), the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”) amended section 1915 to 8 preclude the privilege to proceed IFP in cases where the prisoner: 9 . . . has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that 10 was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a 11 claim upon which relief can be granted, unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious physical injury. 12

13 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). 14 “This subdivision is commonly known as the ‘three strikes’ provision.” Andrews v. 15 King, 398 F.3d 1113, 1116 n.1 (9th Cir. 2005). “Pursuant to § 1915(g), a prisoner with 16 three strikes or more cannot proceed IFP.” Id.; see also Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 17 1047, 1052 (9th Cir. 2007) (hereafter “Cervantes”) (stating that under the PLRA, 18 “[p]risoners who have repeatedly brought unsuccessful suits may entirely be barred from 19 IFP status under the three strikes rule[.]”). The objective of the PLRA is to further “the 20 congressional goal of reducing frivolous prisoner litigation in federal court.” Tierney v. 21 Kupers, 128 F.3d 1310, 1312 (9th Cir. 1997). 22 “Strikes are prior cases or appeals, brought while the plaintiff was a prisoner, which 23 were dismissed on the ground that they were frivolous, malicious, or failed to state a claim,” 24 Andrews, 398 F.3d at 1116 n.1 (internal quotations omitted), “even if the district court 25 styles such dismissal as a denial of the prisoner’s application to file the action without 26 prepayment of the full filing fee.” O’Neal v. Price, 531 F.3d 1146, 1153 (9th Cir. 2008). 27 When courts “review a dismissal to determine whether it counts as a strike, the style of the 28 dismissal or the procedural posture is immaterial. Instead, the central question is whether 1 the dismissal ‘rang the PLRA bells of frivolous, malicious, or failure to state a claim.’” El- 2 Shaddai v. Zamora, 833 F.3d 1036, 1042 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Blakely v. Wards, 738 3 F.3d 607, 615 (4th Cir. 2013)). “When . . . presented with multiple claims within a single 4 action,” however, courts may “assess a PLRA strike only when the case as a whole is 5 dismissed for a qualifying reason under the Act.” Hoffman v. Pulido, 928 F.3d. 1147, 1152 6 (9th Cir. 2019) (citing Washington v. L.A. Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 833 F.3d 1048, 1057 (9th 7 Cir. 2016)). 8 A court may take judicial notice of its own records, see Molus v. Swan, Civil Case 9 No. 3:05-cv-00452–MMA-WMc, 2009 WL 160937, *2 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 22, 2009) (citing 10 United States v. Author Services, 804 F.2d 1520, 1523 (9th Cir. 1986)); Gerritsen v. 11 Warner Bros. Entm’t Inc., 112 F. Supp. 3d 1011, 1034 (C.D. Cal. 2015), and “‘may take 12 notice of proceedings in other courts, both within and without the federal judicial system, 13 if those proceedings have a direct relation to matters at issue.’” Bias v. Moynihan, 508 F.3d 14 1212, 1225 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Bennett v. Medtronic, Inc., 285 F.3d 801, 803 n.2 (9th 15 Cir. 2002)). Therefore, this Court finds, based on a review of its own dockets and other 16 court proceedings available on PACER, that Plaintiff John W. Williams, identified as 17 CDCR #V-34099, has had more than three prior prisoner civil actions or appeals dismissed 18 on the grounds that they were frivolous, malicious, or failed to state a claim upon which 19 relief may be granted. 20 They are: 21 1) Williams v. Narramore, et al., Civil Case No. 2:03-cv-01972-UA-AJW (C.D. 22 Cal., West. Div., July 25, 2003 Order denying IFP and dismissing case for “failure to state 23 a claim on which relief can be granted” pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e) [ECF No. 6]) 24 (strike one); 25 2) Williams v. Gonzer, Civil Case No. 2:04-cv-08941-UA-AJW (C.D. Cal., West. 26 Div., Nov. 22, 2004 Order denying IFP and dismissing case for “failure to state a claim 27 upon which relief may be granted” pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii), 28 § 1915A(b)(1)) [ECF No. 2]) (strike two); 1 3) Williams v. Young, Civil Case No. 2:08-cv-01737-WBS-CMK (E.D. Cal., June 4, 2 2010 Findings and Recommendations [“F&R”] to dismiss Amended Complaint for failing 3 to state a claim upon which relief may be granted pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), (2) 4 [ECF No. 55]), (E.D. Cal. June 29, 2010 (Order adopting F&R and dismissing case) [ECF 5 No. 57] (strike three); 6 4) Williams v. Hubbard, et al., Civil Case No. 2:10-cv-01717-UA-FFM (C.D. Cal., 7 West. Div., July 6, 2010 Order denying IFP and dismissing case as “frivolous, malicious, 8 or [for] fail[ing] to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.” [ECF No. 3]) (strike 9 four); 10 5) Williams v. Hubbard, et al., Ninth Circuit Appeal No. 10-56230 (Nov. 4, 2010 11 Order denying appellant’s motion to proceed IFP “because we find that the appeal is 12 frivolous.”) [DktEntry 6]); (Dec. 8, 2010 Order dismissing appeal for failure to prosecute) 13 [DktEntry 7])1 (strike five); 14 6) Williams v. Harrington, et al., Civil Case No. 1:09-cv-01823-GSA (E.D. Cal. 15 May 25, 2012 Order dismissing civil action with prejudice for failure to state a claim upon 16 which relief may be granted under section 1983 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A and 28 17 U.S.C. § 1915(e) [ECF No. 29]) (strike six); and 18 7) Williams v. Soto, et al., Ninth Circuit Appeal No. 14-15524 (May 14, 2014 Order 19 denying appellant’s motion to proceed IFP “because we find that the appeal is frivolous.”) 20 [DktEntry 7]); (June 6, 2014 Order dismissing appeal for failure to prosecute) [Dkt Entry 21 9]) (strike seven).2 22

23 1 See Richey v. Dahne, 807 F.3d 1202, 1208 (9th Cir. 2015) (finding that appellate court’s 24 denial of prisoner’s request for IFP status on appeal on grounds of frivolousness constituted 25 a “strike” under § 1915(g) “even though [it] did not dismiss the appeal until later when the [appellant] did not pay the filing fee.”). 26

27 2 The Court notes Plaintiff has previously been denied leave to proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) in this Court, and had his IFP status revoked in the Northern and Central 28 1 Once a prisoner has accumulated three strikes, section 1915(g) prohibits his pursuit 2 of any subsequent IFP civil action or appeal in federal court unless he faces “imminent 3 danger of serious physical injury.” See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g); Cervantes, 493 F.3d at 1051- 4 52 (noting § 1915(g)’s exception for IFP complaints which “make[] a plausible allegation 5 that the prisoner faced ‘imminent danger of serious physical injury’ at the time of filing.”). 6 Plaintiff’s allegations that his pre-existing medical conditions coupled with Defendants’ 7 failure to protect him from being exposed to Covid-19 are sufficient, when considered as a 8 “threshold procedural question” to plausibly suggest he faced “imminent” or “ongoing 9 danger” of physical injury at the time of filing. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g); Cervantes, 493 10 F.3d at 1057 (distinguishing plausible allegations of “imminent danger” exception under 11 § 1915(g) at the “threshold stage” as distinct from the court’s duty to “evaluate the merits 12 of the suit.”). Accordingly, the Court concludes that while Plaintiff has accumulated more 13 than the three strikes permitted by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g), the factual allegations in his 14 Complaint plausibly meet § 1915(g)’s imminent danger exception. Cervantes, 493 F.3d at 15 1055 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g)). 16 B. Discussion 17 All parties instituting any civil action, suit or proceeding in a district court of the 18 United States, except an application for writ of habeas corpus, must pay a filing fee of 19 $400.3 See 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a). The action may proceed despite a plaintiff’s failure to 20

21 H-BGS (S.D. Cal. Jan. 12, 2011) (ECF No. 3); Williams v. Soto, et al., Civil Case No. 4:12- 22 cv-03583-YGR (PR) (N.D. Cal. March 7, 2014) (ECF No. 36); Williams v. Moore, et al., 23 Civil Case No. 2:13-cv-09522-PSG-FFM (C.D. Cal., West. Div., March 10, 2015) (R&R to deny IFP as barred by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) [ECF No. 58]); (C.D. Cal. West. Div. May 24 4, 2015) (Order adopting R&R [ECF No. 60]); and Williams v. Soto, Civil Case No. 2:15- 25 cv-01294-PSG-FFM (C.D. Cal., West. Div., Feb. 27, 2015 Order denying IFP as barred by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g)) [ECF No. 5]. 26

27 3 For civil cases like this one, filed before December 1, 2020, the civil litigant bringing suit must pay the $350 statutory fee in addition to a $50 administrative fee. See 28 U.S.C. 28 1 prepay the entire fee only if he is granted leave to proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 2 § 1915(a). See Cervantes, 493 F.3d at 1051; Rodriguez v. Cook, 169 F.3d 1176, 1177 (9th 3 Cir. 1999). However, a prisoner who is granted leave to proceed IFP remains obligated to 4 pay the entire fee in “increments” or “installments,” Bruce v. Samuels, 577 U.S. 82, 84 5 (2016); Williams v. Paramo, 775 F.3d 1182, 1185 (9th Cir. 2015), and regardless of 6 whether his action is ultimately dismissed. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1), (2); Taylor v. 7 Delatoore, 281 F.3d 844, 847 (9th Cir. 2002). 8 Section 1915(a)(2) requires prisoners seeking leave to proceed IFP to submit a 9 “certified copy of the trust fund account statement (or institutional equivalent) for . . . the 10 6-month period immediately preceding the filing of the complaint.” 28 U.S.C. 11 § 1915(a)(2); Andrews, 398 F.3d at 1119. From the certified trust account statement, the 12 Court assesses an initial payment of 20% of (a) the average monthly deposits in the account 13 for the past six months, or (b) the average monthly balance in the account for the past six 14 months, whichever is greater, unless the prisoner has no assets. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1); 15 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4). The institution having custody of the prisoner then collects 16 subsequent payments, assessed at 20% of the preceding month’s income, in any month in 17 which his account exceeds $10, and forwards those payments to the Court until the entire 18 filing fee is paid. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2); Bruce, 577 U.S. at 84. 19 In support of his IFP Motion, Williams has submitted a certified copy of his trust 20 account statement pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2) and S.D. Cal. Civ. L.R. 3.2. 21 Andrews, 398 F.3d at 1119. The Court has reviewed Williams’ trust account activity, as 22 well as the attached prison certificate verifying his available balances. (See ECF Nos. 2‒ 23 3.) These documents show that Williams carried an average monthly balance of $52.87, 24

25 (eff. June. 1, 2016). The $50 administrative fee does not apply to persons granted leave to 26 proceed IFP, however. Id. This administrative fee increased to $52 for civil cases filed on 27 or after December 1, 2020, but that portion still does not apply to persons granted leave to proceed IFP. See 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a) (Judicial Conference Schedule of Fees, District Court 28 1 average monthly deposits to his trust account for the six months preceding the filing of this 2 action of $39.47, and an available balance of $0.00 at the time of filing. (See ECF No. 3 at 3 1.) Therefore, the Court GRANTS Williams’ Motion to Proceed IFP (ECF No. 2) and does 4 not assesses an initial partial filing fee pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1) because Williams 5 does not have sufficient funds. The Court directs the Secretary of the CDCR, or her 6 designee, to collect the $350.00 balance of the filing fees required by 28 U.S.C. Section 7 1914 and to forward it to the Clerk of the Court pursuant to the installment payment 8 provisions set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). 9 III. Sua Sponte Screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2) and 1915A(b) 10 A. Standard of Review 11 Because Williams is a prisoner and is proceeding IFP, his Complaint also requires a 12 pre-answer screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and § 1915A(b). Under these 13 statutes, the Court must sua sponte dismiss a prisoner’s IFP complaint, or any portion of it, 14 which is frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim, or seeks damages from defendants who 15 are immune. See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126-27 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) 16 (discussing 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)); Rhodes v. Robinson, 621 F.3d 1002, 1004 (9th Cir. 17 2010) (discussing 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)). “The purpose of [screening] is ‘to ensure that 18 the targets of frivolous or malicious suits need not bear the expense of responding.’” 19 Nordstrom v. Ryan, 762 F.3d 903, 920 n.1 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Wheeler v. Wexford 20 Health Sources, Inc., 689 F.3d 680, 681 (7th Cir. 2012)). 21 “The standard for determining whether a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon 22 which relief can be granted under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as the Federal Rule of 23 Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard for failure to state a claim.” Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 24 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012); see also Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1121 (9th Cir. 25 2012) (noting that screening pursuant to § 1915A “incorporates the familiar standard 26 applied in the context of failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 27 12(b)(6)”). Rule 12(b)(6) requires a complaint “contain sufficient factual matter, accepted 28 as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 1 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted); Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 1121. 2 Detailed factual allegations are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the 3 elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” 4 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief 5 [is] . . . a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial 6 experience and common sense.” Id. The “mere possibility of misconduct” or “unadorned, 7 the defendant-unlawfully-harmed me accusation[s]” fall short of meeting this plausibility 8 standard. Id.; see also Moss v. U.S. Secret Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). 9 B. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 10 “Section 1983 creates a private right of action against individuals who, acting under 11 color of state law, violate federal constitutional or statutory rights.” Devereaux v. Abbey, 12 263 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 2001). Section 1983 “is not itself a source of substantive 13 rights, but merely provides a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred.” 14 Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989) (internal quotation marks and citations 15 omitted). “To establish § 1983 liability, a Plaintiff must show both (1) deprivation of a right 16 secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States, and (2) that the deprivation was 17 committed by a person acting under color of state law.” Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc., 698 18 F.3d 1128, 1138 (9th Cir. 2012). 19 C. Discussion 20 Williams claims Defendants have violated his Eighth Amendment rights by failing 21 to protect him from contracting Covid-19 while in prison. (See Compl. at 2-7.) Williams 22 suffers from “pre-diabetes, obesity and respiratory issues requiring a CPAP machine to 23 sleep.” (Id. at 3.) These conditions put him as increased risk of serious disease or death if 24 he contracts Covid-19. (Id.) According to Williams, he submitted a grievance to prison 25 authorities in June/July of 2020 which he complained that the “generic face masks” 26 Defendants have distributed to inmates and staff are of “poor quality” and do not protect 27 inmates from exposure to Covid-19, that prison officials had not implemented sufficient 28 sanitation procedures in the prison, that prisoners were being double celled in violation of 1 social distancing guidance from health authorities, and that prison officials were not 2 wearing face masks inside the housing units. (Id. at 3.) Williams claims prison officials 3 never responded to his grievance. (Id.) 4 Williams contends that as a direct result of prison officials failure to implement 5 measures to protect inmates from contracting Covid-19, RJD suffered a major Covid-19 6 outbreak in Williams’ housing unit. (Id. at 5‒6.) He claims Defendants continue to house 7 infected inmates with non-infected inmates, do not properly sanitize showers, living areas, 8 or telephones between prisoners and allow infected inmates to share the same dining areas 9 and laundry services as non-infected inmates. (Id. at 6‒7.) As a result of Defendants’ 10 actions and inactions, Williams is in constant fear of contracting Covid-19, which would 11 be a serious medical issue for him given his pre-existing conditions, and suffers from panic 12 attacks, migraines, muscle aches, and indigestion as a result of stress. (Id.) 13 The Eighth Amendment prohibits the infliction of “cruel and unusual punishments.” 14 U.S. Const. Amend. VIII. In order to state a plausible Eighth Amendment claim for relief, 15 a Plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to show that Defendants acted with “deliberate 16 indifference.” Castro v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d 1060, 1068 (9th Cir. 2016); Iqbal, 17 556 U.S. at 678. “A prison official acts with ‘deliberate indifference . . . only if the [prison 18 official] knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health and safety.’” Toguchi 19 v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1057 (9th Cir. 2004) (quoting Gibson v. Cnty. of Washoe, 290 20 F.3d 1175, 1187 (9th Cir. 2002), overruled on other grounds by Castro, 833 F.3d at 1076. 21 “Under this standard, the prison official must not only ‘be aware of facts from which the 22 inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists,’ but that person 23 ‘must also draw the inference.’” Id. (quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837 24 (1994)). Prison officials have a duty to protect inmates from communicable diseases. See 25 e.g., Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 33 (1993) (finding prison officials may not “be 26 deliberately indifferent to the exposure of inmates to a serious, communicable disease”); 27 Hutto v. Finney, 437 U.S. 678, 682-83 (1978) (affirming a finding of an Eighth Amendment 28 violation where a facility housed individuals in crowded cells with others suffering from 1 infectious diseases, such as Hepatitis and venereal disease, and the individuals’ “mattresses 2 were removed and jumbled together each morning, then returned to the cells at random in 3 the evening”); Cervantes, 493 F.3d at 1050 (recognizing a cause of action under the Eighth 4 Amendment and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for an alleged policy of not screening inmates for 5 infectious diseases—HIV, Hepatitis C, and Heliobacter pylori—and for housing 6 contagious and healthy individuals together during a known “epidemic of hepatitis C”); 7 Maney v. Hall, __ F. Supp. 2d __, 2021 WL 354384, at *12 (D. Or. Feb. 2, 2021) (citing 8 cases recognizing prison officials’ duty to protect inmates from exposure to communicable 9 diseases under the Eighth Amendment). Accordingly, the Court concludes that Williams 10 has stated a plausible Eighth Amendment claim sufficient to meet the screening standard 11 against the Defendants for failing to protect him against exposure to Covid-19. Iqbal, 556 12 U.S. at 678. 13 IV. Conclusion and Orders 14 Based on the foregoing, the Court: 15 1. GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis (ECF No. 2). 16 2. ORDERS the Secretary of the CDCR, or her designee, to collect from 17 Plaintiff’s prison trust account the $350 filing fee owed in this case by collecting monthly 18 payments from the account in an amount equal to twenty percent (20%) of the preceding 19 month’s income and forward payments to the Clerk of the Court each time the amount in 20 the account exceeds $10 in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2). ALL PAYMENTS 21 MUST BE CLEARLY IDENTIFIED BY THE NAME AND NUMBER ASSIGNED TO 22 THIS ACTION. 23 3. DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to serve a copy of this Order by U.S. Mail 24 on Kathleen Allison, Secretary, California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, 25 P.O. Box 942883, Sacramento, California, 94283-0001, or in the alternative by forwarding 26 an electronic copy to trusthelpdesk@cdcr.ca.gov. 27 4. DIRECTS the Clerk to issue a summons as to Plaintiff’s Complaint (ECF No. 28 1) upon Defendants MARCUS POLLARD, B.D PHILLIPS, D. LEWIS, and GARCIA, 1 and forward it to Plaintiff along with a blank U.S. Marshal Form 285 for each of these 2 Defendants. In addition, the Clerk will provide Plaintiff with certified copies of this Order, 3 certified copies of his Complaint (ECF No. 1), and the summons so that he may serve the 4 Defendants. Upon receipt of this “IFP Package,” Plaintiff must complete the USM Form 5 285s as completely and accurately as possible, include an address where each Defendant 6 may be found and/or subject to service pursuant to S.D. Cal. CivLR 4.1c., and return them 7 to the United States Marshal according to the instructions the Clerk provides in the letter 8 accompanying his IFP package. 9 5. ORDERS the U.S. Marshal to serve a copy of the Complaint and summons 10 upon Defendants upon receipt and as directed by Plaintiff on the completed USM Form 11 285s, and to promptly file proof of service, or proof of any attempt at service unable to be 12 executed, with the Clerk of Court. See S.D. Cal. CivLR 5.2. All costs of that service will 13 be advanced by the United States. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d); Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(c)(3). 14 6. ORDERS Defendants, once they have been served, to reply to Plaintiff’s 15 Complaint within the time provided by the applicable provisions of Federal Rule of Civil 16 Procedure 12(a). See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(g)(2) (while a defendant may occasionally be 17 permitted to “waive the right to reply to any action brought by a prisoner confined in any 18 jail, prison, or other correctional facility under section 1983,” once the Court has conducted 19 its sua sponte screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and § 1915A(b), and thus, has 20 made a preliminary determination based on the face on the pleading alone that Plaintiff has 21 a “reasonable opportunity to prevail on the merits,” defendant is required to respond). 22 7. ORDERS Plaintiff, after service has been effected by the U.S. Marshal, to 23 serve upon Defendants, or if appearance has been entered by counsel, upon Defendants 24 counsel, a copy of every further pleading, motion, or other document submitted for the 25 Court’s consideration pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 5(b). Plaintiff must include with every 26 original document he seeks to file with the Clerk of the Court, a certificate stating the 27 manner in which a true and correct copy of that document has been was served on 28 Defendants or their counsel, and the date of that service. See S.D. Cal. CivLR 5.2. Any 1 document received by the Court which has not been properly filed with the Clerk or which 2 ||fails to include a Certificate of Service upon the Defendants, or their counsel, may be 3 || disregarded. 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 Dated: February 16, 2021 € □ 6 Hon. Cathy Ann Bencivengo 7 United States District Judge 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 12