W. R. Peterson, J.
This case involves the constitutionality of Section 492 of the School Code
requiring ownership of taxable property within the school district as a condition of eligibility to office as a school board member, title to a seat on defendant board of education contested by non-propertied plaintiff and propertied defendant Woods, and the question of what procedural means are appropriate to resolve the controversy.
Plaintiff was elected to defendant board January 11, 1973 for a term of six years. He was then fully qualified for the office. He remains so qualified except that in October of 1974 he ceased to own taxable property within the district, an event of which he promptly notified defendant board and which seemingly created an automatic vacancy in the office.
Defendant board took legal advice, concluded that plaintiffs seat was vacant, passed a formal resolution to that effect, and subsequently appointed defendant Woods thereto.
If § 492 of the School Code is unconstitutional, plaintiff has never ceased to be a member of defendant board and the appointment of defendant Woods was without lawful authority; if § 492 is constitutional, plaintiff’s seat became vacant and defendant Woods is lawfully his successor.
Both parties acknowledge that
Turner v Fouche,
396 US 346; 90 S Ct 532; 24 L Ed 2d 567 (1970), appears to be dispositive of the constitutional issue. In
Turner,
a provision of Georgia law requiring that members of county boards of education be freeholders was held to violate the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution. The property ownership requirement, said the Court, did not pass "the traditional test for a denial of equal protection: whether the challenged classification rests on grounds wholly irrelevant to the achievement of a valid state objective”, 396 US 346, 362, adding that "it seems impossible to discern any interest the qualification can serve”.
Id.,
363.
Defendants point to
Schweitzer v Plymouth City Clerk,
381 Mich 485; 164 NW2d 35 (1969),
cert den
397 US 906; 90 S Ct 896; 25 L Ed 2d 86 (1970), however, as casting doubt on the applicability of
Turner. Schweitzer
involved a requirement of property ownership for city office which was found constitutional by the Michigan Supreme Court prior to the decision in
Turner,
and, respecting which, the United States Supreme Court denied certiorari only a month after its decision in
Turner.
We cannot treat a denial of certiorari as precedent, let alone as a disavowal of a month-old decision. And we think
Schweitzer,
in any event, is distinguishable from the
Turner
treatment of a state statute in that
Schweitzer
involved a munici
pal charter provision which was the product of local elector choice.
We concur with the conclusion of the trial judge that § 492 of the School Code is indistinguishable from the freeholder provision of the Georgia statute in purpose and effect, is irrelevant to the capability or educational concern of a prospective board member, and is thus violative of the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution.
It would seem that the resolution of the constitutional question and the restoration of plaintiff to office should have been simple and expeditious. Unfortunately, that has not proved to be the case. On December 12, 1974, plaintiff commenced action in Ingham County Circuit Court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief,
viz.,
declarations that § 492 was unconstitutional and that the appointment of defendant Woods was invalid, and an order restraining defendant board from implementing either § 492 or its resolution declaring the seat vacant.
To Judge Kallman, it was tolerably clear that what plaintiff wanted was to have his office back and that the proper way to determine his right thereto was by a proceeding in the nature of quo warranto.
Judgment on the pleadings was accordingly granted to defendants. Plaintiff’s effort to proceed by quo warranto in this Court was then summarily aborted by treatment as an appeal, with the matter remanded to Judge Kallman who was ordered to try plaintiff’s original complaint on the authority of
Molinaro v Driver,
364 Mich 341; 111 NW2d 50 (1961). He did, finding §492 unconstitutional and the appointment of defendant Woods invalid.
This done, however, and plaintiff having had his
declaration of rights, by what procedural means could he be restored to office? Not by injunction. Judge Kallman was right in the first place: the remedy is by proceeding in the nature of quo warranto. It is, on one side of the coin, the exclusive remedy to try title to office,
Layle v Adjutant General of Michigan,
384 Mich 638; 186 NW2d 559 (1971); on the reverse, there is no recourse to injunctive relief save where there is no other adequate remedy.
St. Joseph Twp v Berrien County Supervisors,
363 Mich 295; 109 NW2d 826 (1961).
This action, unlike
Molinaro,
involves a dispute as to which of two rival claimants is entitled to a public office.
Molinaro,
on the other hand, involved the validity of a resolution of a retirement board retiring an officer who held an office, lawfully assumed, for which there was no rival claimant. We thus misapplied
Molinaro
in an effort to expedite the case and only prolonged it.
It should be no barrier to merited relief that the claimant has mislabeled or misapprehended his remedy. Thus GCR 1963, 13:
"These rules are to be construed to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action so as to avoid the consequences of any error or defect in the proceedings which does not affect the substantial rights of the parties.”
and GCR 1963, 110.3:
"Technical Forms Abolished. All common counts, general issues, demurrers, pleas, fictions and technical forms of action or pleading, are abolished. The form and sufficiency of all motions and pleadings shall be determined by these rules, construed and enforced to secure a just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of all controversies on their merits.”
as to which the committee comment said:
"It is to be understood that the abolition of the forms of action does not abolish the remedies thereunder. If a cause of action is stated in the complaint showing the pleader entitled to relief, the appropriate substantive remedy will remain, no matter if the action is labeled as to form or is merely designated as a civil action. This is especially true in regard to actions of mandamus, quo warranto, and certiorari, the names of which were preserved in the statute above cited.”
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W. R. Peterson, J.
This case involves the constitutionality of Section 492 of the School Code
requiring ownership of taxable property within the school district as a condition of eligibility to office as a school board member, title to a seat on defendant board of education contested by non-propertied plaintiff and propertied defendant Woods, and the question of what procedural means are appropriate to resolve the controversy.
Plaintiff was elected to defendant board January 11, 1973 for a term of six years. He was then fully qualified for the office. He remains so qualified except that in October of 1974 he ceased to own taxable property within the district, an event of which he promptly notified defendant board and which seemingly created an automatic vacancy in the office.
Defendant board took legal advice, concluded that plaintiffs seat was vacant, passed a formal resolution to that effect, and subsequently appointed defendant Woods thereto.
If § 492 of the School Code is unconstitutional, plaintiff has never ceased to be a member of defendant board and the appointment of defendant Woods was without lawful authority; if § 492 is constitutional, plaintiff’s seat became vacant and defendant Woods is lawfully his successor.
Both parties acknowledge that
Turner v Fouche,
396 US 346; 90 S Ct 532; 24 L Ed 2d 567 (1970), appears to be dispositive of the constitutional issue. In
Turner,
a provision of Georgia law requiring that members of county boards of education be freeholders was held to violate the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution. The property ownership requirement, said the Court, did not pass "the traditional test for a denial of equal protection: whether the challenged classification rests on grounds wholly irrelevant to the achievement of a valid state objective”, 396 US 346, 362, adding that "it seems impossible to discern any interest the qualification can serve”.
Id.,
363.
Defendants point to
Schweitzer v Plymouth City Clerk,
381 Mich 485; 164 NW2d 35 (1969),
cert den
397 US 906; 90 S Ct 896; 25 L Ed 2d 86 (1970), however, as casting doubt on the applicability of
Turner. Schweitzer
involved a requirement of property ownership for city office which was found constitutional by the Michigan Supreme Court prior to the decision in
Turner,
and, respecting which, the United States Supreme Court denied certiorari only a month after its decision in
Turner.
We cannot treat a denial of certiorari as precedent, let alone as a disavowal of a month-old decision. And we think
Schweitzer,
in any event, is distinguishable from the
Turner
treatment of a state statute in that
Schweitzer
involved a munici
pal charter provision which was the product of local elector choice.
We concur with the conclusion of the trial judge that § 492 of the School Code is indistinguishable from the freeholder provision of the Georgia statute in purpose and effect, is irrelevant to the capability or educational concern of a prospective board member, and is thus violative of the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution.
It would seem that the resolution of the constitutional question and the restoration of plaintiff to office should have been simple and expeditious. Unfortunately, that has not proved to be the case. On December 12, 1974, plaintiff commenced action in Ingham County Circuit Court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief,
viz.,
declarations that § 492 was unconstitutional and that the appointment of defendant Woods was invalid, and an order restraining defendant board from implementing either § 492 or its resolution declaring the seat vacant.
To Judge Kallman, it was tolerably clear that what plaintiff wanted was to have his office back and that the proper way to determine his right thereto was by a proceeding in the nature of quo warranto.
Judgment on the pleadings was accordingly granted to defendants. Plaintiff’s effort to proceed by quo warranto in this Court was then summarily aborted by treatment as an appeal, with the matter remanded to Judge Kallman who was ordered to try plaintiff’s original complaint on the authority of
Molinaro v Driver,
364 Mich 341; 111 NW2d 50 (1961). He did, finding §492 unconstitutional and the appointment of defendant Woods invalid.
This done, however, and plaintiff having had his
declaration of rights, by what procedural means could he be restored to office? Not by injunction. Judge Kallman was right in the first place: the remedy is by proceeding in the nature of quo warranto. It is, on one side of the coin, the exclusive remedy to try title to office,
Layle v Adjutant General of Michigan,
384 Mich 638; 186 NW2d 559 (1971); on the reverse, there is no recourse to injunctive relief save where there is no other adequate remedy.
St. Joseph Twp v Berrien County Supervisors,
363 Mich 295; 109 NW2d 826 (1961).
This action, unlike
Molinaro,
involves a dispute as to which of two rival claimants is entitled to a public office.
Molinaro,
on the other hand, involved the validity of a resolution of a retirement board retiring an officer who held an office, lawfully assumed, for which there was no rival claimant. We thus misapplied
Molinaro
in an effort to expedite the case and only prolonged it.
It should be no barrier to merited relief that the claimant has mislabeled or misapprehended his remedy. Thus GCR 1963, 13:
"These rules are to be construed to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action so as to avoid the consequences of any error or defect in the proceedings which does not affect the substantial rights of the parties.”
and GCR 1963, 110.3:
"Technical Forms Abolished. All common counts, general issues, demurrers, pleas, fictions and technical forms of action or pleading, are abolished. The form and sufficiency of all motions and pleadings shall be determined by these rules, construed and enforced to secure a just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of all controversies on their merits.”
as to which the committee comment said:
"It is to be understood that the abolition of the forms of action does not abolish the remedies thereunder. If a cause of action is stated in the complaint showing the pleader entitled to relief, the appropriate substantive remedy will remain, no matter if the action is labeled as to form or is merely designated as a civil action. This is especially true in regard to actions of mandamus, quo warranto, and certiorari, the names of which were preserved in the statute above cited.”
And this concern for substance over form was not unknown prior to the adoption of the 1963 General Court Rules,
e.g., Heidelmeyer v Village of Oakwood,
222 Mich 331; 192 NW 565 (1923).
Nonetheless, there are important aspects of quo warranto proceedings which distinguish them from other civil proceedings. Thus the court in which the remedy is sought will depend on the office involved; and, as in
Heidelmeyer,
the standing of a private party to seek the remedy is dependent, where it exists, on leave granted.
GCR 1963, 715 in part reads as follows:
".1 Jurisdiction.
(1) All actions for quo warranto against any person who usurps, intrudes into, or unlawfully holds or exercises any state office, and against any state officer who does or suffers any act which, by the provisions of law, works a forfeiture of his office, shall be commenced in the Court of Appeals.
(2) All other actions for quo warranto shall be brought in the circuit courts.”
Thus,, if a school board member is a state officer, an action in the nature of quo warranto pertaining thereto must be brought in this Court; if not, the action must originate, like other civil actions, in
the circuit court. There is no doubt that public schools are state agencies,
Public Schools of Battle Creek v Kennedy,
245 Mich 585; 223 NW 359 (1929);
Governor v State Treasurer,
389 Mich 1; 203 NW2d 457 (1972), but perhaps a more apt description is that in
MacQueen v City Commission of Port Huron,
194 Mich 328, 336; 160 NW 627 (1916), referring to a "school system, to be administered throughout the State under State laws by
local State agencies”.
(Emphasis added.)
A number of cases, analyzed carefully in
Young v Detroit City Clerk,
389 Mich 333;207 NW2d 126 (1973), have dealt with the question of the eligibility of members of the Legislature to other office because of the disqualifications contained in Const 1963, art 4, § 9 and prior constitutions.
In
Young, supra,
p 347, the Court said:
"Thus, it is clear that the distinction of state and local offices depended on not whether an official had one or more state duties, but whether the office is primarily local or state on the basis of the overall duties.”
In applying the test, the Court cited with approval
Weza v Auditor General,
297 Mich 686; 298 NW 368 (1941), finding the office of county school commissioner to be a local office to which a member of the Legislature would be eligible,
and overruled
O’Brien v City of Detroit Election Commission,
383 Mich 707; 179 NW2d 19 (1970), which had held the office of city treasurer to be a state office because it involved collection of school taxes and schools were state agencies.
Perhaps more pertinent is
Schobert v Inter-
County Drainage Board,
342 Mich 270; 69 NW2d 814 (1955), involving mandamus which, as with quo warranto, has been historically withheld from the circuit courts in matters involving state officers.
From
Schobert,
and the cases cited therein, it appears that the purpose of this limitation on the common law powers of the circuit courts to issue extraordinary writs is twofold: to place in the higher court for expeditious hearing those questions of sovereign prerogative or the interest of the state at large, and to avoid inconvenience in the administration of state government by permitting trial of such questions at the seat of government where the most state offices and departments are centered. The circuit courts, on the other hand, retain the power to use such writ or equivalent civil remedies where local witnesses will be heard and local questions and issues resolved notwithstanding that general state law or interest is involved.
In a sense, we think that, in the language of
Young, supra,
school boards are "primarily local”, and that the
MacQueen
description of school districts as
"local
State agencies” is accurate. Although they are state agencies, operating under and administering state law, they exercise their duties locally rather than statewide; their authority is geographically confined; the ownership and maintenance of their physical resources is local; to the extent that they control their own revenue sources, they deal primarily with local tax revenues, and locally face problems of operating and building millage; and the duties of employment and supervision of personnel and of educating students are all local. We are satisfied that school board members are not state officers and that
proceedings in the nature of quo warranto involving them are to be commenced in the circuit courts.
While hesitant to oust the circuit judge of his discretion under GCR 1963, 715.2(2) to grant the prerequisite leave to bring an action in the nature of quo warranto, in the interest of speedy termination of this matter we summarily deem it granted
and remand for entry of appropriate judgment for the plaintiff.