MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BRANTLY
delivered the opinion of the court.
This action was brought by plaintiff, as receiver of the Butte Savings Bank, to recover the sum of $1,000 due from defendant to the bank upon a demand note for borrowed money, dated May'5, 1914, together with interest at the rate of eight per cent per annum. Though formal pleadings were filed, the cause was submitted to the trial court upon an agreed statement of facts, which may be epitomized as follows: The bank is a corporation organized under the laws of Montana as a savings trust deposit and security association, and, at the date of the execution of the note in controversy, was engaged at Butte, Montana, in con[15]*15ducting the business such corporations are authorized to conduct under the provisions of section 3937 of the Revised Codes, including the holding of money on deposit payable on time or on demand, as well as in trust to accumulate at an agreed rate of interest. On August 5, 1914, it having become insolvent, the state examiner, by the order of the governor and attorney general of the state, took possession of it and all its. assets and closed its doors. Thereafter the state, through the attorney general, brought an action to have its business adjusted and wound up and distribution of its assets made through the agency of a receiver. By agreement between the attorney general and the bank, plaintiff was appointed receiver. He at once qualified, took over all the assets from the examiner, and proceeded to perform his duties. Among the assets he found the note in question. When the examiner took possession, the defendant had on deposit subject to check, a balance of $479.09. He also had a savings account for which he held a pass-book, showing a balance due him of $215.33. Under the rules adopted by the bank, balances on savings accounts remaining on deposit for three months or more drew interest at the rate of four per cent per annum; the accruing interest being capitalized on the 1st days of January and July. The bank at its option could require notice of withdrawals of savings deposits as follows: Thirty days’ notice for sums not exceeding $100; sixty days’ for sums exceeding $100 and less than $500; ninety days’ for sums of $500 and less than $1,000, etc. The sum due defendant on his savings account consisted of his balance, with interest-added up to July 1, 1914. On August 20 the plaintiff demanded of defendant payment of the full amount of his note. The defendant demanded that the plaintiff apply, as a part payment of the amount of the note, the balance on his cheek account, and also the balance shown by his pass-book on July 1, with interest at the rate of four per cent per annum from that date. He accompanied this demand with an offer to pay the balance remaining due on the note. The demand and offer were refused, on the ground that the defendant was entitled to such [16]*16proportion of these amounts only as will be found due ratably to all other creditors of the bank upon the final distribution of its assets. On August 3, 1914, the bank had notified all its customers having savings accounts with it that it would thereafter require notice of ■ withdrawals as provided by its rules. Defendant did not at any time give notice that he intended to make withdrawal of his account or any part of it. At the trial, defendant contended that he was entitled to have credited upon the amount of the note the balance of his cheek account, with legal interest from August 20, when he demanded a settlement with the plaintiff, together with the balance on his savings account, with interest at the rate of four per cent from July 1. The court sustained both contentions, except that it disallowed interest on the first balance, and rendered judgment for the plaintiff for $335.96, balance of principal and interest. The pláintiff has appealed.
At the-hearing in this court, counsel for the plaintiff made the-'concession that, when the bank ceased to do business, all bálances" on savings accounts became due without previous notice to the bank or the receiver, thus eliminating this feature of the' case. They submitted the question whether, upon the facts disclosed by the statement,' the decision of the trial court allowing defendant credit, by way of counterclaims, for the amounts of his deposits, does not give him an unlawful preference over other depositors of the bank. Incidentally they also presented .the inquiry whether the defendant is entitled to interest on either or both of his balances.
By a practically unanimous line, of- decisions, the courts have held that, when a receiver takes charge of the estate of an [1] insolvent, he occupies a position in no respect different from that of the insolvent prior to the appointment.' He- becomes merely the assignee of the insolvent, and has exactly the same rights. He is not an innocent purchaser in any sense of that term. An ordinary assignee takes an assignment of- a thing in action “without prejudice to any setoff or other defense existing at the time of, or before notice of the assignment.” (Rev. [17]*17Codes, sec. 6478; Stadler v. First Nat. Bank, 22 Mont. 190, 74 Am. St. Rep. 582, 56 Pac. 111; Cornish v. Woolverton, 32 Mont. 456,108 Am. St. Rep. 598, 81 Pac. 4.) The fact that the receiver becomes the assignee by virtue of his appointment does not put him upon any higher ground than when the assignment is the result of private contract. He is the arm of the court to accomplish the distribution of the assets of the insolvent. (Colton v. Drovers’ etc. Assn., 90 Md. 85, 78 Am. St. Rep. 431, 46 L. R. A. 388, 45 Atl. 23; People v. California Safe Deposit & Trust Co., 168 Cal. 241, 141 Pac. 1181; Receivers of People’s Bank v. Paterson Gas L. Co., 23 N. J. L. 283; Farmers’ Deposit Nat. Bank v. Penn Bank, 123 Pa. 283, 2 L. R. A. 273, 16 Atl. 761; 23 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 2d ed., 1074.) On this subject Mr. Pomeroy says: “The general rule is that a receiver acquires no greater interest in an estate than the one from whom he takes; and it follows that ehoses in action pass to him subject to any right of setoff existing at the time of his appointment.” (Pomeroy Eq. Remedies, secs. 186, 187.) The rule applies to- a receiver of an insolvent bank, and the rights of those indebted to the bank are to be determined by their relations to it as they existed at the time the receiver was appointed. It is as much his duty to recognize and allow the right of setoff when it exists as it would have been if the bank itself had sought to enforce the collection of the particular claim. It was so held by this court in the case of Mercer v. Dyer, 15 Mont. 317, 39 Pac. 314, following the authority of Scott v. Armstrong, 146 U. S. 499, 36 L. Ed. 1059, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 148; Yardley v. Clothier (C. C.), 49 Fed. 337; Id., 51 Fed. 506, 2 C. C. A. 349, 17 L. R. A. 462; and Receivers of People’s Bank v. Paterson Gas L. Co., supra. Further discussion of the subject in this jurisdiction, we think, ought to be foreclosed by this case. Counsel insist that the case is not decisive, for the reason that the claim involved was a trust fund when deposited in the bank; that it retained this attribute in the hands of the receiver; and that, being for this reason recoverable from him as a preferred claim, it was properly pleadable as a setoff. As we understand the case, the court [18]
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BRANTLY
delivered the opinion of the court.
This action was brought by plaintiff, as receiver of the Butte Savings Bank, to recover the sum of $1,000 due from defendant to the bank upon a demand note for borrowed money, dated May'5, 1914, together with interest at the rate of eight per cent per annum. Though formal pleadings were filed, the cause was submitted to the trial court upon an agreed statement of facts, which may be epitomized as follows: The bank is a corporation organized under the laws of Montana as a savings trust deposit and security association, and, at the date of the execution of the note in controversy, was engaged at Butte, Montana, in con[15]*15ducting the business such corporations are authorized to conduct under the provisions of section 3937 of the Revised Codes, including the holding of money on deposit payable on time or on demand, as well as in trust to accumulate at an agreed rate of interest. On August 5, 1914, it having become insolvent, the state examiner, by the order of the governor and attorney general of the state, took possession of it and all its. assets and closed its doors. Thereafter the state, through the attorney general, brought an action to have its business adjusted and wound up and distribution of its assets made through the agency of a receiver. By agreement between the attorney general and the bank, plaintiff was appointed receiver. He at once qualified, took over all the assets from the examiner, and proceeded to perform his duties. Among the assets he found the note in question. When the examiner took possession, the defendant had on deposit subject to check, a balance of $479.09. He also had a savings account for which he held a pass-book, showing a balance due him of $215.33. Under the rules adopted by the bank, balances on savings accounts remaining on deposit for three months or more drew interest at the rate of four per cent per annum; the accruing interest being capitalized on the 1st days of January and July. The bank at its option could require notice of withdrawals of savings deposits as follows: Thirty days’ notice for sums not exceeding $100; sixty days’ for sums exceeding $100 and less than $500; ninety days’ for sums of $500 and less than $1,000, etc. The sum due defendant on his savings account consisted of his balance, with interest-added up to July 1, 1914. On August 20 the plaintiff demanded of defendant payment of the full amount of his note. The defendant demanded that the plaintiff apply, as a part payment of the amount of the note, the balance on his cheek account, and also the balance shown by his pass-book on July 1, with interest at the rate of four per cent per annum from that date. He accompanied this demand with an offer to pay the balance remaining due on the note. The demand and offer were refused, on the ground that the defendant was entitled to such [16]*16proportion of these amounts only as will be found due ratably to all other creditors of the bank upon the final distribution of its assets. On August 3, 1914, the bank had notified all its customers having savings accounts with it that it would thereafter require notice of ■ withdrawals as provided by its rules. Defendant did not at any time give notice that he intended to make withdrawal of his account or any part of it. At the trial, defendant contended that he was entitled to have credited upon the amount of the note the balance of his cheek account, with legal interest from August 20, when he demanded a settlement with the plaintiff, together with the balance on his savings account, with interest at the rate of four per cent from July 1. The court sustained both contentions, except that it disallowed interest on the first balance, and rendered judgment for the plaintiff for $335.96, balance of principal and interest. The pláintiff has appealed.
At the-hearing in this court, counsel for the plaintiff made the-'concession that, when the bank ceased to do business, all bálances" on savings accounts became due without previous notice to the bank or the receiver, thus eliminating this feature of the' case. They submitted the question whether, upon the facts disclosed by the statement,' the decision of the trial court allowing defendant credit, by way of counterclaims, for the amounts of his deposits, does not give him an unlawful preference over other depositors of the bank. Incidentally they also presented .the inquiry whether the defendant is entitled to interest on either or both of his balances.
By a practically unanimous line, of- decisions, the courts have held that, when a receiver takes charge of the estate of an [1] insolvent, he occupies a position in no respect different from that of the insolvent prior to the appointment.' He- becomes merely the assignee of the insolvent, and has exactly the same rights. He is not an innocent purchaser in any sense of that term. An ordinary assignee takes an assignment of- a thing in action “without prejudice to any setoff or other defense existing at the time of, or before notice of the assignment.” (Rev. [17]*17Codes, sec. 6478; Stadler v. First Nat. Bank, 22 Mont. 190, 74 Am. St. Rep. 582, 56 Pac. 111; Cornish v. Woolverton, 32 Mont. 456,108 Am. St. Rep. 598, 81 Pac. 4.) The fact that the receiver becomes the assignee by virtue of his appointment does not put him upon any higher ground than when the assignment is the result of private contract. He is the arm of the court to accomplish the distribution of the assets of the insolvent. (Colton v. Drovers’ etc. Assn., 90 Md. 85, 78 Am. St. Rep. 431, 46 L. R. A. 388, 45 Atl. 23; People v. California Safe Deposit & Trust Co., 168 Cal. 241, 141 Pac. 1181; Receivers of People’s Bank v. Paterson Gas L. Co., 23 N. J. L. 283; Farmers’ Deposit Nat. Bank v. Penn Bank, 123 Pa. 283, 2 L. R. A. 273, 16 Atl. 761; 23 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 2d ed., 1074.) On this subject Mr. Pomeroy says: “The general rule is that a receiver acquires no greater interest in an estate than the one from whom he takes; and it follows that ehoses in action pass to him subject to any right of setoff existing at the time of his appointment.” (Pomeroy Eq. Remedies, secs. 186, 187.) The rule applies to- a receiver of an insolvent bank, and the rights of those indebted to the bank are to be determined by their relations to it as they existed at the time the receiver was appointed. It is as much his duty to recognize and allow the right of setoff when it exists as it would have been if the bank itself had sought to enforce the collection of the particular claim. It was so held by this court in the case of Mercer v. Dyer, 15 Mont. 317, 39 Pac. 314, following the authority of Scott v. Armstrong, 146 U. S. 499, 36 L. Ed. 1059, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 148; Yardley v. Clothier (C. C.), 49 Fed. 337; Id., 51 Fed. 506, 2 C. C. A. 349, 17 L. R. A. 462; and Receivers of People’s Bank v. Paterson Gas L. Co., supra. Further discussion of the subject in this jurisdiction, we think, ought to be foreclosed by this case. Counsel insist that the case is not decisive, for the reason that the claim involved was a trust fund when deposited in the bank; that it retained this attribute in the hands of the receiver; and that, being for this reason recoverable from him as a preferred claim, it was properly pleadable as a setoff. As we understand the case, the court [18]*18decided these propositions: (1) That the right of setoff was not impaired by the insolvency of the bank; and (2) that it was not prohibited by the national bank law. (U. S. Rev. Stats., sec. 5242; U. S. Comp. Stats. 1913, sec. 9834.) The. mention of the character of the fund in the latter part of the opinion was made incidentally in discussing the question whether the warrant held by the bank at the time it became insolvent was due, and it and the deposit claimed as a setoff constituted mutual claims between the bank and the county. The case, of Stadler v. First Nat. Bank recognized the rule as established by this ease. Were it not decisive, we should nevertheless feel bound to yield our judgment to the overwhelming weight of authority on the subject. To the citations made above we may add the following: Thompson v. Union Trust Co., 130 Mich. 508, 97 Am. St. Rep. 494, 90 N. W. 294; Jack v. Klepser, 196 Pa. 187, 79 Am. St. Rep. 699, 46 Atl. 479; Balbach v. Frelinghuysen (C. C.), 15 Fed. 675; Salladin v. Mitchell, 42 Neb. 859, 61 N. W. 127; State v. Brobston, 94 Ga. 95, 47 Am. St. Rep. 138, 21 S. E. 146; Miller v. Receivers of Franklin Bank (N. Y.), 1 Paige, 444; Fort v. McCully (N. Y.), 59 Barb. 87; Davis v. Industrial Mfg. Co., 114 N. C. 321, 23 L. R. A. 322, 19 S. E. 371; Jones v. Piening, 85 Wis. 264, 55 N. W. 413; Adams v. Spokane Drug Co (C. C.), 57 Fed. 888, 23 L. R. A. 334; Hade v. McVay, 31 Ohio St. 231; McCagg v. Woodman, 28 Ill. 84; Re Assignment of Hamilton, 26 Or. 579, 38 Pac. 1088; Steelman v. Atchley, 98 Ark. 294, 32 L. R. A. (n. s.) 1060, 135 S. W. 902; Osborn v. Byrne, 43 Conn. 155, 21 Am. Rep. 641; Tourtelot v. Whithed, 9 N. D. 467, 84 N. W. 8; see, also, Michie on Banks and Banking, 634; Pomeroy’s Eq. Remedies, sec. 188.
The relation of the defendant to the bank was not that of a [2] creditor only. He was also its debtor; and though his debt exceeded his claim against the bank, in an action by the bank against him he would have been entitled to a setoff by way of counterclaim. The claim of the bank was a valuable asset only so far as it was not offset by its debt to him. That he is [19]*19entitled to bis discharge upon payment of the difference does not give him a preference over any other creditor.
Counsel argue, however, that this general rule can have no application to this case, for the reasons that the bank was doing [3] business as a savings institution; that the defendant occupies toward its assets a relation similar to that of a stockholder in a commercial bank; and hence that his rights are to be determined by the rule applicable to such stockholders. In support of this contention they quote from Miehie on Banks and Banking as follows: “Upon the insolvency of a savings bank, an ordinary depositor cannot set off his deposit against a debt due from him to the bank, and this is so though the debt is for borrowed money. Neither the depositor’s pledge of his deposit book to the bank as collateral security, nor the bank’s expectation, at the time the debt is created, that he will apply his deposit in payment thereof, entitle him to set it off in payment of the debt.” (Vol. 3, p. 2246.) They also cite several eases upon which this author bases his text, among them Osborn v. Byrne, supra; Cogwell v. Rockingham, etc. Sav. Bank, 59 N. H. 43; Stockton v. Mechanics & Laborers’ Sav. Bank, 32 N. J. Eq. 163; and Hannon v. Williams, 34 N. J. Eq. 255, 38 Am. Rep. 378. We do not doubt the propriety or soundness of the rule announced in these cases. The character of the institution under consideration in each of them was such as to distinguish it from one organized and conducted for commercial purposes. Such an institution has no capital stock. Its incorporators have no property interest in the funds deposited in it. Their sole office is to manage and invest them as guardians and trustees for the depositors. The latter alone are interested in the prosperity of the institution. The assets are its invested funds made up of the common contributions of all the depositors. All the profits of the business are divided .among the depositors or accumulated in a surplus fund for the common benefit or for greater security. Indeed, such a bank is treated in all these eases as a quasi-charitable and benevolent institution. One of the kind under consideration here has none of the attributes of [20]*20such an institution. By reference to the statute providing' for its organization and regulating its business (Rev. Codes, secs. 3923-3944), it will be found that it must be classed among corporations organized for profit and as bearing the same general relation to its depositors as do such corporations. It must have a capital stock, which is represented by shares issued to the stockholders and transferable upon its books by the mode provided by its by-laws. Its board of directors invests the capital stock and deposits for the profit of the stockholders. The stockholders are liable for the debts incurred by it to the extent of the value of the shares held by them. It may engage in eleven different lands of business, none of them partaking in any measure of the nature of the business of a savings institution, except that deposits may be received and held by it for accumulation at such a rate of interest as may be agreed upon. Its profits are divided among the stockholders — not the depositors. The latter have no interest in them. Its property is subject to taxation in the same manner as that of national banks. It thus appeal’s that, though the insolvent bears the name “Butte Savings Bank,” it is not a “savings bank” within the meaning of the cases referred to supra, but a “commercial bank” pure and simple. The distinction between institutions falling within the two classes, has been recognized by the courts and the rights of depositors determined accordingly. (Robinson v. Aird, 43 Fla. 30, 29 South. 633; People v. Mechanics & Traders’ Sav. Inst., 92 N. Y. 7.) Nor does the designation it bears require it to be classed under the head of savings banks, within the meaning of the statute providing for the organization and regulation of savings banks, as such, under our Code. (Rev. Codes, secs. 3945-3958.) It was not organized under these provisions. EVen so, it would seem that the relation between it and its depositors would not be governed by the rule stated by Mr. Michie, supra. By an examination of these provisions it will be found that, subject to certain restrictions as to the character of the business which may be conducted by them and requirements to be observed for the greater security of the depositors, they are [21]*21not benevolent or charitable in their nature, but are organized primarily for the benefit of the stockholders, who are entitled to all the profits of the business after the depositors have been paid such rates of interest upon their deposits as may be provided by the by-laws. Whether the rule contended for applies to them we shall not undertake to decide, because it does not arise in this case. We are clear in the conviction, however, that it cannot justly be applied to a corporation organized for purely commercial purposes, as was the case here.
The effect of the suspension and declared insolvency of the bank was to make the defendant’s deposits due and actionable. (Stadler v. First Nat. Bank, supra.) This being so, [4] he was entitled to receive interest from August 5 until the date of the judgment. (Rev. Codes, sec. 6043; Hefferlin v. Karlman, 29 Mont. 139, 74 Pac. 201; Leggat v. Gerrick, 35 Mont. 91; 8. L. R. A. (n. s.) 1238, 88 Pac. 788.) Of the decision of the trial court in this behalf, however, neither party is in position to complain. In fact, the defendant does not complain, because he has not appealed. Nor has he by cross-assignment in his brief asked that the judgment be modified. (Rev. Codes, sec. 7118.) The plaintiff cannot complain, for the reason that the court disallowed interest on the cheek balance and charged interest on the savings balance, as though the deposit agreement was still in full force. If it remained in force notwithstanding the insolvency of the bank, the allowance was proper as made; otherwise the contract was broken down, and allowance of the legal rate should have been made from the date at which the state auditor took charge.
Judgment affirmed.
Affirmed,.
Me. Justice Sanner concurs.
Mr. Justice Holloway, being absent, did not hear the argument, and takes no part in the foregoing decision.