UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 18-1637
WILLIAM R. LINS,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Defendant - Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore. Ellen L. Hollander, District Judge. (1:17-cv-02163-ELH)
Submitted: April 12, 2019 Decided: May 13, 2019
Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, and KEENAN and THACKER, Circuit Judges.
Dismissed and remanded with instructions by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Emily C. Malarkey, BEKMAN, MARDER & ADKINS, LLC, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellant. Robert K. Hur, United States Attorney, Roann Nichols, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. PER CURIAM:
William R. Lins appeals from the district court’s order dismissing his complaint
without prejudice for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. On appeal, we requested
supplemental briefing regarding this court’s jurisdiction. Although the parties conclude
that the district court’s dismissal without prejudice was a final, appealable order, we
disagree. Finding that the district court’s order is interlocutory, we dismiss the appeal.
In his complaint, Lins alleged negligent supervision/retention, in violation of the
Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b), 2401(b), 2671-80 (2012) (FTCA), and
medical malpractice. His claims arose out of an alleged sexual relationship with his
therapist, who worked for the Baltimore Veterans Association Medical Center. The
district court granted the Government’s motion to dismiss.
The district court found that, in general, Lins’ negligent supervision/retention
claim was barred by the discretionary function exception. However, the court recognized
the possibility that the claim could succeed if the Government “had notice of an illegal
act by [Lins’ therapist] and failed to respond.” Nonetheless, the court ruled that the
complaint’s allegations did not support such a conclusion. Thus, the court permitted Lins
to file an amended complaint should factual support exist or if Lins wished to assert a
negligence claim against his therapist’s supervisor.
Turning to the vicarious liability claim, the court found that Lins’ therapist was
acting outside the scope of her employment. The court concluded that the actions taken
by the therapist were “personal” and “served no therapeutic purpose.” Thus, the court
ruled that the therapist’s improper actions were not undertaken within the scope of her
2 employment. While the court noted that Lins might be able to state a claim for negligent
hiring/supervision or a claim that the sexual relationship was “instituted for a therapeutic
purpose and in misguided furtherance of the employer’s business,” the court ruled that
Lins’ complaint did not sufficiently allege these causes of action. Thus, the court ruled
that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the complaint and dismissed the complaint
without prejudice. Lins was given three weeks to amend his complaint and was informed
that his failure to do so would result in the case being closed. Instead of filing an
amended complaint, Lins appealed.
Although both parties agree that the district court’s decision was final and
appealable, the parties’ positions on this court’s jurisdiction are not binding on this court.
See Clark v. Cartledge, 829 F.3d 303, 305 (4th Cir. 2016) (“[This court] review[s its]
own jurisdiction de novo and must raise the issue sua sponte.”) (emphasis in original).
We may exercise jurisdiction only over final orders, 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (2012), and certain
interlocutory and collateral orders, 28 U.S.C. § 1292 (2012); Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b);
Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 545-46 (1949). An order
dismissing a complaint without prejudice is not an appealable final order if “the plaintiff
could save his action by merely amending his complaint.” Domino Sugar Corp. v. Sugar
Workers Local Union 392, 10 F.3d 1064, 1066-67 (4th Cir. 1993).
“[I]f the grounds of the dismissal make clear that no amendment could cure the
defects in the plaintiff’s case, the order dismissing the complaint is final in fact and
therefore appealable.” Goode v. Cent. Va. Legal Aid Soc’y, 807 F.3d 619, 623 (4th Cir.
3 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted). 1 In determining whether a dismissal without
prejudice is appealable, we examine the facts of each case. Id. at 623-24. In reaching
these case-specific determinations, “[w]hat makes [dismissals without prejudice] final or
nonfinal is not the speculative possibility of a new lawsuit, but that they ‘end the
litigation on the merits and leave nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.’”
GO Comput., Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 508 F.3d 170, 176 (4th Cir. 2007) (quoting MDK,
Inc. v. Mike's Train House, Inc., 27 F.3d 116, 119 (4th Cir. 1994)).
In the past, we have relied upon whether the district court dismissed the action in
its entirety or merely the complaint; the former dismissal was more likely to be
considered final while the latter was not. See Chao v. Rivendall Woods, Inc., 415 F.3d
342, 345 (4th Cir. 2005). However, more recently, in Goode, we recognized this
language in Chao, but noted that this distinction was just one way of determining if the
district court believed that no amendment could cure the defects in the plaintiff’s case.
807 F.3d at 624, 629-30 (noting that there was no indication that the dismissal of the
“case” rather than the “complaint” was determinative or even “highly probative” of the
order’s appealability). In Goode, we explicitly “enshrine[d the] salutary rule” that a
dismissal for “failure to plead sufficient facts in the complaint” is an interlocutory order,
1 Contrary to the Government’s position, we have held that, although Domino Sugar and Goode involved Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) dismissals for failure to state a claim, the same consideration applies to a dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. We have appellate jurisdiction over such an order only if “the filing of an amended complaint could not have solved the . . . jurisdictional problem in the district court.” Blitz v. Napolitano, 700 F.3d 733, 738 (4th Cir. 2012).
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UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 18-1637
WILLIAM R. LINS,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Defendant - Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore. Ellen L. Hollander, District Judge. (1:17-cv-02163-ELH)
Submitted: April 12, 2019 Decided: May 13, 2019
Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, and KEENAN and THACKER, Circuit Judges.
Dismissed and remanded with instructions by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Emily C. Malarkey, BEKMAN, MARDER & ADKINS, LLC, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellant. Robert K. Hur, United States Attorney, Roann Nichols, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. PER CURIAM:
William R. Lins appeals from the district court’s order dismissing his complaint
without prejudice for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. On appeal, we requested
supplemental briefing regarding this court’s jurisdiction. Although the parties conclude
that the district court’s dismissal without prejudice was a final, appealable order, we
disagree. Finding that the district court’s order is interlocutory, we dismiss the appeal.
In his complaint, Lins alleged negligent supervision/retention, in violation of the
Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b), 2401(b), 2671-80 (2012) (FTCA), and
medical malpractice. His claims arose out of an alleged sexual relationship with his
therapist, who worked for the Baltimore Veterans Association Medical Center. The
district court granted the Government’s motion to dismiss.
The district court found that, in general, Lins’ negligent supervision/retention
claim was barred by the discretionary function exception. However, the court recognized
the possibility that the claim could succeed if the Government “had notice of an illegal
act by [Lins’ therapist] and failed to respond.” Nonetheless, the court ruled that the
complaint’s allegations did not support such a conclusion. Thus, the court permitted Lins
to file an amended complaint should factual support exist or if Lins wished to assert a
negligence claim against his therapist’s supervisor.
Turning to the vicarious liability claim, the court found that Lins’ therapist was
acting outside the scope of her employment. The court concluded that the actions taken
by the therapist were “personal” and “served no therapeutic purpose.” Thus, the court
ruled that the therapist’s improper actions were not undertaken within the scope of her
2 employment. While the court noted that Lins might be able to state a claim for negligent
hiring/supervision or a claim that the sexual relationship was “instituted for a therapeutic
purpose and in misguided furtherance of the employer’s business,” the court ruled that
Lins’ complaint did not sufficiently allege these causes of action. Thus, the court ruled
that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the complaint and dismissed the complaint
without prejudice. Lins was given three weeks to amend his complaint and was informed
that his failure to do so would result in the case being closed. Instead of filing an
amended complaint, Lins appealed.
Although both parties agree that the district court’s decision was final and
appealable, the parties’ positions on this court’s jurisdiction are not binding on this court.
See Clark v. Cartledge, 829 F.3d 303, 305 (4th Cir. 2016) (“[This court] review[s its]
own jurisdiction de novo and must raise the issue sua sponte.”) (emphasis in original).
We may exercise jurisdiction only over final orders, 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (2012), and certain
interlocutory and collateral orders, 28 U.S.C. § 1292 (2012); Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b);
Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 545-46 (1949). An order
dismissing a complaint without prejudice is not an appealable final order if “the plaintiff
could save his action by merely amending his complaint.” Domino Sugar Corp. v. Sugar
Workers Local Union 392, 10 F.3d 1064, 1066-67 (4th Cir. 1993).
“[I]f the grounds of the dismissal make clear that no amendment could cure the
defects in the plaintiff’s case, the order dismissing the complaint is final in fact and
therefore appealable.” Goode v. Cent. Va. Legal Aid Soc’y, 807 F.3d 619, 623 (4th Cir.
3 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted). 1 In determining whether a dismissal without
prejudice is appealable, we examine the facts of each case. Id. at 623-24. In reaching
these case-specific determinations, “[w]hat makes [dismissals without prejudice] final or
nonfinal is not the speculative possibility of a new lawsuit, but that they ‘end the
litigation on the merits and leave nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.’”
GO Comput., Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 508 F.3d 170, 176 (4th Cir. 2007) (quoting MDK,
Inc. v. Mike's Train House, Inc., 27 F.3d 116, 119 (4th Cir. 1994)).
In the past, we have relied upon whether the district court dismissed the action in
its entirety or merely the complaint; the former dismissal was more likely to be
considered final while the latter was not. See Chao v. Rivendall Woods, Inc., 415 F.3d
342, 345 (4th Cir. 2005). However, more recently, in Goode, we recognized this
language in Chao, but noted that this distinction was just one way of determining if the
district court believed that no amendment could cure the defects in the plaintiff’s case.
807 F.3d at 624, 629-30 (noting that there was no indication that the dismissal of the
“case” rather than the “complaint” was determinative or even “highly probative” of the
order’s appealability). In Goode, we explicitly “enshrine[d the] salutary rule” that a
dismissal for “failure to plead sufficient facts in the complaint” is an interlocutory order,
1 Contrary to the Government’s position, we have held that, although Domino Sugar and Goode involved Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) dismissals for failure to state a claim, the same consideration applies to a dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. We have appellate jurisdiction over such an order only if “the filing of an amended complaint could not have solved the . . . jurisdictional problem in the district court.” Blitz v. Napolitano, 700 F.3d 733, 738 (4th Cir. 2012).
4 because “the plaintiff could amend the complaint to cure the pleading deficiency.” Id. at
624.
Moreover, a party’s failure to file an amended complaint does not “favor
appealability” of the district court’s order, as “it is the province of the district court—not
of the party seeking an appeal—to indicate that the order is final and appealable.”
Goode, 807 F.3d at 629 (noting that appealing party’s decision not to amend and instead
to stand on complaint only renders order appealable in unique circumstance, such as
where institutional interests of the Executive Branch were involved). While Lins avers
that he wishes to “stand on his complaint,” his situation is not comparable to Goode, and
our review of the record does not convince us that amendment would be futile. See
Martin v. Duffy, 858 F.3d 239, 247-48 (4th Cir. 2017) (stating that, since “district courts
have thrice concluded that Martin has been unable to allege sufficient facts to establish a
viable claim under the Equal Protection Clause, we find that Martin’s pleading deficiency
cannot be cured by amendment of his complaint”), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 730 (2018).
Here, the court explicitly stated that an amendment could cure some of the defects
in the complaint, and the court provided Lins two opportunities to amend his complaint.
While Lins claims on appeal that he has no further facts to add to his complaint, his
allegations ring false as, in district court and in his opening brief on appeal, Lins alleged
that the Government was aware of the therapist’s actions, without factual support aside
from knowledge of an invitation from Lins to his therapist to attend a wedding with him.
In fact, in his motion for leave to file a surreply in district court, Lins averred that he had
additional facts to support his claims, including testimony from his therapist that the
5 sexual relationship arose from the therapy. 2 Moreover, the district court suggested that
Lins might be able to successfully reframe his causes of action directly against the
therapist’s supervisors. Given such statements, the order fails to clearly conclude that no
amendment could cure the defects in the complaint.
Accordingly, under Goode, the order is not a final, appealable order. Thus, we
dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction and remand with instructions to either provide
Lins another opportunity to amend and/or clearly indicate that further amendments would
not cure the complaint’s defects and that the dismissal is, thus, with prejudice. 3 We
dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately
presented in the materials before this court and argument would not aid the decisional
process.
DISMISSED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS
2 Following this motion, the district court granted leave to Lins to file an amended complaint, thus indicating that an amended complaint based on the alleged facts may not have been a futile exercise. 3 Lins claims on appeal that he cannot allege any further facts in good faith. However, such statements, and the resultant waiver of the rights to bring further claims or allege further facts, should be presented to the district court in the first instance.