IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-12-00077-CV
WILLIAM L. REECE, Appellant v.
LORNE JOHNSON, ET AL, Appellees
From the 278th District Court Walker County, Texas Trial Court No. 25,763
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant William L. Reece, a state-prison inmate in the Ellis Unit, originally
sued Lorne Johnson and Rachel Montgomery, former or current correctional officers
with the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ), alleging a claim under the Texas
Theft Liability Act pertaining to the alleged destruction and taking of Reece’s personal
property. He sought monetary and declaratory relief. Reece then filed an amended
petition and added Joyce Guerra, a TDCJ unit grievance investigator, as a defendant
and asserted constitutional violations against Guerra and sought injunctive relief and exemplary damages.
Reece filed suit as an indigent, which triggered Chapter 14 of the Civil Practice
and Remedies Code. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. ch. 14 (West 2002 and Supp.
2012). Montgomery filed a motion to dismiss, asserting that Reece’s claims were
frivolous, but the trial court on its own dismissed as frivolous all of Reece’s claims with
prejudice. See id. § 14.003 (West 2002). Guerra was served a week after dismissal, and it
appears that Johnson was not served before dismissal because he no longer was
employed by TDCJ. Asserting six issues, Reece appeals.
Reece’s first issue complains about the trial court’s dismissal of all of his claims
as frivolous.
A trial court may dismiss a claim as frivolous under chapter 14 if “the claim has no arguable basis in law or in fact.” See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 14.003(a)(2), (b)(2) (Vernon 2002); Hamilton v. Williams, 298 S.W.3d 334, 339 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. denied). “A claim has no arguable basis in law if it relies upon an indisputably meritless legal theory.” Hamilton, 298 S.W.3d at 339. When, as here, there has been no fact hearing, our review is limited to the question of whether the claim has an arguable basis in law. Id.; Brewer, 268 S.W.3d at 770. We may affirm the dismissal if it was proper under any applicable legal theory. Hamilton v. Pechacek, 319 S.W.3d 801, 809 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, no pet.). If the claim has no arguable basis in law, then dismissal with prejudice is proper. Hamilton, 298 S.W.3d at 340.
Fernandez v. T.D.C.J., 341 S.W.3d 6, 13 (Tex. App.—Waco 2010, no pet.).
The issue of whether there was an arguable basis in law is a legal question that we review de novo. Id.; Moreland v. Johnson, 95 S.W.3d 392, 394 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.).
To determine whether the trial court properly decided there was no arguable basis in law for [plaintiff’s] suit, we examine the types of relief and causes of action that [plaintiff] pled in his petition to determine whether, as a matter of law, the petition stated a cause of action that
Reece v. Johnson Page 2 would authorize relief. Johns, 2005 WL 428465, at *1; Spurlock, 88 S.W.3d at 736. We review and evaluate pro se pleadings by standards less stringent than those applied to formal pleadings drafted by lawyers. Spurlock, 88 S.W.3d at 736 (citing Thomas v. Collins, 860 S.W.2d 500, 503 (Tex. App.— Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied)). Also, in reviewing the dismissal of [plaintiff’s] suit, we are bound to take as true the allegations in his petition. Jackson v. Tex. Dep’t Crim. Justice-Inst. Div., 28 S.W.3d 811, 813 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2000, pet. denied).
Brewer v. Simental, 268 S.W.3d 763, 770 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, no pet.).
Section 1983
We begin with Reece’s claim against Guerra. Reece’s amended petition
complains about Guerra’s handling of several of his grievances made in the inmate
grievance system, including her handling of his grievances against her. Asserting a
section 1983 claim, Reece pleaded that Guerra denied him adequate redress by
grievance in violation of article I, section 27 of the Texas Constitution and section
501.008 of the Government Code and sought a cease-and-desist injunction and
exemplary damages.
“Section 1983 creates a private right of action to vindicate violations of rights,
privileges, and immunities secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States.”
Heirs of Del Real v. Eason, 374 S.W.3d 483, 486 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2012, no pet.)
(emphasis added) (citing Rehberg v. Paulk, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 132 S.Ct. 1497, 1501 (2012));
see Pechacek, 319 S.W.3d at 811 (section 1983 creates private right of action for violations
of individual’s federally guaranteed rights); Retzlaff v. Tex. Dep’t Crim. Just., 135 S.W.3d
731, 744 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (second prong for determining
section 1983 applicability is whether conduct deprived person of rights, privileges or
Reece v. Johnson Page 3 immunities secured by United States Constitution or laws of United States). Reece’s section
1983 claim for alleged violations of his state constitutional rights under article I, section
27 and his rights under section 501.008 has no arguable basis in law. The trial court did
not err in dismissing Reece’s claim against Guerra as frivolous, and we overrule issue
one in part.
Theft Liability Act
For his Texas Theft Liability Act (TLA) claim1 against Johnson and Montgomery,
Reece alleged that during a unit shakedown, Johnson and Montgomery searched his
personal property. During the search, Johnson allegedly destroyed food items that
Reece had purchased in the commissary. Reece complained to a sergeant, and
thereafter Johnson allegedly confiscated from Reece a ream (500 sheets) of typing paper
and ten stamps. Reece alleged that the confiscated paper and stamps were not taken to
the property room and logged in, and grievance records filed by the Appellees support
that allegation. Reece alleged that he was offered thirty-five to fifty sheets of paper and
ten stamped envelopes in settlement, but he rejected the offer because it was not
commensurate with his loss and it made no offer for his destroyed food. The grievance
records filed by the Appellees also support those allegations.
Reece sued Johnson and Montgomery in their official and individual capacities
under the TLA (TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. ch. 134 (West 2011)), and he pleaded
1 In his brief, Reece asserts that he also alleged conversion and wrongful-taking claims (article 1, section 17 of Texas Constitution), but he did not. His amended petition explicitly sets out two claims. The second claim is his constitutional claim against Guerra, addressed above. The first claim alleges that the conduct of Johnson and Montgomery “amounted to theft and/or conversion and/or wrongful taking, and properly presents a claim on which relief can be granted under the Texas Theft Liability Act.”
Reece v. Johnson Page 4 for additional damages of $1,000 under subsection 134.005(a)(1). See id. § 134.005(a)(1).
“A person who commits theft is civilly liable under the Act ‘for the damages
resulting from the theft.’” Beaumont v. Basham, 205 S.W.3d 608, 618 (Tex. App.—Waco
2006, pet. denied) (citing TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 134.003(a)). A person
commits the offense of theft if “he unlawfully appropriates property with intent to
deprive the owner of property.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(a) (West Supp. 2012).
For all TLA claims, the plaintiff must establish: (1) the plaintiff had a possessory right to property … ; (2) the defendant unlawfully appropriated property … in violation of certain sections of the Penal Code; and (3) the plaintiff sustained damages as a result of the theft. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 134.002(2), 134.003, 134.005(a); TEX. PENAL CODE §§ 31.03(a), 31.05. Deprive means, among other things, “to withhold property from the owner permanently or for so extended a period of time that a major portion of the value or enjoyment of the property is lost to the owner.” TEX. PENAL CODE § 31.01[(2)(A)]. “Appropriation of property is unlawful if it is without the owner’s effective consent.” Id. § 31.01(2).
Wellogix, Inc. v. Accenture, LLP, 788 F.Supp.2d 523, 542-43 (S.D. Tex. 2011).
We first address Reece’s TLA claim against Montgomery. In his amended
petition, Reece alleged that Johnson and Montgomery both conducted a search of
Reece’s personal property during the shakedown. During the search, “Defendant
Johnson destroyed food items Reece has purchased in the unit commissary. … When
Defendant Johnson destroyed Reece’s food items, Defendant Montgomery stated she
‘wanted no part of this.’” Reece asked a Sergeant Watkins to speak to Johnson about his
destruction of Reece’s food items, and after Sergeant Watkins spoke to Johnson about it,
Johnson then confiscated Reece’s ream of typing paper and stamps.
The Appellees’ brief asserts that Reece’s own pleading establishes that his TLA
Reece v. Johnson Page 5 claim against Montgomery lacks an arguable basis in law. We agree; Reece pleaded
that Montgomery “wanted no part of” Johnson’s alleged conduct. Reece argues that
Montgomery’s participation in the search of his property and her presence when
Johnson allegedly destroyed Reece’s food items and confiscated his paper and stamps
makes her a party to Johnson’s alleged theft. Montgomery’s alleged participation in the
search of Reece’s property during the shakedown was not an unlawful appropriation of
Reece’s property (nor does Reece allege that Montgomery did anything wrongful in her
search), and her mere presence does not make her a party to a criminal offense. See
Gross v. State, 380 S.W.3d 181, 186 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Moreover, Reece’s pleading
that Montgomery “wanted no part of” Johnson’s alleged conduct is an admission that
she was not a party to Johnson’s alleged theft. For these reasons, Reece’s TLA claim
against Montgomery lacks an arguable basis in law. The trial court did not err in
dismissing Reece’s TLA claim against Montgomery as frivolous, and we overrule issue
We next address Reece’s TLA claim against Johnson in his official and individual
capacities.2 The Appellees’ brief asserts that Reece’s TLA claim against Johnson in his
official and individual capacities lacks an arguable basis in law because under Franka v.
Velasquez, 332 S.W.3d 367 (Tex. 2011), Civil Practice and Remedies Code subsection
101.106(f) bars all tort claims against an individual government employee based on
2 The Appellees’ brief notes that the Attorney General is not representing Johnson (who was not served) in this case but argues that we should affirm the trial court’s judgment as to Johnson.
Reece v. Johnson Page 6 conduct within the general scope of the employee’s employment.3 We disagree.
The supreme court’s construction of subsection 101.106(f)4 in Franka entitles a
government-employee defendant to dismissal upon a showing that the plaintiff’s suit is
(1) based on conduct within the general scope of that employee’s employment, and (2)
“suit could have been brought under the [Tort Claims] Act—that is, [plaintiff’s] claim is
in tort and not under another statute that independently waives immunity.” Id. at 381;
see Redburn, 2013 WL 2149699, at *6; Anderson v. Bessman, 365 S.W.3d 119, 124 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.). “In such cases, the suit ‘is considered to be
against the employee in the employee’s official capacity only’, … .” Franka, 332 S.W.3d
at 381. “This construction of section 101.106(f) does, however, foreclose suit against a
government employee in his individual capacity if he was acting within the scope of
employment.” Id.
3 We question the application of subsection 101.106(f) in the context of an appeal from a trial court’s sua sponte frivolousness dismissal under section 14.003, especially in the absence of a plea or motion by the employee seeking dismissal under subsection 101.106(f). Cf. Redburn v. Garrett, No. 13-12-00215-CV, 2013 WL 2149699, at *2 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi May 16, 2013, pet. filed) (mem. op. on reh’g) (addressing dismissal under subsection 101.106(f) based on plea to jurisdiction); Mason v. Wood, No. 09-12-00246-CV, 2013 WL 1088735, at *1 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Mar. 14, 2013, no pet. h.) (mem. op.) (addressing dismissal under subsection 101.106(f) based on motion to dismiss). We nevertheless will address the Franka argument raised in the Appellees’ brief because “’[s]ection 101.106 is an immunity statute.’” Redburn, 2013 WL 2149699, at *5 (quoting Newman v. Obersteller, 960 S.W.2d 621, 623 (Tex. 1997)); see, e.g., Simmonds v. TDCJ, No. 10-07-00361-CV, 2010 WL 654498, at *4 (Tex. App.—Waco Feb. 24, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding claim not arguable because no waiver of sovereign immunity). 4 Subsection 101.106(f) provides:
If a suit is filed against an employee of a governmental unit based on conduct within the general scope of that employee’s employment and if it could have been brought under this chapter against the governmental unit, the suit is considered to be against the employee in the employee’s official capacity only. On the employee’s motion, the suit against the employee shall be dismissed unless the plaintiff files amended pleadings dismissing the employee and naming the governmental unit as defendant on or before the 30th day after the date the motion is filed.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.106(f) (West 2011).
Reece v. Johnson Page 7 Franka generally addressed negligence claims, see id., and it cautioned about the
complexity involved with a suit alleging an intentional tort against a government
employee: “Whether an employee’s intentional tort is within the scope of employment
is a more complex issue. See generally RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF AGENCY § 7.07 (2006).”
Id. at 381 n.63.
The Appellees’ brief asserts that Reece’s TLA claim against Johnson is barred by
Franka and subsection 101.106(f) because Reece pleaded that Johnson’s conduct was
committed in the general scope of Johnson’s employment with TDCJ—that Johnson was
a TDCJ correctional officer and was conducting a search of inmates’ personal property
for contraband during a shakedown. In his reply brief, Reece argues that Johnson’s
destruction of Reece’s legitimately purchased food items and Johnson’s confiscation of
Reece’s paper and stamps, which were not contraband, are not included in the scope of
Johnson’s employment.
The Tort Claims Act defines “scope of employment” as “the performance for a
governmental unit of the duties of an employee’s office or employment and includes
being in or about the performance of a task lawfully assigned to an employee by
competent authority.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.001(5) (West Supp.
2012). Under section 7.07(2) of the Restatement (Third) of Agency, “[a]n employee’s act
is not within the scope of employment when it occurs within an independent course of
conduct not intended by the employee to serve any purpose of the employer.”
RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF AGENCY § 7.07(2).
Johnson’s search for contraband was within the general scope of his employment
Reece v. Johnson Page 8 and was a lawfully assigned task, but the alleged acts of destruction of Reece’s food
items and confiscation of Reece’s paper and stamps without turning them in to the
prison property room are allegations of acts occurring “within an independent course of
conduct not intended by the employee to serve any purpose of the employer.”5 We
thus conclude that Reece’s allegations establish that Johnson’s alleged theft was not
within the general scope of his employment and that the trial court could not have
dismissed Reece’s TLA claim against Johnson under subsection 101.106(f). See, e.g.,
Kelemen v. Elliott, 260 S.W.3d 518, 524 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.)
(police officer not entitled to dismissal under subsection 101.106(f) because no showing
that officer was acting in scope of employment when he kissed fellow officer without
consent while on duty); cf. Redburn, 2013 WL 2149699, at *6 (“although appellant’s suit
involves allegations of trespass, appellant did not allege any independent course of
conduct not intended by Garrett and Short to serve any purpose of the City.6 See id.
[RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF AGENCY § 7.07(2).] Rather, according to appellant’s original
5 The Appellees’ brief does not address whether Johnson’s alleged theft (property destruction and confiscation of property without turning it in to the prison property room) was a lawfully assigned task or was intended by Johnson to serve any purpose of TDCJ, but citing to the responses to Reece’s initial grievance, it does argue that Reece’s property was “properly and lawfully confiscated.” This is an argument that Reece’s claim lacks an arguable basis in fact, see, e.g., Simmonds, 2010 WL 654498, at *6-7, but in this appeal we are limited to reviewing only whether the claim has an arguable basis in law. Brewer, 268 S.W.3d at 770. Furthermore, the initial grievance responses are contradicted by a later grievance response that found that Reece’s claim had merit: “Your claim that Officer Johnson confiscated a ream of legal typing paper and 10 stamps but it was not in property room when you went to claim it was investigated. Your claim has merit [sic] your property was not found in the property room … .” 6 The Beaumont court’s decision in Mason is partially distinguishable because of its facts; there, the inmate’s property was confiscated and apparently destroyed after the inmate had signed a confiscation form requesting TDCJ to properly dispose of the property. Mason, 2013 WL 1088735, at *1. But to the extent Mason holds that a correctional officer’s confiscation or destruction of an inmate’s personal property during a shakedown is always within the officer’s scope of employment and the officer is thus entitled to dismissal under subsection 101.106(f), see id., 2013 WL 1088735, at *2-3, we disagree with Mason based on the allegations in this case and for the above reasons.
Reece v. Johnson Page 9 petition, Garrett and Short were carrying out the business of the City through the power
and authority of their respective offices of employment with the City when they
allegedly committed, attempted to commit, or threatened to commit a trespass injurious
to appellant. There is no dispute that the alleged trespass involved conduct by Garrett
and Short that was authorized by the City and done for the benefit of the City.”).
We otherwise conclude that Reece’s TLA claim against Johnson in Johnson’s
individual capacity has an arguable basis in law. See Presiado v. Sheffield, 230 S.W.3d
272, 275 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2007, no pet.); Minix v. Gonzales, 162 S.W.3d 635, 639
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.). Reece’s allegation that Johnson
destroyed his food items is an arguable claim that Johnson committed theft and is liable
under the TLA in his individual capacity. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 31.01(2)(A),
31.03(a); Presiado, 230 S.W.3d at 275 (inmate’s TLA claim against prison employees in
their individual capacities for destroying his personal property had arguable basis in
law).
And Reece’s allegation that Johnson confiscated his paper and stamps and did
not turn them in to the prison property room is an arguable claim that Johnson
committed theft and is liable under the TLA in his individual capacity. See Minix, 162
S.W.3d at 639 (“Minix alleged that Wuttke entered his cell and removed a book that
belonged to him without justification and subsequently failed to either return it to him
or turn it in to the prison property official. … Construing Minix’s petition with
liberality and patience, we conclude that there is an arguable basis in law as to Minix’s
Theft Liability Act claims against Pitts and Wuttke in their individual capacities.”). To
Reece v. Johnson Page 10 further show that his TLA claim against Johnson is not frivolous, Reece points to the
grievance records filed with Montgomery’s motion to dismiss. In response to a
subsequent grievance, the grievance response was: “Your claim that Officer Johnson
confiscated a ream of legal typing paper and 10 stamps but it was not in property room
when you went to claim it was investigated. Your claim has merit [sic] your property
was not found in the property room … .” Reece’s TLA claim against Johnson in his
individual capacity is not frivolous.
But Reece’s TLA claim against Johnson in Johnson’s official capacity is barred by
sovereign immunity, so it lacks an arguable basis in law and was properly dismissed by
the trial court. See Presiado, 230 S.W.3d at 275; Minix, 162 S.W.3d at 639; see also
Simmonds, 2010 WL 654498, at *4 (“Because the State has not waived sovereign
immunity as to Simmonds’s claim under the Texas Tort Claims Act, that claim has no
arguable basis in law or in fact, and the trial court did not err or abuse its discretion in
dismissing it as frivolous.”).
In conclusion, the trial court erred in dismissing as frivolous Reece’s TLA claim
against Johnson in his individual capacity, and we sustain in part Reece’s first issue.
In his second issue, Reece contends that the trial court erred in dismissing his
suit with prejudice. With respect to the claims that we have found have no arguable
basis in law, dismissal with prejudice was proper. Fernandez, 341 S.W.3d at 13. Issue
two is overruled.
Issue three asserts that the trial court erred in allowing the Attorney General to
represent the defendants, and within issue three, Reece complains about the Attorney
Reece v. Johnson Page 11 General’s failure to facilitate service on Johnson. Issue four asserts that the trial court
erred in allowing delay in the service of Guerra. Issue five asserts that the trial court
erred by requiring Reece’s inmate account to be double-charged for payment of Reece’s
court costs in this case.7 And issue six asserts that the trial court erred by failing to
require the trial court clerk to maintain an accurate docket. None of these complaints
were raised in the trial court, and they therefore are not preserved for appellate review.
TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. Issues three through six are thus overruled.
We affirm the trial court’s dismissal of Reece’s claim against Guerra and Reece’s
claim against Montgomery. We also affirm the trial court’s dismissal of Reece’s Theft
Liability Act claim against Johnson in Johnson’s official capacity, but we reverse the
trial court’s dismissal of Reece’s Theft Liability Act claim against Johnson in Johnson’s
individual capacity. We remand this case for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
REX D. DAVIS Justice
7 Reece’s complaint is actually against TDCJ because he alleges that it is incorrectly deducting money from his inmate account based on TDCJ’s incorrect belief that Reece has two pending cases. The clerk’s record reflects an initial bill of cost for $448.00 for the filing fee and initial citation and service fees, but the trial court’s initial order for withdrawal of payments for court costs from Reece’s inmate account was in the amount of $232.00. The trial court subsequently entered a nunc pro tunc withdrawal order in the amount of $448.00. The confusion on TDCJ’s part appears to have occurred because, when Reece filed his amended petition adding Guerra as a party, a supplemental bill of cost for $108.00 was issued and the trial court entered a supplemental withdrawal order in the amount of $108.00.
Reece v. Johnson Page 12 Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Davis, and Justice Scoggins (Chief Justice Gray concurs in the judgment only and only to the extent it affirms the trial court’s judgment other than as to the claim against Johnson in his individual capacity.) Affirmed in part, reversed and remanded in part Opinion delivered and filed August 22, 2013 [CV06]
Reece v. Johnson Page 13