COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges Athey, White and Frucci Argued at Lexington, Virginia
WILLIAM ELDRED NORWOOD MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 1741-23-3 JUDGE STEVEN C. FRUCCI NOVEMBER 12, 2024 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY Christopher B. Russell, Judge
Eric Weathers, Assistant Public Defender (Catherine French Zagurskie, Chief Appellate Counsel; Virginia Indigent Defense Commission, on briefs), for appellant.
Israel-David J.J. Healy, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Based on a conditional guilty plea, William Eldred Norwood was convicted of felony
driving under the influence of alcohol, third or subsequent offense within five to ten years, and of
driving while operator’s license is revoked or suspended. On appeal, Norwood challenges the
circuit court’s denial of his motion to suppress the evidence found following a traffic stop. For the
following reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s judgment.
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A). I. BACKGROUND1
On May 8, 2022, Norwood was driving a blue Nissan in the far-left lane of Interstate 81
near mile marker 195 when Trooper Parnell of the Virginia State Police drove up behind him. In
this area, Interstate 81 has three lanes for traffic, a posted speed limit of seventy miles per hour,
and a “steep grade” incline. While Norwood was driving in the area, it was daylight and the
weather was clear. Trooper Parnell proceeded to follow Norwood for approximately three miles
as Norwood was traveling “between sixty-four and seventy miles an hour.” During this time,
Norwood passed an SUV pulling a trailer in the far-right lane. He then passed a tractor trailer
traveling in the middle lane. Afterwards, Norwood remained in the far-left lane for
approximately one minute and did not pass any other vehicles. During that time, both lanes to
the right of Norwood were clear. While no vehicles passed Norwood, vehicles that were
originally in front of Norwood in the far-left lane had now pulled ahead and were hardly in sight
of Trooper Parnell. Trooper Parnell then activated his emergency lights and conducted a traffic
stop of Norwood’s vehicle. Trooper Parnell told Norwood that the reason for the stop was
Norwood being in the left lane without passing any vehicles and impeding the flow of traffic. In
speaking with Norwood, Trooper Parnell learned that Norwood did not have a valid operator’s
license. After performing a breathalyzer test and field sobriety tests, Norwood was arrested for
driving while intoxicated.
1 On appeal from the denial of a motion to suppress evidence, we “review[] the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as the prevailing party below.” Bagley v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 1, 8 n.1 (2021). Doing so requires us to “discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.” Commonwealth v. Cady, 300 Va. 325, 329 (2021) (quoting Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 324 (2018)). Therefore, the court does not include within this background any evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth and applies any fair inferences in favor of the Commonwealth. -2- On July 10, 2023, Norwood filed a motion to suppress evidence, arguing that all evidence
in this case was the result of an unconstitutional seizure of Norwood due to Trooper Parnell not
having justification for the traffic stop. The Commonwealth argued that the stop was permissible
because there was at least reasonable suspicion that Norwood violated Code § 46.2-804. A
hearing was conducted in which Trooper Parnell testified and his vehicle’s dash cam footage
capturing the incident was admitted into evidence. Finding that the Commonwealth had met its
burden of having “a witness . . . articulate a reasonable basis for stopping to further investigate,”
the circuit court denied his motion.
On August 29, 2023, Norwood entered a conditional plea of guilty to felony driving under
the influence of alcohol, third or subsequent offense within five to ten years, and to driving while
operator’s license is revoked or suspended that preserved his right to appeal the denial of the motion
to suppress. This appeal followed.
II. ANALYSIS
“On review of the trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, an ‘appellant bears the burden
of establishing that reversible error occurred.’” Moreno v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 267, 274
(2021) (quoting Williams v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 462, 474 (2020)). We “examine[] the trial
court’s application of the law de novo, including its assessment of whether reasonable suspicion or
probable cause supported a search.” Bagley v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 1, 13 (2021).
“However, we defer to the trial court’s ‘findings of historical fact,’ taking care to review them ‘only
for clear error and to give due weight to inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and
local law enforcement officers.’” Id. (quoting Malbrough v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 163, 169
(2008)). Furthermore, “[w]e review issues of statutory interpretation de novo.” Taylor v.
Commonwealth, 77 Va. App. 149, 162 (2023). “This same de novo standard of review applies to
-3- determining the proper definition of a particular word in a statute.” Id. (quoting Miller v.
Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 527, 537 (2015)).
“[S]topping a motor vehicle and detaining the operator constitute[s] a ‘seizure’ within the
meaning of the Fourth Amendment.” Mitchell v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 234, 246 (2021)
(first alteration in original) (quoting Lowe v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 346, 349 (1985)). “The
stop ‘seizes’ all occupants of the vehicle.” Id. (quoting Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249, 255
(2007)); see also Heien v. North Carolina, 574 U.S. 54, 60 (2014) (stating “[a] traffic stop for a
suspected violation of law is a ‘seizure’ of the occupants of the vehicle and therefore must be
conducted in accordance with the Fourth Amendment”). “Nevertheless, an officer may stop a
vehicle, effectively seizing its occupants, when ‘there is at least articulable and reasonable
suspicion . . . that either the vehicle or an occupant is otherwise subject to seizure for violation of
law.’” Mitchell, 73 Va. App. at 246 (quoting Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 663 (1979)).
“There are no bright line rules” for “determining whether a reasonable and articulable
suspicion exists to justify an investigatory stop.” Id. (quoting Hoye v. Commonwealth, 18
Va. App. 132, 134-35 (1994)). The standard requires “an officer to possess, at the time of the
stop, ‘a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped.’” Id.
(quoting Heien, 574 U.S. at 60). A “mere hunch” is insufficient, but “the level of suspicion the
standard requires is considerably less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the
evidence, and obviously less than is necessary for probable cause.” Id. at 246-47 (quoting Bland
v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 405, 413 (2016)). Importantly, “[t]he possibility that an officer
ultimately may prove to be mistaken . . . does not negate, in and of itself, the officer’s
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges Athey, White and Frucci Argued at Lexington, Virginia
WILLIAM ELDRED NORWOOD MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 1741-23-3 JUDGE STEVEN C. FRUCCI NOVEMBER 12, 2024 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY Christopher B. Russell, Judge
Eric Weathers, Assistant Public Defender (Catherine French Zagurskie, Chief Appellate Counsel; Virginia Indigent Defense Commission, on briefs), for appellant.
Israel-David J.J. Healy, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Based on a conditional guilty plea, William Eldred Norwood was convicted of felony
driving under the influence of alcohol, third or subsequent offense within five to ten years, and of
driving while operator’s license is revoked or suspended. On appeal, Norwood challenges the
circuit court’s denial of his motion to suppress the evidence found following a traffic stop. For the
following reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s judgment.
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A). I. BACKGROUND1
On May 8, 2022, Norwood was driving a blue Nissan in the far-left lane of Interstate 81
near mile marker 195 when Trooper Parnell of the Virginia State Police drove up behind him. In
this area, Interstate 81 has three lanes for traffic, a posted speed limit of seventy miles per hour,
and a “steep grade” incline. While Norwood was driving in the area, it was daylight and the
weather was clear. Trooper Parnell proceeded to follow Norwood for approximately three miles
as Norwood was traveling “between sixty-four and seventy miles an hour.” During this time,
Norwood passed an SUV pulling a trailer in the far-right lane. He then passed a tractor trailer
traveling in the middle lane. Afterwards, Norwood remained in the far-left lane for
approximately one minute and did not pass any other vehicles. During that time, both lanes to
the right of Norwood were clear. While no vehicles passed Norwood, vehicles that were
originally in front of Norwood in the far-left lane had now pulled ahead and were hardly in sight
of Trooper Parnell. Trooper Parnell then activated his emergency lights and conducted a traffic
stop of Norwood’s vehicle. Trooper Parnell told Norwood that the reason for the stop was
Norwood being in the left lane without passing any vehicles and impeding the flow of traffic. In
speaking with Norwood, Trooper Parnell learned that Norwood did not have a valid operator’s
license. After performing a breathalyzer test and field sobriety tests, Norwood was arrested for
driving while intoxicated.
1 On appeal from the denial of a motion to suppress evidence, we “review[] the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as the prevailing party below.” Bagley v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 1, 8 n.1 (2021). Doing so requires us to “discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.” Commonwealth v. Cady, 300 Va. 325, 329 (2021) (quoting Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 324 (2018)). Therefore, the court does not include within this background any evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth and applies any fair inferences in favor of the Commonwealth. -2- On July 10, 2023, Norwood filed a motion to suppress evidence, arguing that all evidence
in this case was the result of an unconstitutional seizure of Norwood due to Trooper Parnell not
having justification for the traffic stop. The Commonwealth argued that the stop was permissible
because there was at least reasonable suspicion that Norwood violated Code § 46.2-804. A
hearing was conducted in which Trooper Parnell testified and his vehicle’s dash cam footage
capturing the incident was admitted into evidence. Finding that the Commonwealth had met its
burden of having “a witness . . . articulate a reasonable basis for stopping to further investigate,”
the circuit court denied his motion.
On August 29, 2023, Norwood entered a conditional plea of guilty to felony driving under
the influence of alcohol, third or subsequent offense within five to ten years, and to driving while
operator’s license is revoked or suspended that preserved his right to appeal the denial of the motion
to suppress. This appeal followed.
II. ANALYSIS
“On review of the trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, an ‘appellant bears the burden
of establishing that reversible error occurred.’” Moreno v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 267, 274
(2021) (quoting Williams v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 462, 474 (2020)). We “examine[] the trial
court’s application of the law de novo, including its assessment of whether reasonable suspicion or
probable cause supported a search.” Bagley v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 1, 13 (2021).
“However, we defer to the trial court’s ‘findings of historical fact,’ taking care to review them ‘only
for clear error and to give due weight to inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and
local law enforcement officers.’” Id. (quoting Malbrough v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 163, 169
(2008)). Furthermore, “[w]e review issues of statutory interpretation de novo.” Taylor v.
Commonwealth, 77 Va. App. 149, 162 (2023). “This same de novo standard of review applies to
-3- determining the proper definition of a particular word in a statute.” Id. (quoting Miller v.
Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 527, 537 (2015)).
“[S]topping a motor vehicle and detaining the operator constitute[s] a ‘seizure’ within the
meaning of the Fourth Amendment.” Mitchell v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 234, 246 (2021)
(first alteration in original) (quoting Lowe v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 346, 349 (1985)). “The
stop ‘seizes’ all occupants of the vehicle.” Id. (quoting Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249, 255
(2007)); see also Heien v. North Carolina, 574 U.S. 54, 60 (2014) (stating “[a] traffic stop for a
suspected violation of law is a ‘seizure’ of the occupants of the vehicle and therefore must be
conducted in accordance with the Fourth Amendment”). “Nevertheless, an officer may stop a
vehicle, effectively seizing its occupants, when ‘there is at least articulable and reasonable
suspicion . . . that either the vehicle or an occupant is otherwise subject to seizure for violation of
law.’” Mitchell, 73 Va. App. at 246 (quoting Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 663 (1979)).
“There are no bright line rules” for “determining whether a reasonable and articulable
suspicion exists to justify an investigatory stop.” Id. (quoting Hoye v. Commonwealth, 18
Va. App. 132, 134-35 (1994)). The standard requires “an officer to possess, at the time of the
stop, ‘a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped.’” Id.
(quoting Heien, 574 U.S. at 60). A “mere hunch” is insufficient, but “the level of suspicion the
standard requires is considerably less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the
evidence, and obviously less than is necessary for probable cause.” Id. at 246-47 (quoting Bland
v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 405, 413 (2016)). Importantly, “[t]he possibility that an officer
ultimately may prove to be mistaken . . . does not negate, in and of itself, the officer’s
reasonable, articulable suspicion.” Id. at 247 (citing Shifflett v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App.
732, 736 (2011)).
Whenever any roadway has been divided into clearly marked lanes for traffic, . . . [a]ny vehicle proceeding at less than the normal speed -4- of traffic at the time and place and under the conditions existing, shall be driven in the lane nearest the right edge or right curb of the highway when such lane is available for travel except when overtaking and passing another vehicle or in preparation for a left turn or where right lanes are reserved for slow-moving traffic.
Code § 46.2-804(1).
In the case at hand, it is undisputed that Norwood was driving on a roadway that had been
divided into clearly marked lanes for traffic. As such, vehicles traveling at “less than the normal
speed of traffic” on that roadway would be required, in most instances, to be “driven in the lane
nearest the right edge or right curb of the highway” unless “overtaking and passing another
vehicle.” Code § 46.2-804(1). Notably, Code § 46.2-804 does not define “normal speed of traffic.”
When the language of a statute is unambiguous, we are bound by the plain meaning of that language. Furthermore, we must give effect to the legislature’s intention as expressed by the language used unless a literal interpretation of the language would result in a manifest absurdity. If a statute is subject to more than one interpretation, we must apply the interpretation that will carry out the legislative intent behind the statute.
Evans v. Evans, 280 Va. 76, 82 (2010) (quoting Conyers v. Martial Arts World of Richmond,
Inc., 273 Va. 96, 104 (2007)). “Furthermore, ‘[t]he plain, obvious, and rational meaning of a
statute is to be preferred over any curious, narrow, or strained construction.’” Id. (alteration in
original) (quoting Commonwealth v. Zamani, 256 Va. 391, 395 (1998)). “To aid us in discerning
the [legislature’s] intent, we also look at surrounding words in the statute that can indicate a
term’s meaning.” Commonwealth ex rel. Fair Hous. Bd. v. Windsor Plaza Condo. Ass’n, 289
Va. 34, 52 (2014) (citing Newberry Station Homeowners Ass’n v. Bd. of Supervisors, 285 Va.
604 (2013)).
As such, in defining “normal speed of traffic” in the context of Code § 46.2-804(1), we
note that the ordinary meaning of “normal” is “within the range of averageness in conduct,
condition, degree, quantity, or the like; not deviating from an established standard, rule,
-5- principle, etc.”2,3 Furthermore, it is clear by the inclusion of the language “at the time and place
and under the conditions existing” that the legislature intended for the “normal speed of traffic” to
be dependent upon factors such as time of day, the posted speed limit, and roadway conditions.
Code § 46.2-804(1).4 In the case at hand, traffic was light, the weather was clear, and it was
daylight at the time Norwood was driving on the roadway. The posted speed limit was seventy
miles per hour, but Norwood was often traveling below that speed. Norwood remained in the
far-left lane for approximately one minute while not passing or overtaking any other vehicles.
During that time, both lanes to his right were clear and the vehicles that were originally in front
of Norwood in the far-left lane had pulled ahead and became hardly in sight of Trooper Parnell.
Therefore, looking at all this evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, Trooper
Parnell had a reasonable and articulable suspicion that Norwood was not driving at the “normal
speed of traffic” and was violating Code § 46.2-804(1). As such, the circuit court did not err when
it denied the motion to suppress.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.
2 Normal, Black’s Law Dictionary (12th ed. 2024). 3 See also Normal, Collins English Dictionary, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/ dictionary/english/normal (last visited Nov. 8, 2024) (defining “normal” as “usual and ordinary”). 4 As agreed with by both Norwood and the Commonwealth during oral arguments, the use of the language “normal speed of traffic” in Code § 46.2-804(1) is not meant to excuse or permit driving above the posted limit. -6-