NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-0131-22
WILLIAM E. COFFEY, III,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
46 4th STREET, LLC,
Defendant,
and
BOROUGH OF KEANSBURG and BOROUGH OF KEANSBURG WATER AND SEWER DEPARTMENT,
Defendants-Respondents. _______________________________
Argued September 28, 2023 – Decided December 6, 2023
Before Judges Gummer and Walcott-Henderson.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Monmouth County, Docket No. L-3459-19.
Mark F. Casazza argued the cause for appellant (Rudnick, Addonizio, Pappa & Casazza, attorneys; Mark F. Casazza and Greg S. Gargulinski, of counsel and on the brief).
Thomas A. Schoendorf argued the cause for respondents (Rainone Coughlin Minchello, LLC, attorneys; Thomas A. Schoendorf, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
In this personal-injury matter, plaintiff William E. Coffey appeals from
the entry of summary judgment dismissing his complaint against defendants, the
Borough of Keansburg and the Borough of Keansburg Water and Sewer
Department (collectively "Borough"), arguing the motion judge erred in finding
plaintiff had failed to show the Borough had notice of a dangerous condition
existing on the property and plaintiff's injuries were permanent and substantial.
Because we agree summary judgment was properly granted, we affirm.
Plaintiff is a general contractor. On July 18, 2018, plaintiff was at 27
Gillette Street, Keansburg (the property), supervising a home renovation project
on behalf of his son's and nephew's company, defendant 46 4th Street, LLC,
which owned the property. According to plaintiff, after he arrived at the
property in the afternoon, he parked his truck along the curb and exited the truck,
intending to walk towards the house located at the property. However, he then
fell into a hole surrounding the property's water meter, injuring his left knee and
A-0131-22 2 ankle. On July 21, 2018, plaintiff sought medical attention at a local hospital
and was referred to an orthopedic specialist for follow-up.
Five days post-accident, plaintiff's employee contacted the Borough to file
a complaint about the condition of the water meter pit and requested that repairs
be made. The Borough issued a work order and began repairs on the water meter
pit the same day. The next day, the Borough completed the repairs, replacing a
frame in the water meter pit, installing a riser to raise the pit to ground level,
and filling in the area around the water meter.
On July 23, 2018, plaintiff filed a police report about missing tools from
the property, though he did not report the injury at that time. The next day,
plaintiff filed a subsequent police report wherein he completed an affidavit
stating the following:
July 18th around 3pm(ish) I stepped out of my truck and fell into a hole on the corner of the property on [G]illette [S]treet the grass was covering the water meter and hole which [was] ap[prox]imately [sixteen] inches deep and [two feet wide] the grass was covering the [e]ntire [sic] hole which [he] fell in. Saturday 21st I went to the hospital around 12:15pm[,] they took X- Rays and sent me too [sic] another Dr[.] in [M]iddletown (orthopedic Dr[.]) and the X-Rays showed two chips in my knee (left leg) (left ankle) [d]isplaced.
A-0131-22 3 In the police report, the reporting officer noted that "while speaking with
[plaintiff] on [July 23, 2018,] he did not have any complaints of pain and
appeared to be walking normal[ly]."
On September 30, 2019, plaintiff filed a two-count complaint against 46
4th Street, LLC and the Borough, alleging negligence and seeking monetary
damages. The Borough filed its answer asserting defenses, including immunity
under the New Jersey Tort Claims Act, N.J.S.A. 59:1-1 to 12-3 (the TCA), and
a period of discovery ensued with plaintiff and the Borough each taking
depositions, and retaining liability and medical expert witnesses.
During his deposition, plaintiff testified that "when he got out of the truck
it just looked like it was just flat ground and just grass[,]" but the "water meter
was set down" below the ground, and "there was a hole around it" with "grass
growing out of the hole and around the meter." Plaintiff claimed he had
measured the hole after the incident and that it was approximately "sixteen
inches deep and about two feet wide."
Steve Ussman, Superintendent of Water and Sewer for the Borough,
testified during his deposition that the water meter at the property had been
installed "back in the late [eighties] by an outside contractor." He indicated that
once a water meter is installed, the Borough is responsible for performing
A-0131-22 4 quarterly readings by "physically go[ing] to the meter and read[ing] it, and
unless there [is] an issue with the meter, [they] do [not] do anything there."
He maintained that the Borough had performed the quarterly water meter
readings, the last one occurring approximately six weeks prior to the July 18,
2018 accident.1 Ussman described the Borough's process for addressing issues
with the meters and testified that "shut-off or turn-on" requests and repair
requests generate work orders, which are maintained by the Borough. He further
offered that a common issue requiring defendant to perform work on a water
meter or surrounding area would be "if the meter [itself] leaked" or if the
Borough caused damage to the surrounding area. He testified that homeowners
are not authorized to touch the meter itself but are required to repair any damage
they cause and are responsible for general maintenance around the water meter,
such as removing "grass, weeds[,] and other debris [is] covering the meter."
Ussman recalled that plaintiff's construction company had been
performing renovation work at the property in 2018, and he noted—referring to
other interactions with plaintiff on other properties—that plaintiff "has a history
of accessing water meter pits without authorization, restoring water to various
1 Though Ussman testified as to when the last reading would have occurred, there is no record or other evidence indicating that the Borough in fact performed a quarterly reading during the first week of June 2018. A-0131-22 5 properties without the Borough's knowledge" and "damaging water meters
through his unauthorized access of water meter pits." 2
In responding to questions about the water meter at issue, Ussman was
unequivocal in his testimony that there were no prior reports, complaints, or
work orders requesting repairs on the property prior to July 23, 2018. He
testified that he was, therefore, unaware of any reason his department would
have been responsible for "backfilling"3 the area, considering plaintiff or the
property owner had filed no complaints. Ussman reiterated on redirect
examination that there were only two reports made by the property owner about
any damage to the meter pit at the property; the first was on July 23, 2018, and
the second was on September 13, 2018, both post-accident. He further testified
that he did not know how long the condition—sunken area or hole—existed at
the property. Ussman also indicated that the post-accident inspection of the
property revealed that the frame of the water meter pit appeared to have been
crushed from being run over by a vehicle and, thereafter, the Borough "fixed the
frame and the ring and they leveled it."
3 The parties use the term "backfill" throughout their papers and testimony. We understand "backfill" to mean repairs to the area surrounding the water meter pit to ensure the grade of the area is level with the surrounding ground. A-0131-22 6 Ussman also testified that there had been no work performed by the
Borough in 2017 or 2018 that would have required backfilling the water meter
pit. According to Ussman, the Borough "touched" the water meter at least seven
times between July 26, 2017, and July 18, 2018, to perform various tasks,
including: on July 26, 2017, a Borough engineer inspected the property prior to
issuing a certification of occupancy, which showed no structural damage to the
property's curb, sidewalk, or driveway; on October 20, 2017, the Borough
inspected the water meter to confirm the property owners properly cut and
capped the water and sewer lines; on November 28, 2017, the Borough replaced
the water meter at the property, which was followed by another inspection on
December 13, 2017; on December 28, 2017, the Borough received a request
from the property owner to shut off the water service to the property due to an
alleged water leak but did not perform any work on the water meter at that time;
on March 6, 2018, the Borough again inspected the water meter; and on April 2,
2018, the Borough performed its quarterly reading where no damage was found.
Finally, Ussman averred that—though it was undocumented—approximately
one month prior to the accident in the first week of June 2018, the Borough had
performed the next quarterly reading of the water meter.
A-0131-22 7 Ussman testified that the completed work orders generated from each of
these inspections or quarterly readings did not include any reports of damage to
the water meter or surrounding area that would have required backfilling or
otherwise repairing the water meter pit. He also described the process whereby
water meters are read, stating:
[w]hen members of the Water and Sewer Department go out to check the meter, . . . they don't necessarily check the actual meter. There is a censor on the cover that they actually touch with a piece of equipment that reads the meter, but if the meter pit itself is damaged or below ground or, you know, if they see any issue with it, they can make notes in their equipment at that time. . . .
Both parties retained liability experts. Plaintiff's liability expert, Wayne
F. Nolte, Ph.D., P.E., opined that the water meter pit was depressed, about four
to five inches below ground level and maintained that the condition existed "for
many months, if not back to 2013." Nolte based his conclusions on Ussman's
testimony and four Google Maps images: images one and two depicting a street
view of 19 Gillette Street from August 2013, while images three and four depict
a street view of 20 Gillette Street from July 2018. Based on the Google Maps
images and testimony, he opined that it was "evident from the Google image
photograph taken in 2013, that the water meter cover was below curb level" and
that the Borough "had actual notice of this hazardous condition when its meter
A-0131-22 8 readers read the meter every quarter" and based on the fact that they "were at
this location more than normal, between October 2017 and the date of this
accident, July 18, 2018."
The Borough's liability expert, Walter M. Wysowaty, P.E., offered two
reports. In his initial report, he opined, "it is evident that the condition of the
water meter pit allegedly encountered by the plaintiff had only existed for a short
period and that the Borough of Keansburg was not provided any notice of the
condition prior to July 23, 2018, after the plaintiff's alleged fall." In Wysowaty's
supplemental report addressing Nolte's findings, he stated Nolte's conclusions
were "speculative considering the poor resolution in the 2013 Google image"
and that the images were "not adequate to determine any accurate or reliable
measurement with respect to" the alleged condition of the water meter on the
date of plaintiff's accident. His criticism of Nolte's report was that it "[could
not] support an engineering or scientific opinion regarding the timeframe of the
formation of the condition allegedly encountered" by plaintiff.
To sustain his claim against the Borough, plaintiff avers he suffered
permanent injuries to his left knee when he fell as a result of the water pit. 4
4 Plaintiff initially alleged injuries to his left knee and left ankle as a result of the accident, but his medical expert report discusses only the permanent and
A-0131-22 9 Plaintiff was evaluated and treated by Dr. Jeffrey Van Gelderen between July
23, 2018, and October 10, 2018, who performed a left knee arthroscopic partial
medial meniscectomy and left knee arthroscopic partial lateral meniscectomy.
Plaintiff underwent post-operative physical therapy following the surgery but
testified that therapy ended in 2020. As to plaintiff's subjective complaints,
during depositions, he testified his knee was feeling "pretty good," with only a
"little pain now and then but not much," and that since the incident, he had
refrained from certain physical activities such as squats with weight because his
knee was not "a hundred percent," stating that he "needs a little bit more of, a
couple years maybe just to get the leg back in shape."
Plaintiff's medical expert, Cary Skolnick, M.D., concluded that plaintiff's
left knee was "permanently weakened . . . and there has been permanent loss of
mobility." He also noted that his injuries have "produced demonstrable medical
evidence of an objective nature of restriction in function, and in the material
lessening of patient's working ability . . . and an interference with the patient's
ability to perform activities of daily life." Dr. Skolnick indicated plaintiff would
have permanent restrictions "on his ability to twist and turn, to stand for long
substantial nature of the injury to his left knee. Thus, we consider only the permanency of the injury to plaintiff's left knee. A-0131-22 10 periods of time, and to walk for long periods of time." He also opined that any
sports activities "will be markedly limited" and that he expected plaintiff to
"suffer from chronic intermittent pain" with "routine activities" because of the
"damage done to [the] knee."
The Borough disputes that plaintiff suffered permanent injury as required
by the TCA and offered the report of medical expert, Dr. Kevin J. Egan, M.D.,
FAAOS. Dr. Egan opined his "physical examination fail[ed] to reveal objective
findings that would support any subjective complaint of discomfort." Further,
with respect to both the left knee and left ankle injuries, Dr. Egan found no
support that plaintiff suffered any "loss of mobility function" following care "for
this involvement."
After the completion of discovery, the Borough moved for summary
judgment, arguing plaintiff had failed to state a claim for public entity liability
under N.J.S.A. 59:4-2 for injuries caused by a dangerous condition of property.
On April 1, 2022, the parties appeared for oral argument before the motion
judge, and on April 11, 2022, the judge issued an order and written statement of
reasons granting summary judgment in favor of the Borough. For purposes of
this motion, the judge assumed, based on the parties' arguments, that plaintiff
had presented evidence that the water meter presented a dangerous condition at
A-0131-22 11 the time of his accident, the dangerous condition was the proximate cause of his
injuries, and "the dangerous condition created a reasonably foreseeable risk of
the kind of injury which was incurred."
Based upon the record, the judge determined that plaintiff had not
established the Borough had actual or constructive notice of the alleged
condition that had caused plaintiff's injuries because he failed to demonstrate
how long the condition existed prior to the accident. More specifically, the
judge noted that plaintiff's expert had presented a net opinion as he had not
"provide[d] any factual basis or engineering standard" for his opinion that the
depressed condition of the water meter at 27 Gillette Street existed "for many
months, if not back to 2013" or otherwise "describe[d] in his report his basis for
concluding that the Google images show the area where plaintiff fell."
Furthermore, on the issue of permanency of plaintiff's injuries, the judge
concluded that plaintiff's expert's description of the impact that the injury had
on plaintiff's life was "inconsistent with [plaintiff's] own deposition testimony."
The judge found plaintiff had offered "subjective complaints of pain," which
were inadequate to support a finding of "permanent loss of bodily function that
is substantial." This appeal followed.
I.
A-0131-22 12 We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same
standard as the trial court. Samolyk v. Berthe, 251 N.J. 73, 78 (2022). That
standard requires us to "determine whether 'the pleadings, depositions, answers
to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,
show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact challenged and tha t
the moving party is entitled to a judgment or order as a matter of law.'" Branch
v. Cream-O-Land Dairy, 244 N.J. 567, 582(2021) (quoting R. 4:46-2(c)).
When considering a summary judgment motion in a TCA case in
particular, "a judge should consider the declared legislative policy . . . that
'recognize[s] the difficulties inherent in a public entity's responsibility for
maintaining its vast amounts of public property.'" Maslo v. City of Jersey City,
346 N.J. Super. 346, 350 (quoting Polyard v. Terry, 160 N.J. Super. 497, 506
(App. Div. 1978)).
Under the TCA, "public entities shall only be liable for their negligence
within the limitations of [the] act and in accordance with the fair and uniform
principles established herein," N.J.S.A. 59:1-2, and our Supreme Court has
consistently held "[a]ll of the provisions of [the] act should be construed with a
view to carry out the above legislative declaration," Coyne v. Dep't. of Transp.,
182 N.J. 481, 488 (2005) (citing Malloy v. State, 76 N.J. 515, 518-19).
A-0131-22 13 "The Act's 'guiding principle' is 'that immunity from tort liability is the
general rule and liability is the exception.'" O'Donnell v. N.J. Tpk. Auth., 236
N.J. 335, 345 (2019) (quoting Coyne, 182 N.J. at 488). N.J.S.A. 59:4-2
addresses a dangerous condition of public property and provides as follows:
A public entity is liable for injury caused by a condition of its property if the plaintiff establishes that the property was in dangerous condition at the time of the injury, that the injury was proximately caused by the dangerous condition, that the dangerous condition created a reasonably foreseeable risk of the kind of injury which was incurred, and that either:
a. a negligent or wrongful act or omission of an employee of the public entity within the scope of his employment created the dangerous condition; or
b. a public entity had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition under section 59:4-3 a sufficient time prior to the injury to have taken measures to protect against the dangerous condition.
Nothing in this section shall be construed to impose liability upon a public entity for a dangerous condition of its public property if the action the entity took to protect against the condition or the failure to take such action was not palpably unreasonable.
[Vincitore v. N.J. Sports & Exposition Auth., 169 N.J. 119, 125 (2001) (quoting N.J.S.A. 59:4-2).]
A-0131-22 14 Under the TCA, a public entity's liability for injuries caused by a condition
on its property depends upon establishing the following elements:
the existence of a "dangerous condition," that the [dangerous] condition proximately caused the injury, that [the dangerous condition] "created a reasonably foreseeable risk of the kind of injury which was incurred," that either the dangerous condition was caused by a negligent employee or the entity knew about the condition; and the entity's conduct was "palpably unreasonable."
[Stewart v. New Jersey Tpk. Auth./Garden State Parkway, 249 N.J. 642, 656 (2022) (citation omitted) (quoting N.J.S.A. 59:4-2).]
II.
In this appeal, consistent with the judge's opinion, the parties do not
dispute elements one through three; thus, the issues presented are limited to
whether "either the dangerous condition was caused by a negligent employee or
the entity knew about the condition" and whether defendant’s conduct was
"palpably unreasonable." N.J.S.A. 59:4-2. We also address plaintiff's argument
that he suffered a permanent injury to his left knee.
Plaintiff argues the court erred by finding as a matter of law: (1)
plaintiff’s failure to provide evidence establishing the length of time the hole
was present on the property rendered plaintiff unable to satisfy his burden of
proving the Borough had "constructive notice" of the alleged dangerous
A-0131-22 15 condition prior to plaintiff’s fall; (2) plaintiff presented no evidence establishing
his injuries were caused by any "palpably unreasonable" action or omission by
the Borough, N.J.S.A. 59:4-2; (3) Nolte’s report constituted an inadmissible net
opinion; and (4) plaintiff’s injuries were not permanent and substantial.
On the first two points raised by plaintiff, the Borough argues that the
court correctly found plaintiff cannot establish liability under the TCA because
the Borough did not cause the dangerous condition and had no actual or
constructive notice of it; therefore, it cannot be found to have acted in a palpably
unreasonable manner.
It is plaintiff’s burden to prove that the public entity had actual or
constructive notice of the dangerous condition. Notice pursuant to N.J.S.A.
59:4-2(b) requires a plaintiff to show the "public entity had actual or
constructive notice of the dangerous condition under [N.J.S.A.] 59:4-3 a
sufficient time prior to the injury to have taken measures to protect against the
dangerous condition." N.J.S.A. 59:4-2(b). Actual notice requires plaintiff to
show the public entity "had actual knowledge of the existence of the condition
and knew or should have known of its dangerous character." N.J.S.A. 59:4-3(a).
In contrast, a public entity is deemed to have constructive notice "only if
plaintiff establishes that the condition had existed for such a period of time and
A-0131-22 16 was of such an obvious nature that the public entity, in the exercise of due care,
should have discovered the condition and its dangerous character." N.J.S.A.
59:4-3(b).
Here, to establish actual notice, plaintiff argues that the Borough "owns
and is responsible for the maintenance of the water meter" at issue and is
responsible for "backfill[ing] the meter if there [is] work done by [the Borough]
for any reason." Specifically, plaintiff contends the Borough was responsible
for backfilling the area surrounding the meter when it replaced the meter on
November 28, 2017. He also argues that approximately one month prior to July
18, 2018, he learned from his son that the Borough had come to the property to
service the meter because of a water leak and had "dug a hole" near it in order
to "shut the main [line] off." Plaintiff also claims his son said that when he
arrived on the property at the end of the same day, he noticed the Borough had
been "working on it" because "they had a cone and some stuff around it" before
the cone and related construction items were "taken away" on the same day.
However, plaintiff’s claim is directly contradicted by his son’s deposition
testimony wherein his son testified he never called the Borough to report a water
leak, to shut off the water service, or to perform repairs in the months prior to
July 2018. Similarly, plaintiff's nephew also denied knowledge about a leak
A-0131-22 17 around this timeframe, and in fact, testified he had never personally seen the
water meter and was rarely at the property.
The judge issued a comprehensive and well-reasoned decision addressing
all the factors necessary to sustain a TCA claim. She ultimately found that "[t]he
meter pit—the area surrounding the meter—would be filled in, or raised, by
the[Borough] only if—[they] caused the meter pit to sink in or otherwise become
lower than the surrounding property," but that "[p]laintiff has not shown that the
[Borough] caused damage to the meter pit, thus necessitating a repair of the
meter pit, and thus no showing has been made that the [Borough] bear[s] any
responsibility for injuries sustained as a result of the condition . . . ."
Based on our de novo review of this record, we discern no basis to disturb
the motion judge's findings and conclusion that "no evidence has been presented
that the Borough was provided with actual notice of the dangerous condition of
the water meter" that plaintiff contends caused his injury. From this record, we
discern that neither plaintiff nor the property owner nor any other employee at
this construction site made any reports or complaints concerning the condition
of the water meter. In fact, the sole complaint made regarding the water meter,
which all the parties acknowledge, is the December 28, 2017 request to shut off
the water to the property. In the absence of competent evidence, including
A-0131-22 18 admissible expert testimony and proofs showing any reports were made about
the condition of the water meter prior to the accident, plaintiff has not
established the Borough had actual notice thereof.
Given plaintiff's reliance on his expert's opinion to establish his claim the
Borough had at least constructive notice of the alleged dangerous condition, and
the court's determination that Nolte's expert report constituted an inadmissible
net opinion, we turn to address this point.
"The net opinion rule is a 'corollary of [N.J.R.E. 703],'" Townsend v.
Pierre, 221 N.J. 36, 53 (2015) (alteration in original) (quoting Polzo v. County
of Essex, 196 N.J. 569, 583 (2008)), and "requires that an expert 'give the why
and wherefore'" supporting an opinion "'rather than a mere conclusion,'" id. at
54 (quoting Borough of Saddle River v. 66 E. Allendale, LLC, 216 N.J. 115,
144 (2013)). "The net opinion rule . . . mandates that experts 'be able to identify
the factual bases for their conclusions, explain their methodology, and
demonstrate that both the factual bases and the methodology are reliable.'" Id.
at 55 (quoting Landrigan v. Celotex Corp., 127 N.J. 404, 417 (1992)). "For
example, 'a trial court may not rely on expert testimony that lacks an appropriate
factual foundation and fails to establish the existence of any standard about
which the expert'" offers an opinion. Davis v. Brickman Landscaping, Ltd., 219
A-0131-22 19 N.J. 395, 410 (2014) (quoting Pomerantz Paper Corp. v. New Cmty. Corp., 207
N.J. 344, 373 (2011)). "[A]n expert offers an inadmissible net opinion if he or
she 'cannot offer objective support for his or her opinions[] but testifies only to
a view about a standard that is 'personal.'" Ibid. (quoting Pomerantz Paper
Corp., 207 N.J. at 372). And when reviewing a "trial court's decision to admit
expert testimony" we apply "[a] deferential approach," "reviewing it under an
abuse of discretion standard." Townsend, 221 N.J. at 53 (quoting Pomerantz
Paper Corp., 207 N.J. at 371-72).
Here, Nolte opined that a "Google image from 2013 shows that the ground
surface at the back of the street curb was not at the level of the curb and the
water meter cover was not at that level . . ." to support his ultimate conclusion
the "water meter pit was depressed, about four to five inches (4" to 5") below
ground level for many months, if not back to 2013." Based on this image, Nolte
theorized that the Borough had "actual notice" of the condition.
The court flatly rejected Nolte's opinion as inadmissible stating, "[a]ny
opinion based entirely on the Google Maps 2013 screen shots attached to Dr.
Nolte's report, however, cannot be presented to the jury, . . ." The judge
specifically noted that:
[a]ssuming that Dr. Nolte is qualified to provide testimony as an expert in the field of engineering, [he]
A-0131-22 20 cannot be permitted to testify to something that is not in fact visible in an image being shown to the jury highlighting the "poor and very dark" quality of the images ultimately finding that the images could not "support any opinion that a four[-] to[-] five[-] inch depression in the water meter cover existed in August 2013.
We are persuaded the judge correctly concluded that the images relied
upon by Nolte lacked any evidentiary value and that Nolte failed to explain any
methodology or standard upon which he based his conclusions. Moreover,
Nolte's explanation that he based his opinion on his "education, training[,] and
experience in engineering," is wholly insufficient as he failed to offer any factual
bases or reliable methodology concerning the critical issues of notice and timing
of the development of the hole around the water meter pit. See Townsend, 221
N.J. at 55. Indeed, even his conclusion is speculative—when he stated that the
condition existed "for many months, if not back to 2013"—and is thus
unreliable.
In the absence of reliable proofs, an expert's opinion is inadmissible when,
as in this case, he cannot offer objective support for the opinions but testifies
only to a view about a standard that is personal. Similarly, Nolte's conclusion
that the Borough "was at the location more than normal between October 2017
and . . . July 18, 2018" and, thus, had "more than sufficient opportunity to report
A-0131-22 21 the depressed condition of four to five inches (4" to 5")" is also inadmissible
because it presupposes that the depression around the water meter pit pre-existed
the meter readings when this record, including his report, does not include proof
or evidence concerning the timing of the formation of the hole surrounding the
water meter. We therefore reject plaintiff's contention that the judge abused her
discretion by failing to consider Nolte's opinion as competent evidence in
support of his opposition to the Borough's summary-judgment motion.
Next, the motion judge proceeded to address the issue of constructive
notice of the dangerous condition. Relying upon the undisputed facts in the
record, the motion judge concluded that "no competent evidence has been
presented as to when the condition complained of was created." In considering
these arguments and the summary-judgment record, the judge concluded that:
no evidence has been presented that any representative of 46 4th Street, which owned the site and had individuals working on the site, had seen the condition before Coffey's accident. As no evidence has been presented that would indicate that the condition was of "such an obvious nature" that the Keansburg defendants should have been aware of it with the exercise of due care, plaintiff has failed to show constructive notice by the Keansburg defendants.
Because even giving plaintiff a generous reading of the summary-
judgment record, including a finding that the water meter was in a dangerous
A-0131-22 22 condition and viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, he
has not established the sunken area around the water meter "had existed for such
a period of time and was of such an obvious nature that [the Borough], in the
exercise of due care, should have discovered the condition and its dangerous
character." Polzo, 209 N.J. at 67 (quoting N.J.S.A. 59:4-3(b)). And, the "mere
'[e]xistence of an alleged dangerous condition is not [in of itself] constructive
notice of it.'" Arroyo v. Durling Realty, LLC, 433 N.J. Super. 238, 243 (App.
Div. 2013) (alteration in original) (quoting Sims v. City of Newark, 244 N.J.
Super. 32, 42 (Law Div. 1990)).
Here, there is no dispute that the hole surrounding the water meter was
grass covered. Nevertheless, plaintiff contends "[d]efendants were on notice for
at least five (5) years of the dangerous condition, which they chose to ignore."
Plaintiff further argues that "there is ample evidence to suggest the Borough
repeatedly read or serviced the meter while it was in such an admittedly
dangerous condition, failing to address said condition in any way."
Our Supreme Court has held that "whether a public entity is on actual or
constructive notice of a dangerous condition is measured by the standards set
forth in N.J.S.A. 59:4-3(a) and (b), not by whether [for example] 'a routine
A-0131-22 23 inspection program' by the [public entity] . . . would have discovered the
condition." Polzo v. Cty. of Essex (Polzo II), 209 N.J. 51, 68 (2012).
Polzo involved a bicyclist who had died from injuries sustained when he
fell from his bike onto a circular depression on the shoulder of a county road.
Id. at 56-57. Just five weeks before the plaintiff's accident, the defendants not
only inspected all 2.6 miles of the county road but filled potholes in the process.
Id. at 68. The Court, considering "whether [defendants]—five weeks before the
accident—should have discovered the depression on the shoulder of the
road . . . and determined that it was a 'dangerous condition'" within the meaning
of the TCA, id. at 75, held that the plaintiff had failed to establish that the
"shoulder depression was of such an obvious nature that the public entity, in the
exercise of due care, should have discovered the condition and its dangerous
character." Id. at 73-74.
As an initial matter, we consider relevant the Borough Superintendent's
description of how the Borough's employees perform the quarterly readings of
water meters. According to Ussman's deposition testimony:
[w]hen members of the Water and Sewer Department go out to check the meter, . . . they don't necessarily check the actual meter. There is a censor on the cover that they actually touch with a piece of equipment that reads the meter, but if the meter pit itself is damaged or below ground or, you know, if they see any issue with
A-0131-22 24 it, they can make notes in their equipment at that time. . . . If there was a report, we would have it. I don't – I don't believe any report was generated during the prior meter reading of this meter.
Although the Borough concedes reading the water meter and responding
to a request to shut off water service, it maintains that there was no evidence of
any dangerous condition at the site prior to plaintiff's fall. The Borough also
disputes plaintiff's contention that there was evidence sufficient to defeat
summary judgment. Moreover, the Borough maintains that despite alleging
Borough employees were on the property to dig a hole approximately one month
before the incident, plaintiff later admitted he did not observe any such actions
on the part of the Borough. To be sure, plaintiff's son and nephew also denied
contacting the Borough about a water leak within a month of the plaintiff's fall,
the last report being in December 2017. The Borough also referenced plaintiff's
statement that his son had dug a hole at the water line so an unidentified plumber
could work on the water line, although he never provided any contact or
identifying information for this person.
Although we accept that the Borough read the water meter at least
quarterly, turned off the water in December 2017, and was on site to inspect the
meter on March 6, 2018, and April 2, 2018, we agree with the motion judge that
nothing in this record supports plaintiff's theory that the Borough was aware that
A-0131-22 25 the area around the meter was in fact sunken so as to create a hole—a dangerous
condition—or how long such a condition existed. We also find significant that
despite plaintiff's contentions, he acknowledged performing contracting work
on the property prior to July 18, 2018, but claims never to have noticed the hole
surrounding the water meter because it was covered by grass.
Moreover, even if plaintiff could establish that Borough employees were
aware of the sunken area around the meter and failed to make repairs, plaintiff
similarly failed to establish that the Borough's actions were palpably
unreasonable. The single argument plaintiff makes on appeal is that "[c]ontrary
to the . . . court's decision, the [Borough] [was] on notice for at least five (5)
years of the dangerous condition, which they chose to ignore. Such inaction is
more than mere negligence and should be presented to a jury."
Having previously concluded that the judge correctly rejected plaintiff's
expert's opinion as a net opinion, we are further convinced the judge correctly
determined plaintiff failed to present sufficient evidence establishing that "the
action or inaction on the part of the public entity in protecting against the
condition was 'palpably unreasonable.'" Kolitch v. Lindedahl, 100 N.J. 485, 493
(1985). The term "palpably unreasonable" implies behavior that is patently
unacceptable under any given circumstance. Muhammad v. N.J. Transit, 176
A-0131-22 26 N.J. 185, 195 (2003) (quoting Kolitch, 100 N.J. at 493). Because the burden of
proving palpable unreasonableness of the entity's action or inaction rests with
the plaintiff, Coyne 182 N.J. at 493, unless he can show the public entity's action
was "manifest and obvious that no prudent person would approve of its course
of action or inaction," there is no genuine issue of fact appropriate for
submission to the jury. Kolitch, 100 N.J. at 493.
Here, the record lacks competent evidence directly or circumstantially
supporting the claim that the Borough acted in a palpably unreasonable manner
by failing to discover or otherwise repair the water meter hole, the procedure in
which the Borough investigated such incidents, or how it responded to plaintiff's
accident. Nor did the record contain evidence suggesting any prior complaints
about the condition of the water meter by plaintiff or the property owner. See
Carroll v. New Jersey Transit, 366 N.J. Super. 380, 390-91 (App. Div. 2004)
(holding "plaintiff's claims of palpable unreasonableness presented no jury
question" where "the record [was] devoid of any evidence of a history of similar
incidents or complaints, or a demonstrable pattern of conduct or practice.")
As we discussed, it was unrefuted that the Borough inspected the water
meter on March 6, 2018, performed a quarterly reading on April 2, 2018, and
again during the first week of June 2018. And, nothing in the record suggests
A-0131-22 27 the Borough should have known to inspect the water meter for damage where
plaintiff fell, as plaintiff stated that the hole was completely covered by grass
and just looked like "flat ground." Thus, we reject plaintiff's argument that the
Borough acted in a palpably unreasonable manner in failing to discover the
condition that caused his injuries.
III.
The last issue we consider is whether plaintiff established that he had
suffered a permanent and substantial injury as required prior to recovery under
the TCA. The judge accepted, for purposes of the motion, that the hole
surrounding the water meter constituted a dangerous condition and that that
dangerous condition was the proximate cause of plaintiff's injury. However,
even if the judge had found the Borough had actual or constructive notice of that
dangerous condition, plaintiff's claim would still have failed on the issue of
permanency of his alleged left knee injury.
To survive summary judgment, plaintiff was required to demonstrate "(1)
an objective permanent injury, and (2) a permanent loss of a bodily function that
is substantial." Ponte v. Overeem, 171 N.J. 46, 51 (2002). The motion judge
referred at length to the Court's decision in Ponte, 171 N.J 46, where the Court
determined that the plaintiff's knee injury, which required surgery, did not meet
A-0131-22 28 the permanent loss threshold, in part because the record was lacking as to the
extent and permanency of his impairments. Id. at 47.
Ponte underwent arthroscopic knee surgery, including a partial medial
meniscectomy, partial synovectomy, and chondroplasty of the patella in the right
knee. Id. at 49. However, the court determined, he lacked evidence of
permanency because he offered no objective evidence of a physical
manifestation of permanent and substantial injury to the knee, and no evidence
of a substantial restriction in the function of the knee, such as a limited range of
motion, impaired gait, or restricted ability to ambulate. Id. at 54.
Here, in rejecting plaintiff's argument of a permanent injury to his left
knee, the judge relied upon a review of the combination of his deposition
testimony and medical proofs. At deposition, plaintiff described his injury as
"feel[ing] pretty good right now," with only a "little pain now and then but not
much," and stated that he refrains from certain physical activities such as squats
with weight because he did not feel that his knee was "a hundred percent," and
statements that he "needs a little bit more of, a couple years maybe just to get
the leg back in shape." Plaintiff further maintains he had not received any
additional treatment for this injury since 2020. Plaintiff's expert, however,
opined that plaintiff would have permanent restrictions on his ability to twist
A-0131-22 29 and turn, to stand for long periods of time, and to walk for long periods of time.
He also opined any sports activities "will be markedly limited" and that he
expected him to suffer from chronic intermittent pain upon routine activities
because of the damage done to his knee.
We are satisfied that the motion judge correctly relied on Ponte, 171 N.J.
46, in finding that Dr. Skolnick's finding of permanency and description of the
impact of the injury on plaintiff's life was "inconsistent with [plaintiff's] own
deposition testimony." On the record before us, plaintiff failed to establish
through objective evidence that he had sustained a permanent and substantial
injury to his knee. Following surgery, plaintiff remained fully capable of
performing in his construction job and made no substantive complaints about
impairments regarding his avocational pursuits. The discomfort experienced
while performing such activities was insufficient to meet the TCA threshold.
The judge concluded that plaintiff offered "subjective complaints of pai n,"
which were, in her view, inadequate to support a finding of "permanent loss of
bodily function that is substantial."
On this record, we find no basis to disturb the grant of summary judgment
to defendant. Plaintiff's liability expert report constitutes an inadmissible net
opinion. Moreover, the judge correctly determined plaintiff had failed to present
A-0131-22 30 sufficient evidence to defeat the Borough's motion for summary judgment—
showing actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition and that the
Borough had acted in a palpably unreasonable manner by failing to remediate
the sunken area around the water meter pit.
Affirmed.
A-0131-22 31