William Dunne v. T. Jusino

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
• Decided: April 5, 2023
• Docket: 21-55507
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 5 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

WILLIAM D. DUNNE, No. 21-55507

Petitioner-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:20-cv-04504-MWF-JC

v.

T. JUSINO, Warden, MEMORANDUM*

Respondent-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Michael W. Fitzgerald, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted April 5, 2023**

Before: WALLACE, D. NELSON, and FERNANDEZ, Circuit Judges.

Federal prisoner William D. Dunne appeals pro se from the district court’s

judgment denying his 28 U.S.C. § 2241 habeas petition, which challenged the

Parole Commission’s (“Commission”) failure to grant parole at his 2014 parole

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). reconsideration hearing and 2019 parole interim hearing.1 We have jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the denial of a § 2241 petition de novo, see

Rizzo v. Armstrong, 921 F.2d 855, 858 (9th Cir. 1990), and we affirm.

The Commission’s decision to deny parole was based, in part, on its finding

that Dunne continued to associate with anarchist organizations. Dunne contends

that in doing so, the Commission relied on non-existent criteria, rendering its

decision “arbitrary and capricious,” and violated his First Amendment right of

association. We disagree. The Commission shall consider relevant information as

may be reasonably available when determining whether paroling Dunne would

“jeopardize the public welfare.” 18 U.S.C. §§ 4206(a) and 4207; 28 C.F.R. § 2.19.

Nor has Dunne shown that the Commission’s consideration of his anarchist

affiliation violated his First Amendment right to associate, which is limited in the

context of prison. See Overton v. Bazzetta, 539 U.S. 126, 131 (2003); see also

Blaisdell v. Frappiea, 729 F.3d 1237, 1246 (9th Cir. 2013) (explaining that the

First Amendment’s right to associate only extends to “groups engaged in

expressive activities”). Further, insofar as Dunne criticizes the weight the

1 Although the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 repealed the Parole Commission and Reorganization Act (“Parole Act”), federal inmates who committed an offense before November 1, 1987, remain eligible for parole. See Benny v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 295 F.3d 977, 981 n.2 (9th Cir. 2002). Because Dunne was convicted in 1972 and 1980, his claims are governed by the Parole Act. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 4201–4218.

2 21-55507 Commission gave to documents concerning his affiliations with anarchist

organizations, his challenge is beyond the scope of judicial review. See Coleman

v. Perrill, 845 F.2d 876, 878 (9th Cir. 1988) (“Courts may not . . . review the

relevance the Commission attributes to the information it considers.”).

Dunne also contends that his due process rights at his 2019 interim parole

hearing were violated by the Commission’s consideration of a 2017 disciplinary

infraction, and by the fact the Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) keeps records of

disciplinary infractions longer than it maintains records of an inmate’s positive

behavior. The Parole Act and applicable regulations require the Commission to

consider reports and recommendations prepared by prison staff. See 18 U.S.C.

§ 4207(1); 28 C.F.R. § 2.19(a)(1); see also 28 C.F.R. § 2.14(a)(2)(iii) (providing

that the Commission may delay or rescind a presumptive parole date for

disciplinary infractions). Consistent with this authority, the Commission

considered Dunne’s positive programming in addition to his disciplinary

infractions. Whether the 2017 disciplinary hearing suffered from alleged

procedural and substantive flaws is beyond the scope of this appeal, and the weight

the Commission gave to the disciplinary matter is beyond the scope of judicial

review. See Coleman, 845 F.2d at 878. Dunne’s conclusory statement that the

BOP’s record retention policy violates due process does not amount to a

constitutional claim subject to judicial review. See Roberts v. Corrothers, 812

3 21-55507 F.2d 1173, 1177 (9th Cir. 1987) (“Petitioners unhappy with discretionary parole

decisions cannot circumvent the Parole Act and obtain judicial review simply by

labeling their claims as constitutional or ‘extra-discretionary.’”).

Dunne next contends that the Commission impermissibly increased his

severity category from seven to eight at his 2014 rehearing. As an initial matter,

the Commission may revise a prisoner’s guidelines “at any time as deemed

appropriate.” 28 C.F.R. § 2.20(g). Further, the record belies Dunne’s contention

that the hearing examiner decided to increase his severity category before the

hearing. Rather, consistent with the regulations, the examiner made the change

after learning new information regarding Dunne’s co-conspirator’s shooting of a

police officer. See 28 C.F.R. § 2.20, ch. 13, subch. A, § 4 (providing that prisoners

convicted of conspiracy “must be held accountable for the criminal activities

committed by his co-conspirators . . . .”); Vargas v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 865 F.2d

191, 195 (9th Cir. 1988) (“The Commission’s consideration of unadjudicated

allegations or hearsay information to determine reparole guidelines does not

violate due process.”). Insofar as Dunne challenges the Commission’s

characterization of his co-conspirator’s conduct, that is a matter within the

Commission’s discretion and therefore beyond the scope of judicial review. See

Coleman, 845 F.2d at 878.

Dunne lastly argues that the Commission’s failure to consider the disparate

4 21-55507 treatment of his codefendants who were already released was “unreasonable,

irrational, arbitrary, or capricious.” This claim is not subject to judicial review, see

Coleman, 845 F.2d at 877–79, notwithstanding Dunne’s attempt to characterize the

Commission’s inaction as a constitutional deprivation, see Roberts, 812 F.2d at

1177.

Because Dunne’s claims are either belied by the record or fail to show that

the Commission acted outside of its statutory authority or violated the Constitution,

the district court properly denied his § 2241 petition. See Coleman, 845 F.2d at

878 (explaining that “federal courts can review Parole Commission decisions only

within a very narrow scope”).

AFFIRMED.

5 21-55507