COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, Beales and Lorish UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
WILLIAM ARTHUR GREENE, JR. MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0931-22-2 JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES DECEMBER 28, 2023 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHESTERFIELD COUNTY Steven C. McCallum, Judge
Leonard McCall (McCall Law P.C., on brief), for appellant.
Mason D. Williams, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Following a jury trial, William Greene was convicted of robbery and conspiracy to commit
robbery. On appeal, Greene argues that the evidence was insufficient to support both of his
convictions. Greene also argues that the trial court erred when it denied his motion for a mistrial
after the attorney for the Commonwealth questioned Greene about a potential alibi witness and then
commented on the absence of that potential alibi witness during closing arguments. Greene further
argues that his constitutional and statutory speedy trial rights were violated. Finally, Greene
contends that the trial court should have sentenced him under the newly amended version of Code
§ 18.2-58 for his robbery conviction.
I. BACKGROUND
“In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth, [as] the prevailing party at trial.” Scott v.
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A). Commonwealth, 292 Va. 380, 381 (2016). In doing so, the Supreme Court has stated that we, on
appeal, must “discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and
regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be
drawn therefrom.” Parks v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492, 498 (1980) (quoting Wright v.
Commonwealth, 196 Va. 132, 137 (1954)).
Dwayne Swann lived with his mother, Edwina Swann, and his uncle, Chauncey Evans, in
Chesterfield. Evans testified at trial that he was in his bedroom on the night of February 14, 2019,
when he heard yelling coming from another part of the house. Evans suddenly heard someone say
“hey, man,” followed by the sound of a gunshot. An outside motion-sensing light came on, and
Evans then waited about a minute before he went outside to his back deck. Evans saw Dwayne
lying dead on the steps of the deck, and he then called 911 at 10:37 p.m. Evans’s neighbor testified
that she saw a silver or white sedan “zooming off down the street” after she heard “a commotion”
next door.
Chesterfield County Police Detective Kevin Bates soon arrived at the scene, and he testified
that Dwayne “had blood on both of his hands and his head.” Dwayne had a “T” shaped wound on
the top of his head and a bullet wound to the back of his head. Detective Bates stated, “His
[Dwayne’s] right pocket of his pants had been unturned, or pulled out. There was no blood around
the pockets.” Detective Natasha Strickland accompanied Detective Bates to the scene, and she went
into Dwayne’s room upstairs where she saw numerous pill bottles. Detective Strickland also saw
that the drawers of Dwayne’s nightstand and armoire were pulled out. Detective Bates walked
through the rest of the home, and he noticed an HDMI television cord on the steps outside of the
front door. He then saw blood on the front door handle inside the home, as well as “blood spatter
on the wall next to the stairs that are immediately inside the residence, leading up to the second
story.” Detective Bates testified, “There was a blood trail, red stains leading to the couch in the
-2- family room.” He noted, “There was a good amount of blood where it appears as somebody sat
down on the couch and dripped blood.” Detective Bates then saw that there was a trail of blood
leading through the kitchen area toward the door that leads to the home’s back deck. He also
noticed that “the television was missing from the kitchen.”
Detective Bates testified that other officers from the Chesterfield County Police Department
were able to locate Dwayne’s cell phone in an area in Henrico County. Dwayne’s cell phone was
found in the woods about twenty yards away from a light blue sedan parked on the street. The
sedan was determined to belong to William Greene, and it was parked on a street near the apartment
complex of Greene’s girlfriend. Detective Bates looked at Dwayne’s call records, and he noticed
that “[t]he last three calls, before the 9-1-1 call, were from the same phone number” which belonged
to Erika McNeil. McNeil consented to a search of her cell phone data, and the data showed that she
spoke with Dwayne, with Greene, and also with a man named Tramelle Jones throughout the day of
the robbery.
FBI Special Agent Jeremy D’Errico, an expert witness in “historical cell site and location
data analysis,” testified that he analyzed the cell phone location data for Dwayne Swann, McNeil,
Jones, and Greene. Greene’s cell phone location data showed that he was at a Food Lion parking lot
near Dwayne’s home between 9:22 p.m. and 10:06 p.m. on the night of the robbery. Greene called
McNeil three times during this period of time. McNeil’s cell phone data showed that she left her
home after Greene called her, and she went to the same Food Lion parking lot as Greene. McNeil
spoke with Dwayne on the phone at 10:06 p.m. while she was still at the parking lot. The cell phone
data shows that Greene and McNeil then left the Food Lion parking lot to go toward Dwayne’s
home after McNeil’s phone call with Dwayne had ended. McNeil spoke with Dwayne on the phone
-3- before she sent two text messages to Greene.1 At 10:28 p.m., while Greene and McNeil were near
Dwayne’s home, McNeil called Dwayne again. The data then shows that McNeil was traveling
away from Dwayne’s home shortly thereafter and that she called both Greene and Jones during this
time.
Detective Bates testified that, later that same evening, McNeil drove her car to a 7-Eleven
close to Jones’s home. The 7-Eleven security footage showed that she went to the 7-Eleven with
her boyfriend, Keith Bailey. The footage also shows that Greene drove to the 7-Eleven with Jones
and that Greene parked his car next to McNeil’s car. Bailey exited McNeil’s car, and he then sat in
the back seat of Greene’s car. Bailey got back into McNeil’s car, and they then left the 7-Eleven.
On March 8, 2019, Detective Bates interviewed Greene about the February 14, 2019
robbery. Detective Bates testified that Greene “stated that either the night before or that night he
went to his uncle’s house in Stevens Hollow, which is maybe a mile away from the victim’s
house.”2 Greene also “said that he had been with Tramelle [Jones] all night.” Detective Bates
asked Greene about his connection with Bailey and McNeil, and Greene “said he had not had
contact with them before or after.” Detective Bates then showed Greene photographs of the
7-Eleven security footage that depicted Bailey entering Greene’s car, and Detective Bates testified
that Greene “was very defensive in saying that he didn’t know these people.” When Detective
Bates confronted Greene with the fact that Dwayne’s cell phone was found near Greene’s car,
Greene stated, “I didn’t throw the phone.” Detective Bates also interviewed Bailey and McNeil,
and both admitted that they went to Dwayne’s house at around 10:00 p.m. on February 14, 2019, to
buy drugs from Dwayne.
1 The record does not contain the content of those text messages. Detective Bates testified that McNeil deleted the text messages from her phone. 2 Greene’s uncle testified that he did not see Greene on February 14, 2019. -4- Greene was charged by direct indictment on August 12, 2020. He was then arrested on
October 23, 2020, and he was held without bail. On January 4, 2021, counsel for Greene and the
attorney for the Commonwealth made a joint motion to continue the case so as to have trial on
August 23, 2021. On June 25, 2021, Greene filed a motion to dismiss based on alleged speedy trial
violations. Greene’s jury trial started on August 23, 2021.
At trial, Greene testified that he was with Jones on the evening of February 14, 2019, and
the two men were “smoking a little weed” and “sniff [sic] a little heroin as well.” Greene let Jones
borrow his car that evening so that Jones could “bring some more heroin.” Greene testified that he
keeps an extra cell phone in his car because “that’s what I got all my music and stuff on.” While
Jones was driving Greene’s car that evening, Greene testified that he was with his girlfriend until
she left for work at midnight.
During cross-examination, the attorney for the Commonwealth asked Greene about his
girlfriend. The attorney specifically asked, “[S]o based on what you said today, you didn’t think to
give the police the name of the person who could exonerate you from this whole incident, correct?”
Greene then acknowledged that he did not tell Detective Bates during their interview that he was
with his girlfriend on the night of February 14, 2019. The attorney for the Commonwealth stated
during closing arguments, “For the first time in two and a half years, he’s [Greene] claimed that he
was with his girlfriend. Which, again, by his own admission today, he admits he did not tell
Detective Bates. He also doesn’t have her here today. She’s not testified in defense.” Counsel for
Greene then moved for a mistrial, which the trial court denied. Greene was ultimately found guilty
of robbery and of conspiracy to commit robbery by the jury, and he now appeals to this Court.
-5- II. ANALYSIS
A. Constitutional and Statutory Speedy Trial
Greene argues, “The trial court erred when it denied Greene’s motion to dismiss based on
the violations of Greene’s statutory and constitutional rights to a speedy trial.” On appeal, statutory
speedy trial and constitutional speedy trial questions present mixed questions of law and fact.
Young v. Commonwealth, 297 Va. 443, 450 (2019). This Court “reviews legal questions de novo,
while giving deference to the trial court’s factual findings.” Id.
For statutory speedy trial, Code § 19.2-243 requires the Commonwealth to start a
defendant’s trial before 152 (and a fraction) days have passed since the defendant was arrested and
held in custody. See Moten v. Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 438, 441 (1988). The statute also
“provides for tolling if the defendant joins in or fails to object to a continuance motion made by the
Commonwealth.” Ali v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 16, 30 (2022). Here, Greene was arrested on
October 23, 2020, and he was held without bail. On January 4, 2021, after 73 full days of being
held in custody, Greene and the Commonwealth jointly moved for a continuance to set the trial to
begin on August 23, 2021. Consequently, given that the mutually agreed-upon continuance tolled
the running of the statutory speedy trial clock for all but 73 of the 152 allowable days, Greene’s
statutory speedy trial rights clearly were not violated.
Likewise, Greene’s constitutional speedy trial rights also were not violated here. “The test
for determining whether a speedy trial violation has occurred requires balancing four main factors—
the ‘length of delay, reason for delay, defendant’s assertion of his right, and prejudice to the
defendant.’” Reedy v. Commonwealth, 77 Va. App. 81, 93 (2023) (quoting Howard v.
Commonwealth, 281 Va. 455, 462 (2011)). Despite being charged by direct indictment about one
year before his trial began, Greene jointly moved with the Commonwealth for the continuance that
set his trial date for August 23, 2021 so the majority of the delay here is attributable to Greene.
-6- In addition, the record on appeal does not indicate that Greene has suffered any specific
prejudice. See Ali, 75 Va. App. at 47 (“Conversely, if the Commonwealth bears no fault in the
delay and proceeds ‘with reasonable diligence,’ then the defendant’s ‘speedy trial claim w[ill] fail
. . . as a matter of course however great the delay, so long as [the defendant cannot] show specific
prejudice.’” (alterations in original)). Given that Greene is responsible for most of the delay and
given that Greene has not shown that he has suffered any specific prejudice, the constitutional
speedy trial factors clearly weigh in favor of the Commonwealth. Therefore, Greene’s
constitutional speedy trial rights were not violated, and the trial court did not err when it denied
Greene’s motion to dismiss.
B. The Questions and Comments About Greene’s Potential Alibi Witness
Greene argues that the trial court erred by allowing the attorney for the Commonwealth to
question Greene “as to the lack or non-existence of an alibi witness or a witness that could
exonerate Greene of ‘everything.’” Greene also argues that the trial court erred by denying his
motion for a mistrial for the comments in the attorney for the Commonwealth’s closing argument
about Greene’s failure to call his girlfriend as an alibi witness. On appeal, a trial court’s evidentiary
decision and a trial court’s denial of a motion for a mistrial are both reviewed under an abuse of
discretion standard of review. See Harvey v. Commonwealth, 76 Va. App. 436, 475 (2023); Gross
v. Stuart, 297 Va. 769, 774 (2019).
Here, Greene chose to testify in his own defense and he, therefore, subjected himself to
cross-examination and potential impeachment. The Commonwealth impeached Greene’s testimony
that he had spent the evening with his girlfriend by questioning Greene about his prior statement to
Detective Bates “that he had been with Tramelle [Jones] all night.” During closing argument, the
Commonwealth then highlighted the inconsistency between Greene’s testimony at trial and his
previous statements to Detective Bates. The Supreme Court has held that a defendant’s failure to
-7- call an alibi witness “‘was the legitimate subject of comment by the Commonwealth’s attorney’ and
‘a circumstance to be considered by the jury.’” Russell v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 833, 836 (1976)
(quoting Robinson v. Commonwealth, 165 Va. 876, 881 (1936)); see also Pollino v.
Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 243, 251-52 (2004) (permitting the prosecutor to comment on the
absence of a potential defense witness). Consequently, given the clear precedent on this question
from the Supreme Court and from this Court, the attorney for the Commonwealth did not
improperly comment during closing argument on the absence of Greene’s girlfriend from testifying
at trial. In addition, given that the absence of Greene’s girlfriend at trial was “a circumstance to be
considered by the jury,” the attorney for the Commonwealth could also impeach Greene’s
credibility on this point during cross-examination when Greene provided inconsistent statements.
Russell, 216 Va. at 836. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it allowed the
attorney for the Commonwealth to question Greene about the absence of his girlfriend at trial.
Furthermore, the trial court also did not abuse its discretion when it permitted the attorney for the
Commonwealth to later comment in his closing argument on the failure of Greene’s girlfriend to
testify at trial.
C. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Greene also argues that the evidence was insufficient for his convictions for robbery and
conspiracy to commit robbery. Specifically, Greene argues,
The trial court erred by refusing to grant Greene’s motion to strike the robbery and conspiracy to commit robbery charges where the Commonwealth failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that there was an actual robbery committed by way of a taking accomplished with force or the threat of force.
On appeal, “When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial
court is presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is “plainly wrong or without evidence
to support it.”’” Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204, 228 (2018) (alteration in original) (quoting
-8- Pijor v. Commonwealth, 294 Va. 502, 512 (2017)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does not ask itself
whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Id.
(alteration in original) (quoting Pijor, 294 Va. at 512). “Rather, the relevant question is whether
‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.’” Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193 (2009) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). In addition, the Supreme Court has stated, “Circumstantial evidence is as
competent and is entitled to as much weight as direct evidence, provided it is sufficiently convincing
to exclude every reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt.” Coleman v. Commonwealth, 226 Va.
31, 53 (1983).
“In Virginia, robbery is a common law crime defined as the ‘taking, with intent to steal, of
the personal property of another, from his person or in his presence, against his will, by violence or
intimidation.’” Jay v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 510, 524 (2008) (quoting Pierce v. Commonwealth,
205 Va. 528, 532 (1964)). “The violence must occur before or at the time of the taking” for a
robbery conviction. Branch v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 91, 94 (1983). The Supreme Court has also
stated, “Conspiracy is defined as ‘an agreement between two or more persons by some concerted
action to commit an offense.’” Wright v. Commonwealth, 224 Va. 502, 505 (1982) (quoting Falden
v. Commonwealth, 167 Va. 542, 544 (1937)).
Here, the evidence at trial showed that Greene was present at the crime scene, given that
Greene’s cell phone data showed that he was at Dwayne Swann’s home around the time of the
robbery. Furthermore, the jury could reasonably conclude that Greene used violence or intimidation
prior to taking Dwayne’s television. Given the trail of blood that started at the front door and
continued through Dwayne’s home, the jury could reasonably conclude that Dwayne was struck in
the head as he opened the door to try and sell drugs to McNeil and Bailey – and that Dwayne’s
television was then taken out of the kitchen after Dwayne had been struck and was bleeding badly
-9- as he moved throughout the house. The jury’s finding is also consistent with Chauncey Evans’s
testimony that he heard yelling in the house before he heard the gunshot that killed his nephew,
Dwayne Swann.
Furthermore, Greene’s conflicting testimony and his statements to Detective Bates
demonstrate his consciousness of guilt. During Greene’s March 8, 2019 interview with Detective
Bates (which took place only a couple of weeks after the robbery occurred), Greene told Detective
Bates “that he had been with Tramelle [Jones] all night.” However, Greene changed his story at
trial, and he testified that he was with his girlfriend that night – even though he never mentioned his
girlfriend to Detective Bates. When Detective Bates asked Greene about Dwayne’s cell phone,
which was found in some woods near Greene’s vehicle, Greene responded, “I didn’t throw the
phone.” Furthermore, Greene “was very defensive in saying that he didn’t know these people
[Bailey and McNeil]” even though the call records show that Greene spoke with McNeil throughout
the night of February 14, 2019, and security footage shows that Bailey met Greene in the 7-Eleven
parking lot later that same night after the robbery had occurred. Consequently, given the extensive
cell phone data, given the physical evidence inside Dwayne’s home, and given Greene’s own
inconsistent statements, we certainly cannot say that no rational factfinder could have found the
evidence sufficient for Greene’s robbery conviction.
In addition, the evidence also showed that Greene took part in a conspiracy to commit
robbery because it showed that he communicated with and met with McNeil and Jones prior to the
robbery. Greene then communicated (through phone calls and text messages) with McNeil both
immediately before and shortly after the robbery occurred. The cell phone data showed that
Greene’s cell phone, Jones’s cell phone, and McNeil’s cell phone were all at a Food Lion parking
lot together prior to when the robbery took place. In fact, the cell phone data showed that McNeil
left her home to drive to the Food Lion not long after Greene had called her. Consequently, the jury
- 10 - could reasonably conclude that Greene met with McNeil at the Food Lion parking lot to plan the
robbery of Dwayne Swann. Therefore, we cannot say that no rational factfinder could have found
the evidence sufficient for Greene’s conspiracy to commit robbery conviction.
D. Sentencing for Robbery Conviction
In his final assignment of error, Greene argues that the trial court should have sentenced him
under the newly amended version of Code § 18.2-58. “[T]he issue of whether a statute should be
applied retroactively presents a question of law that we review de novo on appeal.” Taylor v.
Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 179, 184 (2004).
Effective July 1, 2021, the General Assembly amended Code § 18.2-58 to limit the penalties
for a robbery conviction. Greene contends that the trial court should have sentenced him under the
newly amended statute enacted in 2021 for a crime that he committed in 2019. When determining
whether to give a newly amended statute retroactive effect, the Supreme Court has repeatedly
stated, “Our analysis is guided by the fundamental principles of statutory construction that
retroactive laws are not favored, and that a statute is always construed to operate prospectively
unless a contrary legislative intent is manifest.” Berner v. Mills, 265 Va. 408, 413 (2003); see also
Montgomery v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 182, 190 (2022) (“[A] statute may apply retroactively
when the General Assembly uses explicit terms detailing the retroactive effect of the legislation.”).
In addition, when a new statute changes the penalty of a conviction while the case is pending, “the
penalty in existence at the time of the offense should be applied unless the Commonwealth first
elects to proceed under the new statute and obtains the consent of the defendant to do so.” Ruplenas
v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 972, 978 (1981); see also Code §§ 1-238 and 1-239.
Code § 18.2-58, like many other newly amended statutes recently analyzed by this Court,
simply does not have retroactive effect. See, e.g., Gionis v. Commonwealth, 76 Va. App. 1, 16
(2022) (holding that Code § 18.2-104 did not apply retroactively). When looking at the text of Code
- 11 - § 18.2-58, the General Assembly did not include “an express statement indicating that it is to be
applied retroactively.” Street v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 298, 307 (2022) (holding that Code
§ 4.1-1302(A) did not apply retroactively). Furthermore, the record clearly shows that the
Commonwealth did not consent in this case to the application of the newly amended version of
Code § 18.2-58. Consequently, because Code § 18.2-58 does not have retroactive application and
because Greene committed the robbery offense in 2019, the trial court did not err when it sentenced
Greene according to the law that was in effect at the time that the relevant offense was committed.
III. CONCLUSION
In short, the Commonwealth’s evidence showed that Greene conspired to rob Dwayne
Swann and that Greene then actively participated in that robbery. Greene’s statutory and
constitutional speedy trial rights were not violated because both Greene and the Commonwealth
sought the continuance and agreed to the trial date that resulted in the majority of the delay leading
up to Greene’s trial. In addition, given clear precedent from the Supreme Court, it was entirely
proper for the attorney for the Commonwealth to question Greene about (and to comment on)
Greene’s failure to call his girlfriend as an alibi witness. Finally, the trial court did not err when it
applied the penalty under Code § 18.2-58 that was in effect at the time that Greene committed the
robbery.
For all of these reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment and uphold Greene’s
convictions.
Affirmed.
- 12 -