BRACE, P. J.
— This is a suit in ejectment for the possession of an undivided one-eighth interest in.a tract of land in Saline county, described in the petition. William Nelson, late of said county, deceased, is the common source of title. He died testate on December 12, 1892, seized in fee simple of the premises; leaving him surviving: three daughters, the defendant, Mariah Darrah, and her two sisters, Nannie Brown and Sarah Bryan; two sons, James Nelson and John Nelson; and four grandsons, Ord Nelson and Corley Nelson,- sons of his deceased son Lawrence, and plaintiff John Willard and his brother William Willard, sons of his deceased daughter Elizabeth.
By his will the testator devised the premises in question to his said daughter the defendant Mariah Darrah, named therein, his sons James and John; made provision for his other two daughters, Nannie Brown and Sarah Bryan, and for his two grandsons Ord and Oorley Nelson, and made the following further devise:
“4th. I give, devise and bequeath to my well-beloved nephews, 'John and William Willard, the following described tracts, lots or parcels of land situate in the county of Saline and the' State of Missouri, to-wit: The northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of section twenty-two; the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section twenty-two; the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section twenty-three; all in township fifty-one, range twentydhree, and the sum of fifty dollars in money, to be paid them out of the proceeds of my personal property. To have and to hold the said [666]*666land nnto the said John Willard and William Willard, their heirs and assigns forever.”
On the trial the plaintiff introduced parol evidence tending to prove that at the time of his death the testator had a nephew named John D. Willard, and several grandnephews, sons of the said John D., one of whom was named John Willard, and the other named William Willard, and upon these facts claimed that he was pretermitted in said will, and as one of the heirs at law of his grandfather is entitled to the interest sued for in the land devised to the defendant Mrs. Darrah. To meet this claim the defendant introduced evidence tending to prove that the said nephew. John D. Willard, and the said grandnephews John Willard and William Willard, sons of the said John D., were strangers to the testator, never visited him and never resided near him. That the grandsons John Willard and William Willard lived near their grandfather, owned land adjoining the land described in the fourth clause of the will, that he was very intimate and friendly with them, and repeatedly declared that he had bought this land for them, and also introduced E. M. Edwards, a lawyer, as a witness who testified in substance that he drew the will at the request of the testator, who directed that this land should be given to the said grandchildren John and William Willard, but by mistake he wrote the word “nephews” instead of “grandchildren” in that clause of the will. Without setting out tiffs parol evidence at length, it is sufficient to say, that it appears therefrom, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the testator intended by the fourth clause of his will to devise the land therein described to his well-known and well-beloved grandchildren, the plaintiff John Willard and his brother William Willard, and not to his two grandnephews of the same names, who were not personally known to, or well-heloved of him. The case was tried before the court without a jury. The court rejected the evidence of Edwards the scrivener, found the issues for the plaintiff, and [667]*667from the judgment in his favor the defendant appeals. And thus the only question for determination in the case is presented.
Unless the devise in the fourth clause of the will is to the plaintiff and his brother William, the plaintiff is not named or provided for in the will of his grandfather. As to him he died intestate, and the judgment is for the right party. [R. S. 1899, sec. 4611.] The devise is to them, however, if such was the intention of the testator, and in determining whether such was his intention, resort to extrinsic evidence is necessary from the very nature of the inquiry, which is not as to the context of the will, but as to its application to persons external, i. e., the. identification of the beneficiaries. The difficulty in such cases is to determine how far in that direction the courts may go in order to discover the true intent and meaning of the testator.
It is well-settled law “that for the purpose of determining the object of the testator’s bounty, or the subject of disposition, or the quantity of interest intended to be given by his will, a court may inquire into every material fact relating to the person who claims to be interested, under the will, and the property which is claimed as the subject of disposition, and to the circumstances of the testator, and of his family and affairs, for the purpose of enabling it to identify the person or thing intended by the testator, or to determine the quantity of interest he has given by his will (Wigram on Wills, 51).” [Riggs v. Myers, 20 Mo. l. c. 243.] And such inquiry may extend to the whole environment of the testator, and to his feelings towards those named as beneficiaries or naturally tied to him. [RoBards v. Brown, 167 Mo. 447; Webb v. Hayden, 166 Mo. l. c. 46, and cases cited.] In Creasy v. Alverson, 43 Mo. 13, the instructions given by the testator to the scrivener of his will were held to be within the rule approved in Riggs v. Myers, for the purpose of identifying a tract of land misdescribed in the will by mistake of the [668]*668scrivener. In Thomson v. Thomson, 115 Mo. 56, for a like purppse a prior informal unattested will of the testator was admitted in evidence, and in Gordon v. Burris, 141 Mo. 602, direct extrinsic evidence of intention was admitted for the purpose of showing a devisee was meant who was misnamed in the will. There is much conflict of judicial opinion on the subject. The cases are numerous and irreconcilable; many of them are cited in the briefs of counsel. They have been so often reviewed that a further review seems a work of supererogation. A learned and able text-writer, from such a review, deduces the following conclusion:
“The two classes of cases, then, in which direct evidence dehors the will appears admissible to show the testator’s intention, are these: (1) Where the person or thing, the object or subject of the disposition, is describéd in terms which are applicable indifferently to more than one person or thing. (2) Where the description of the person or thing is partly correct and partly incorrect, and the correct part leaves something equivocal. Or, perhaps, to- take a broader view of the subject, extrinsic evidence of intention may be admitted whenever the instrument is insufliciently expressed or applied in terms so as to raise a doubt of the object or subject intended, and in order to give the disposition effect, that doubt must be cleared and the insufficiency supplied. On the other hand, such extraneous proof should be ruled out, whenever its tendency is to establish an intention different in essence from what the will expresses on its own face; for when admissible it is in aid of the testator’s expressed intention, not against it,” [Schouler on Wills (3 Ed.), sec. 576.]
In another valuable and more recent work, in which the citation of cases is brought up to date, the law on the subject is more elaborately stated as follows:
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BRACE, P. J.
— This is a suit in ejectment for the possession of an undivided one-eighth interest in.a tract of land in Saline county, described in the petition. William Nelson, late of said county, deceased, is the common source of title. He died testate on December 12, 1892, seized in fee simple of the premises; leaving him surviving: three daughters, the defendant, Mariah Darrah, and her two sisters, Nannie Brown and Sarah Bryan; two sons, James Nelson and John Nelson; and four grandsons, Ord Nelson and Corley Nelson,- sons of his deceased son Lawrence, and plaintiff John Willard and his brother William Willard, sons of his deceased daughter Elizabeth.
By his will the testator devised the premises in question to his said daughter the defendant Mariah Darrah, named therein, his sons James and John; made provision for his other two daughters, Nannie Brown and Sarah Bryan, and for his two grandsons Ord and Oorley Nelson, and made the following further devise:
“4th. I give, devise and bequeath to my well-beloved nephews, 'John and William Willard, the following described tracts, lots or parcels of land situate in the county of Saline and the' State of Missouri, to-wit: The northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of section twenty-two; the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section twenty-two; the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section twenty-three; all in township fifty-one, range twentydhree, and the sum of fifty dollars in money, to be paid them out of the proceeds of my personal property. To have and to hold the said [666]*666land nnto the said John Willard and William Willard, their heirs and assigns forever.”
On the trial the plaintiff introduced parol evidence tending to prove that at the time of his death the testator had a nephew named John D. Willard, and several grandnephews, sons of the said John D., one of whom was named John Willard, and the other named William Willard, and upon these facts claimed that he was pretermitted in said will, and as one of the heirs at law of his grandfather is entitled to the interest sued for in the land devised to the defendant Mrs. Darrah. To meet this claim the defendant introduced evidence tending to prove that the said nephew. John D. Willard, and the said grandnephews John Willard and William Willard, sons of the said John D., were strangers to the testator, never visited him and never resided near him. That the grandsons John Willard and William Willard lived near their grandfather, owned land adjoining the land described in the fourth clause of the will, that he was very intimate and friendly with them, and repeatedly declared that he had bought this land for them, and also introduced E. M. Edwards, a lawyer, as a witness who testified in substance that he drew the will at the request of the testator, who directed that this land should be given to the said grandchildren John and William Willard, but by mistake he wrote the word “nephews” instead of “grandchildren” in that clause of the will. Without setting out tiffs parol evidence at length, it is sufficient to say, that it appears therefrom, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the testator intended by the fourth clause of his will to devise the land therein described to his well-known and well-beloved grandchildren, the plaintiff John Willard and his brother William Willard, and not to his two grandnephews of the same names, who were not personally known to, or well-heloved of him. The case was tried before the court without a jury. The court rejected the evidence of Edwards the scrivener, found the issues for the plaintiff, and [667]*667from the judgment in his favor the defendant appeals. And thus the only question for determination in the case is presented.
Unless the devise in the fourth clause of the will is to the plaintiff and his brother William, the plaintiff is not named or provided for in the will of his grandfather. As to him he died intestate, and the judgment is for the right party. [R. S. 1899, sec. 4611.] The devise is to them, however, if such was the intention of the testator, and in determining whether such was his intention, resort to extrinsic evidence is necessary from the very nature of the inquiry, which is not as to the context of the will, but as to its application to persons external, i. e., the. identification of the beneficiaries. The difficulty in such cases is to determine how far in that direction the courts may go in order to discover the true intent and meaning of the testator.
It is well-settled law “that for the purpose of determining the object of the testator’s bounty, or the subject of disposition, or the quantity of interest intended to be given by his will, a court may inquire into every material fact relating to the person who claims to be interested, under the will, and the property which is claimed as the subject of disposition, and to the circumstances of the testator, and of his family and affairs, for the purpose of enabling it to identify the person or thing intended by the testator, or to determine the quantity of interest he has given by his will (Wigram on Wills, 51).” [Riggs v. Myers, 20 Mo. l. c. 243.] And such inquiry may extend to the whole environment of the testator, and to his feelings towards those named as beneficiaries or naturally tied to him. [RoBards v. Brown, 167 Mo. 447; Webb v. Hayden, 166 Mo. l. c. 46, and cases cited.] In Creasy v. Alverson, 43 Mo. 13, the instructions given by the testator to the scrivener of his will were held to be within the rule approved in Riggs v. Myers, for the purpose of identifying a tract of land misdescribed in the will by mistake of the [668]*668scrivener. In Thomson v. Thomson, 115 Mo. 56, for a like purppse a prior informal unattested will of the testator was admitted in evidence, and in Gordon v. Burris, 141 Mo. 602, direct extrinsic evidence of intention was admitted for the purpose of showing a devisee was meant who was misnamed in the will. There is much conflict of judicial opinion on the subject. The cases are numerous and irreconcilable; many of them are cited in the briefs of counsel. They have been so often reviewed that a further review seems a work of supererogation. A learned and able text-writer, from such a review, deduces the following conclusion:
“The two classes of cases, then, in which direct evidence dehors the will appears admissible to show the testator’s intention, are these: (1) Where the person or thing, the object or subject of the disposition, is describéd in terms which are applicable indifferently to more than one person or thing. (2) Where the description of the person or thing is partly correct and partly incorrect, and the correct part leaves something equivocal. Or, perhaps, to- take a broader view of the subject, extrinsic evidence of intention may be admitted whenever the instrument is insufliciently expressed or applied in terms so as to raise a doubt of the object or subject intended, and in order to give the disposition effect, that doubt must be cleared and the insufficiency supplied. On the other hand, such extraneous proof should be ruled out, whenever its tendency is to establish an intention different in essence from what the will expresses on its own face; for when admissible it is in aid of the testator’s expressed intention, not against it,” [Schouler on Wills (3 Ed.), sec. 576.]
In another valuable and more recent work, in which the citation of cases is brought up to date, the law on the subject is more elaborately stated as follows:
“In every case the court is entitled to be placed in possession of all the information which is available of the circumstances of the estate and family of the testator when he made [669]*669his will, to the end that the court rilay be in his situation as nearly as may be, and may interpret and understand the will as he would if he were living. When the evidence of extrinsic circumstances is all in, it may appear that a description in the will which was intended by the testator to apply to one object or thing is applicable, with more or less certainty, to several objects or tilings. This is a case of latent ambiguity, and parol evidence is then received to ascertain which person or thing was intended by the testator. Where the ambiguity is latent, it is created by evidence of extrinsic facts, and the same evidence is admissible to remove it But such evidence is not direct evidence of intention, and if the rule in relation to the reception of parol evidence to solve latent ambiguities permitted the introduction of such evidence only, it would not require a separate discussion, as it would be synonymous with the rule that extrinsic facts are always admissible to explain the language of the will, regardless of the nature of the ambiguity, whether it be patent or latent The principle goes much further than this. It is not to be confined to the admission of facts appertaining solely to the circumstances of the testator, and which merely tend to show the meaning of his words. Under it evidence showing or suggesting a direct inference of intention as to the things or objects disposed of in the will, including the testator’s declarations of intention uttered at the execution of the will, and, according to some of the cases, subsequently thereto, are received to assist the court in disposing of the latent ambiguity, by showing which of several persons or things answering to the description was intended by the testator. Hence, it will be seen that there may be, and usually is, an essential and radical difference between the evidence which raises or creates,_ the latent ambiguity, i. e., proof of extrinsic circumstances of the case, and the evidence which removes it or explains it, and which may be declarations of the intention of the testator as well as evidence of circumstances.
[670]*670“It is not necessary, in order that parol evidence may be received, that the description in the will shall apply precisely and in every respect to' two or more persons or things. In some cases where the rule has been invoked, two persons of exactly the same name, or answering precisely to the same description, have claimed. Rut the law requires only that the testamentary description shall apply to the several objects with legal certainty, so that the mind of the court is satisfied. The description, whether by name, locality or occupation, must be sufficient to fairly satisfy the court that the testator may have meant either of the several persons or things which are revealed by the extrinsic evidence.....Thus, if a benefit is claimed by several persons, all answering the description of the will in one or more material particulars, though none of them answers to it perfectly and accurately in every particular, extrinsic evidence is received, inclúding expressions of intention.” [2 Underhill on the Law of Wills, sec. 910.]
Erom a careful examination of many of the legion of cases, bearing on. this subject, wé are satisfied that the doctrine announced by these text-writers is supported by the weight of authority, and being consonant with justice and reason, and promotive of that public policy declared by statute, which requires all courts in the execution of wills to have due regard to the true intent and meaning of the testator, it may well be adopted as furnishing to a certain extent practical, working rules for such cases. Mindful thereof, then, we start out in this case with the testator’s will in hand, for the purpose of ascertaining whether the plaintiff, according to the true intent and meaning of the testator, is named or provided for in his will, and we start with the legal presumption that he is named or provided for therein, for having executed his will in due form, apparently making a complete disposition of all his property, the law presumes that it was the intention of the testator to dispose of his whole estate by will and not to die [671]*671intestate as to his grandsons John and William Willard, and have part of his estate pass by will and part by. descent. [RoBards v. Brown, 167 Mo. 447; Watson v. Watson, 110 Mo. 164.] Coming to the fourth clause of the will, we find therein a devise and bequest of certain real estate, and a sum of money to “John and William Willard.”
Erom the way the names are coupled together in this joint devise, we at once conclude that these persons are of the same class, that is to say, are brothers having equal claims upon the bounty of the testator. If the devise had been in this form, simply without further descriptive words, and upon inquiry it was found from the indirect parol evidence, which is always admissible for the purpose 'of indentifying the object of the testator’s bounty, that there were two sets of brothers, each named “John and William Willard” and each having equal legal claims upon the testator’s bounty, there could be no question under all the authorities that direct parol evidence, dehors the will, of the testator’s intention, would be admissible to determine which of the two sets he meant [Schouler on Wills (3 Ed.), sec. 575], the case coming then within that class where the object of the disposition is described in terms applicable, indifferently to both. The devise in this instance is, however, apparently more specific. It is to “my well-beloved nephews John and William Willard,” and it is found from the indirect parol evidence that there are two sets of brothers, each named “John and William Willard.” The plaintiff and his brother, “well-beloved” grandsons of the testator, and two grandnephews, not “well-beloved” of him, and having no legal or moral claim on his bounty.
As to each of these sets of brothers the description contained in the will is partly correct and partly incorrect. ,It is correct as to the Christian and surnames of each set; it is correct as to neither in the superadded description of relationship to the testator, as the word “nephew” simplidier can not be held to include grandnephews [Underhill on Wills, sec. [672]*672596; Matter of Woodward, 117 N. Y. 522; 16 Am. and Eng. Ency. of Law, 485] and the inapplicability in this case is reinforced by the word “beloved” prefixed thereto. So that the description in the will, when it comes to be applied to those only who can possibly have been intended, is just as equivocal in point of fact as if these additional words of description had been omitted, as in the first case supposed.
The description of the persons is partly correct and partly incorrect, leaving something equivocal. The description does not apply precisely to either of these two sets of brothers, but it is morally and legally certain that it'was intended to apply to one or the other, thus bringing the case within the rule f established by the second class of cases in which direct or extrinsic parol evidence including expressions of intention are admissible. Such evidence was therefore admissible in this case in order to solve a latent ambiguity produced by extrinsic evidence in the application of the terms of the will to the objects of the testator’s bounty, to prevent the fourth clause of the will from perishing, and obviate a partial intestacy of the testator. Its effect is not to establish an intention different in essence from that expressed in the will, but to- let in light by which that intention, rendered obscure by outside circumstances, may be more clearly discerned, and the will of the testator in its entire scope effectuated according to his true intent and meaning. Hence, we conclude that the court-erred-in rejecting the evidence of the scrivener Edwards, and in holding that the plaintiff was not named or provided for in the will of his grandfather, the said William Nelson. The judgment of the circuit court is therefore reversed.
All concur.