Miller, Judge:
In ejectment by tax-purchaser against one claiming under the former owner, the plaintiff introduced in evidence his tax deed from the cleric of the county court, showing sale of the land sued for and purchase thereof by him in December, 1901, for the taxes delinquent for 1899, objection to which by the defendants was overruled. After the plaintiff had introduced all his other evidence the defendants, to maintain the issues on their part and to impeach the validity of the tax deed, introduced in evidence certified copies of the delinquent and sales returns of the ’sheriff for the taxes of 1899. These documents, at first admitted, were at the conclusion of defendants’ evidence, on motion of plaintiff, excluded; and following the verdict for plaintiff, the motion of defendants to set the same aside and for a new trial was overruled, and judgment entered thereon for plaintiff, to review which the defendants bring error.
While other points respecting the plaintiff’s title papers are presented, the only one of real merit is the action of the court in rejecting the copies of the delinquent and sales returns^ The statute, sections'843, 844, Code 1906, requires the sheriff, on or before the first Monday in June next succeeding the year for which taxes are assessed, to make out a list of real estate in his county delinquent for the nonpayment of the taxes thereon for that year, and on returning the same, at the foot thereof, to take and subscribe the oath prescribed therein before some person authorized by law to administer oaths, who shall certify the same. We emphasize the fact that the oath of the sheriff must also be certified by the officer. The oath to the delinquent return for the year in question, while filled up and subscribed by the sheriff, and while the jurat of the officer is filled up with the date, July 13, 1900, the same day the list appears to have been presented to the county court, it is not certified by any person. It nowhere appears before whom it was intended the oath should be taken and subscribed. The sales return is defective in the same particular. Did the court err in rejecting these papers?
[207]*207. So far as thje question, relates to the sales return, it- seems to be, ¡fully-answered-by State v. McEldowney, 55 W. Va. 1. and the provision of section 25, chapter 31,. Code, interpreted-, by it. - That case holds that no • defect in a sheriff’s affidavit to such list of sales- will invalidate a tax ..deed under; s^i.d chapter; that, if other clauses in section 25 do nqt heal the defective affidavit, the provision thereof , that .‘‘.no, ..sale . or deed of, any such real estate under, the prpy.isioní?, of this chapter shall be set aside or in any manner affected by/ reason of the failure of any officer mentioned in this chapter to do or perform- any act- or duty herein,required.to be done or-performed,by him after such sale-, is-,made* or, by the illegal or defective performance of any such ;act or duty after,such sale,” will do.sq. This question is elaborated in that case and the other,cases therein referred to, and needs no .further discussion, .here. The court therefore did not err to the defendants’ prejudice, in excluding the list of sales. , .. .
With’ fespect to the delinquent return, however, the question, can,not be answered in the same way... .The delinquent return is the foundation of the tax title. - We have hele!, aji,.the present term, in Devine v. Wilson, that ¡ when tl}c affitja/yit is whol]j omitted, from such delinquent, return th,e |js,t is void, and., the statute being.,mandatory, the deed of lthq;.c,opnty clerk based thereon wall be set aside as yoid. The,,. orphan of a ligt sq .essential in. the chain, pintle.de-stroys,,jts, .efficacy. .Withqut the affidavit thereto, the ¡list, in lega.li effect, constitutes no. delinquent return.. .p.ut^the .question .re.cqrs, does the .failure of. the officer , tq subscribe his/name tq the jurat bring- the-, .present cas.e upthim the rule of. Devine v. Wilson? In that case the affidavit was wholly omitted; here, the oath prescribed is subscribed by the sheriff. But, in the absence • of the signature of any person to the jurat, can we say, as argued, that, the omission amounts to a mere irregularity, cured by the statute.? Without being, .certified as required, how can we say the oath wiis. in fact taken? Would such a paper support a prosecution for . perjury or false swearing? -Is .it any .oath at all?, We think .it clear.it can not be regarded., The absence pf the signature of the officer to the jurat-destroys tire, evidential quality of the affidavit and return, and ren[208]*208ders the latter, pruna facie at least, invalid. 2 Cyc. 30; 1 Enc. Pl. & Pr. 316-17; Tunis v. Withrow (Ia.), 77 Am. Dec. 117; Holmes v. Crooks, 56 Neb. 466; Wsterfield v. Bried, 26 N. J. Eq. 357; Hitsman et al. Admr's. v. Garrard, 16 N. J. 124; Bank v. Garton, 40 Mo. App. 113; Morris v. State, 2 Tex. 502. Where an affidavit is required as the foundation of judicial action and the oath has. in fact been taken, some cases hold the omission of the signature of the officer to the jurat may be supplied by oral evidence taken in the cause. Bank v. Gettinger, 4 W. Va. 305, 309; Guy v. Walker, 35 Ark. 212; Williams v. Stephenson, 103 Ind, 343; McCartney v. Bank, 3 Ala. 709; Fortenheim v. Claftin, 47 Ark. 49; Veal v. Parkerson, 47 Ga. 92; Bantley v. Finney, 43 Neb. 794; Smith v. Walker, 93 Ga. 252; Cook v. Jenkins, 30 Ia. 452; Wiley v. Bennett, 68 Tenn. 581. Other cases, however, hold that unless the jurat is subscribed by the officer the affidavit is absolutely void. Ladow v. Groom, 1 Denio 429; Doty v. Boyd, 46 S. C. 39, 42; Tunis v. Withrow, Bank v. Garton, and Morris v. State, supra; and the later case of this Court, Cosner v. Smith, 36 W. Va. 788, 792.
When the affidavit of the officer relates to a delinquent tax return, which the law requires shall be recorded, the omission of the affidavit, or of the jurat or the signature thereto of the officer, renders the return absolutely void, and the omission can not be supplied or the record subsequently corrected. Titles to land can not be allowed to stand on such defective and precarious records. 1 Blackwell on Tax Titles (5th Ed.) section 463; Black on Tax Titles (2nd Ed.) section 200; Cotzhansen v. Kaehler, 42 Wis. 332; Skinner v. Brown, 17 Ohio St. 33, 35; Miner v. McLean, 4 McLean (C. C.) 138. The statute of Ohio required the list to be “attested by the collector under oath”; and it was held in Skinner v. Brown, supra, that verification in the form of an official certificate appended to a delinquent list, not so attested under oath, was not sufficient and that no presumption arises from the record that it was verified. This Ohio case, however, refers to two former cases, viz: Winder v. Starling, 7 Ohio 539, and Ward v. Barrows, 2 Ohio. St. 241. The latter case approves the holdings of the other, that inasmuch as the collector had literally pur[209]
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Miller, Judge:
In ejectment by tax-purchaser against one claiming under the former owner, the plaintiff introduced in evidence his tax deed from the cleric of the county court, showing sale of the land sued for and purchase thereof by him in December, 1901, for the taxes delinquent for 1899, objection to which by the defendants was overruled. After the plaintiff had introduced all his other evidence the defendants, to maintain the issues on their part and to impeach the validity of the tax deed, introduced in evidence certified copies of the delinquent and sales returns of the ’sheriff for the taxes of 1899. These documents, at first admitted, were at the conclusion of defendants’ evidence, on motion of plaintiff, excluded; and following the verdict for plaintiff, the motion of defendants to set the same aside and for a new trial was overruled, and judgment entered thereon for plaintiff, to review which the defendants bring error.
While other points respecting the plaintiff’s title papers are presented, the only one of real merit is the action of the court in rejecting the copies of the delinquent and sales returns^ The statute, sections'843, 844, Code 1906, requires the sheriff, on or before the first Monday in June next succeeding the year for which taxes are assessed, to make out a list of real estate in his county delinquent for the nonpayment of the taxes thereon for that year, and on returning the same, at the foot thereof, to take and subscribe the oath prescribed therein before some person authorized by law to administer oaths, who shall certify the same. We emphasize the fact that the oath of the sheriff must also be certified by the officer. The oath to the delinquent return for the year in question, while filled up and subscribed by the sheriff, and while the jurat of the officer is filled up with the date, July 13, 1900, the same day the list appears to have been presented to the county court, it is not certified by any person. It nowhere appears before whom it was intended the oath should be taken and subscribed. The sales return is defective in the same particular. Did the court err in rejecting these papers?
[207]*207. So far as thje question, relates to the sales return, it- seems to be, ¡fully-answered-by State v. McEldowney, 55 W. Va. 1. and the provision of section 25, chapter 31,. Code, interpreted-, by it. - That case holds that no • defect in a sheriff’s affidavit to such list of sales- will invalidate a tax ..deed under; s^i.d chapter; that, if other clauses in section 25 do nqt heal the defective affidavit, the provision thereof , that .‘‘.no, ..sale . or deed of, any such real estate under, the prpy.isioní?, of this chapter shall be set aside or in any manner affected by/ reason of the failure of any officer mentioned in this chapter to do or perform- any act- or duty herein,required.to be done or-performed,by him after such sale-, is-,made* or, by the illegal or defective performance of any such ;act or duty after,such sale,” will do.sq. This question is elaborated in that case and the other,cases therein referred to, and needs no .further discussion, .here. The court therefore did not err to the defendants’ prejudice, in excluding the list of sales. , .. .
With’ fespect to the delinquent return, however, the question, can,not be answered in the same way... .The delinquent return is the foundation of the tax title. - We have hele!, aji,.the present term, in Devine v. Wilson, that ¡ when tl}c affitja/yit is whol]j omitted, from such delinquent, return th,e |js,t is void, and., the statute being.,mandatory, the deed of lthq;.c,opnty clerk based thereon wall be set aside as yoid. The,,. orphan of a ligt sq .essential in. the chain, pintle.de-stroys,,jts, .efficacy. .Withqut the affidavit thereto, the ¡list, in lega.li effect, constitutes no. delinquent return.. .p.ut^the .question .re.cqrs, does the .failure of. the officer , tq subscribe his/name tq the jurat bring- the-, .present cas.e upthim the rule of. Devine v. Wilson? In that case the affidavit was wholly omitted; here, the oath prescribed is subscribed by the sheriff. But, in the absence • of the signature of any person to the jurat, can we say, as argued, that, the omission amounts to a mere irregularity, cured by the statute.? Without being, .certified as required, how can we say the oath wiis. in fact taken? Would such a paper support a prosecution for . perjury or false swearing? -Is .it any .oath at all?, We think .it clear.it can not be regarded., The absence pf the signature of the officer to the jurat-destroys tire, evidential quality of the affidavit and return, and ren[208]*208ders the latter, pruna facie at least, invalid. 2 Cyc. 30; 1 Enc. Pl. & Pr. 316-17; Tunis v. Withrow (Ia.), 77 Am. Dec. 117; Holmes v. Crooks, 56 Neb. 466; Wsterfield v. Bried, 26 N. J. Eq. 357; Hitsman et al. Admr's. v. Garrard, 16 N. J. 124; Bank v. Garton, 40 Mo. App. 113; Morris v. State, 2 Tex. 502. Where an affidavit is required as the foundation of judicial action and the oath has. in fact been taken, some cases hold the omission of the signature of the officer to the jurat may be supplied by oral evidence taken in the cause. Bank v. Gettinger, 4 W. Va. 305, 309; Guy v. Walker, 35 Ark. 212; Williams v. Stephenson, 103 Ind, 343; McCartney v. Bank, 3 Ala. 709; Fortenheim v. Claftin, 47 Ark. 49; Veal v. Parkerson, 47 Ga. 92; Bantley v. Finney, 43 Neb. 794; Smith v. Walker, 93 Ga. 252; Cook v. Jenkins, 30 Ia. 452; Wiley v. Bennett, 68 Tenn. 581. Other cases, however, hold that unless the jurat is subscribed by the officer the affidavit is absolutely void. Ladow v. Groom, 1 Denio 429; Doty v. Boyd, 46 S. C. 39, 42; Tunis v. Withrow, Bank v. Garton, and Morris v. State, supra; and the later case of this Court, Cosner v. Smith, 36 W. Va. 788, 792.
When the affidavit of the officer relates to a delinquent tax return, which the law requires shall be recorded, the omission of the affidavit, or of the jurat or the signature thereto of the officer, renders the return absolutely void, and the omission can not be supplied or the record subsequently corrected. Titles to land can not be allowed to stand on such defective and precarious records. 1 Blackwell on Tax Titles (5th Ed.) section 463; Black on Tax Titles (2nd Ed.) section 200; Cotzhansen v. Kaehler, 42 Wis. 332; Skinner v. Brown, 17 Ohio St. 33, 35; Miner v. McLean, 4 McLean (C. C.) 138. The statute of Ohio required the list to be “attested by the collector under oath”; and it was held in Skinner v. Brown, supra, that verification in the form of an official certificate appended to a delinquent list, not so attested under oath, was not sufficient and that no presumption arises from the record that it was verified. This Ohio case, however, refers to two former cases, viz: Winder v. Starling, 7 Ohio 539, and Ward v. Barrows, 2 Ohio. St. 241. The latter case approves the holdings of the other, that inasmuch as the collector had literally pur[209]*209sued the form of oath prescribed by the statute, although the record did not show that there was an explicit statement by the auditor that he administered the oath to the treasurer' or collector, yet there was all the evidence which the legislature had thought proper to require, and that it would be presumed the oath had been properly administered. A further reason given by the court for this holding was that, from a consideration of all its provisions the-leading object of the statute was to satisfy the auditor of the correctness of the return as laying a foundation for a settlement by the collectors with the treasurers. The history of our legislation however, will show no such restricted purpose in requiring verification of delinquent returns and the recordation thereof. With us the object is as much for the protection of the owner of the land as for any purposes of settlement by accounting officials. In Miner v. Smith, supra, an Ohio case, Winder v. Starling is questioned, although based on a statute of 1825, repealed; and it is there held that although the certificate to a delinquent return is in the form of an affidavit, and signed, but not apparently sworn to, just as in the case at bar, the return is void, the deed depending on it also void, and that the record of such return can not be altered by parol evidence — referring also to Horner v. Stockwell, 9 Ohio 93, where the same construction was given to the same statute.
We are therefore clearly of the opinion, on reason and authority, that, on account of the absence of the signature of the officer to the jurat, the delinquent return in this case amounted to no return, rendering the deed based thereon void; and as the present statute, section 29, chapter 31, Code, makes the tax deed prima facie evidence, and prima facie evidence only, the record of the void delinquent return on which the sale and deed were predicated was competent and proper evidence to impeach the sale and deed, and the court below erred in rejecting it. As the law formerly was, the plaintiff in ejectment claiming under a tax deed was obliged to introduce the entire record of the tax proceeding leading up to and including the deed. Warrel on Ej., sections 328-330; Hays v. Heatherly, 36 W. Va. 613, and cases cited. Under the present law, the burden is cast upon the defendant to impeach the deed by the prior void tax proceedings.
[210]*210The controversy between the sheriff and the owner as to whether the taxes for which the land was sold involved much conflicting evidence, and, in view of the conclusion we have reached respecting the delinquent return, the question is immaterial, and we need not respond to it.
For the reasons given, we reverse the. judgment below, set aside the verdict, and award the defendant a new trial.
Reversed, a/nd a New Trial Granted.