Wilkerson v. State

2 Tex. Ct. App. 255

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: July 1, 1877
• Status: Published

Opinion

White, J.

The case presents plainly and fairly a question of pleading, in reference to an indictment for murder, which has never before been directly presented to, or authoritatively decided by, the courts of last resort in Texas. ‘This question is : Is it necessary, in an indictment for murder, to locate by positive averment the particular portion of the body upon which the mortal wound was inflicted?

The allegation in the indictment is that the defendants, "by discharging and shooting off certain shot-guns and pistols, “then and there feloniously, willfully, and of their malice aforethought, did strike, penetrate, and wound him, the said John Roach, giving to him, the said John Roach, then and there, with the leaden balls aforesaid, so as aforesaid discharged and shot out of the shot-guns and pistols aforesaid, by the said Church Wilkerson and Alvin Wilkerson, upon the body of him, the said John Roach, one mortal wound, of which mortal wound the said John Roach then and there instantly died.”

It is insisted that the indictment is fatally defective in this : that it fails to describe in what particular locality of the body the mortal wound was inflicted.

As preliminary to, and in Elucidation of, this question it may not be inappropriate to quote certain, portions of our Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure. In the very 1st Article of the 1st chapter of the Penal Code'it is .stated that “ the design of enacting this Code is to define, in-plain language, every offense against the laws of this state, and to affix to each offense its proper punishment.” Pasc. Dig., Art. 1602.

’ “Art. 2. The object of punishment is to suppress crime and reform the offender.” Pasc. Dig., Art. 1604.

“Art. 3. In order that the system of penal law in force-in this state may be complete within itself, and that. no-system of foreign law, written or unwritten, may be appealed to, it is declared that no person shall be punished for any act or omission, as a penal offense, unless the same is-expressly defined and the penalty affixed by the written law of this state.” Pasc. Dig., Art. 1605.

“ Art. 4. The principles of the common law shall be the-rule of construction when not in conflict with the Penal Code or Code of Criminal Procedure, or with some other-written statute of the state.” Pasc. Dig., Art. 1606.

“ Art. 9. This Code, and every other law upon the subject of crime which may be enacted, shall be construed according to the plain import of the language in which it is written, without any regard to the distinction usually made between the construction of penal laws and laws upon other-subjects ; and no person shall be punished for an offense which is not made penal by the plain import of the words of" a law.” Pasc. Dig., Art. 1611.

If we turn to the. Code of Criminal Procedure, we find the reasons for its adoption stated in the preamble, in these words:

“ Whereas, it is the duty of every government to prescribe plain rules in reference to the prevention and prosecution of crime, by means of which the rights of citizens may be protected, the innocent acquitted, and the guilty brought to certain punishment, which rules ought to be definite and easy of comprehension, so that every officer may understand his duties, and every citizen his fights; therefore, 1st. The following Code is hereby established, and shall be called the Code of Criminal Procedure.” Pasc. Dig., Art. 2468.

Article 24 provides that “the provisions of this Code shall be liberally construed, so as to attain the objects intended by the legislature—the prevention, suppression, and punishment of crime.” Pasc. Dig., Art. 2491.

There are nine requisites to an indictment, the seventh being that ‘ ‘ the offense must be set forth in plain and intelligible words.” Pasc. Dig., Art. 2863.

It is further declared that “it is not necessary to state in an indictment anything which it is not necessary to prove.” Pasc. Dig., Art. 2864.

And again : “The certainty required in an indictment is such as will enable the accused to plead the judgment that may be given upon it in bar of any prosecution for the same offense.” Pasc. Dig., Art. 2865.

Commenting upon the objects and purposes of their adoption, the Hon. Peter W. Gray, in Martin v. The State, says : “ The adoption of the Codes was a legislative effort for reform and improvement in the administration of criminal law. That they have accomplished much to that purpose is well known to the court and old members of the legal profession. Similar improvements had been made in other states, and even in England, whence we derived the common law. It is remarkable that in that country there is less strictness in forms, and less adherence to technical niceties, than is now constantly insisted upon, and often maintained, in our courts'. Nor has it been found there, or in other states which have adopted similar reforms, that there is less real protection given to the just rights and liberties guaranteed to the citizen by the Constitution, while on the other hand-the great ends of the administration of justice have been facilitated. In England, since the statutes of 44 & 45 Victoria, ch. 100, indictments for crimes have been much simplified. Even in an indictment for felonious homicide it is not necessary to set forth the manner in. which, or the means by which, the death was caused.” (Citing Cooley’s Blackstone, book 4, p: 308, and notes.) Martin v. The State, 40 Texas, 19. See 2 Archb. Cr. Pl., 6th ed., 206, and note.

As seen above, our law declares that “ it is not necessary to state anything in an indictment which it is not necessary to prove.” Pasc. Dig., Art. 2864.

The English courts have had occasion to pass upon the very question we are called upon to decide in this case. We quote from the supreme court of California, in the case of Steventon v. The People. That court says : “In Rex v. Mosley, 2 British C. C. 102, a motion in arrest of judgment was made on the ground that the indictment contained no sufficient description of the wounds from the effect of which -it was said the death ensued. Counsel contended that it was necessary to describe the particular parts of the body on which the wounds are alleged to be, and that the facts should, according to ancient forms, be so stated that you might place your finger on the part of the body where the wounds are described to be ; and that this was still requisite, though a conviction' may take place' on evidence varying from it. The case was reserved for argument before all the judges, and it was -held that, ' as common sense did not require the statement of these' particulars, and as the statements, if introduced, need'not be proven, it was unnecessary.’ This doctrine was reaffirmed in the case of Rex v. Tomlinson, 25 Eng. Com. Law Rep. 442.” People v. Steventon, 9 Cal. 273. See, also, Turner's Case, 1 Lew. C. C. 177.

It is admitted at common law this particularity in the description of the locality, and formerly even of the length, breadth, and depth, of the wound was held to be absolutely requisite to the validity of an indictment for murder. Most of the American states, in adopting the common law, adopted also the rules, forms, and precedents it prescribed for indictments ; and in most of the states this particularity of description and location of the mortal wound is still held indispensable, though in none of the states is it now held, so far as we recollect, that the locality of the wound must be proven as laid in the indictment. 2 Bishop’s Cr. Law, sec. 526; 2 Hale, 186; Archb. Cr. Pl. 384; Whart. on Hom., secs. 824-834; Whart. Cr. Law, sec. 1069.

In California, Indiana, and New York, however, a different rule prevails. We have already had occasion to quote from the case of Steventon v. The People, 9 Cal. 273. In The People v. Judd, 10 Cal. 313, the former decision was reaffirmed. In The People v. King, where the same question was discussed, the, reasoning of the court is so applicable and appropriate to our own system that we make free to reproduce it here in extenso. Sanderson, C. J., says : “ Our Criminal Code was designed to work the same change in pleading and practice in criminal actions which is wrought by the Civil Code in civil actions. Both are fruits of the same progressive spirit which in modern times has endeavored at least to do away with the mere forms and technicalities of the common law, which were productive of no good, and frequently brought the administration of justice into contempt by defeating its ends. Under the pretense of informing the defendant of the nature of the charge against which he was called upon to defend, it was necessary, at the ancient common law, to describe the means by which the homicide was committed, and the nature and' extent of the wound, and its precise locality; from which it necessarily followed that a trifling variance between the. proof and the allegation frequently defeated'a conviction,, no matter how manifest the guilt of the defendant. It was-a long time before legislators and judges discovered that this rule had nothing but the most flimsy pretext to support it. If the defendant is guilty, he stands in no need of information to be derived from a perusal of the indictment as to the means used by him in committing the act, or the manner in which it was done, for as to both his own knowledge is quite as reliable as any statement in the indictment. If he is not guilty, the information could not aid in the preparation of his defense. A disposition to relax much of this ancient strictness in criminal proceedings has manifested itself in modern practice, and in harmony therewith the legislature of this state has substituted, in place of the old, a new system of practice and pleading which retains all the elements of the former, so far as they are made necessary by a due regard to the substantial rights of a defendant, but discards all such elements as serve no good purpose, and only tend to embarrass and defeat the administration of justice.” The People v. King, 27 Cal. 507.

And so, also, in the case of Cordell v. The State, the supreme court of Indiana say: “We admit the common law required the allegations in the indictment. Dias v. The State, 7 Blackf. 20. But in Archbold’s Criminal Pleading, 10th ed., side-paging 408, even as to this it is said that in this and other instances there is a particularity required in an indictment for murder which it would be ridiculous to attempt to account for or justify, for the same strictness is not required as to the evidence necessary to support it. If, for instance, the wound be stated to be on the left side and proved to be on the right side, or alleged to be in one part of the body and proved to be in another, the variance is immaterial, and for that reason the objection can now only be taken by demurrer, This shows that even at common law the allegation stood upon the same footing-as the allegation as to the hand in which the weapon was held, the depth and size of the wound, etc., all of which are now held not to affect any substantial right of the defendant.” Cordell v. The State, 22 Ind. 1. The following cases are cited by the court in support of the indictment: Dukes v. The State, 11 Ind. 557; Reed v. The State, 8 Ind. 200; Conklite v. The State, 11 Ind. 307; The State v. Farley, 14 Ind. 23; Malone v. The State, 14 Ind. 220; The State v. Murphy, 21 Ind. 441. To which we add Mitchell v. The State, 23 Ind. 89; Jones v. The State, 35 Ind. 122.

In Sanchez v. The People, the court of appeals of New York say: “ It is usual to state the particular part of the body upon which the violence producing the death was inflicted, and in some of the old authorities it is said that the charge or statement of the crime in the indictment should be so precise in this respect that, from such statement, you could lay your finger upon the particular spot. But this strictness has given way to a more sensible and practical rule. The object of an indictment is to give the party reasonable notice of the crime with which he is charged, in order that he may prepare his defense, and be protected against a second trial for the same offense. Neither of these objects are attained or approached by requiring specifications which need not be proved, and it is well settled that an allegation that the wound was inflicted on one part of the body is sustained by evidence showing-that it was in another and different part. For example, a charge that the wound was made on the right side of the body is sustained by evidence that it was on the left side (1 Russ. on Cr., 5th Am. ed., 558-562, and authorities cited), and the same rule applies to the length and depth of the wound. But, assuming the common-law rule to require the indictment to state the particular part of the body where the mortal wound was inflicted, the consideration that the public prosecutor is not obliged to prove that it was in the body as charged, and that such allegation is sustained by evidence that it was inflicted elsewhere on the body, proves that it is a matter of form so far as relates to the place upon the body whore the wound was inflicted.” Sanchez v. The People, 22 N. Y. 147.

We have drawn thus extensively upon these decisions because, as heretofore stated, the doctrine enunciated is different from that as held in most of the states of the Union, and as is laid down as the rule in most of our standard works on criminal law. It is true that Mr. Wharton, in his latest edition on Homicide, says that a charge that the wound was upon the body is a sufficient averment of location (Whart. on Hom., 2d ed., sec. 834), and; tested by this rule, the indictment in this case would be sufficient, because the allegation is that “ upon the body of him, the said John Roach, one mortal wound, of which mortal wound he, the said John Roach, then and there instantly died.”

We are of opinion that the rule, and the reasons for the same as held in California, Indiana, and New York, may well be held to apply in all its force to the statutes of our own state. Here, as we have seen, the law expressly provides that “it is not necessary to state in an indictment anything which it is not necessary to prove ” (Art. 2864) ; and, as we have also seen, neither at common law, by statute, nor under the decisions of this or any of the other states, even when the wound is located, is it necessary to prove it as alleged.

But we have been cited by appellant’s counsel to three decisions in this state in which a contrary rule is said to be laid down. Even if counsel were correct in this assertion, our convictions, upon mature consideration of the question, would lead us to overrule these previous decisions, rather than blindly follow them from the simple fact that they were, or might be considered in the light of, stave decisis. No matter how long or closely followed a rule may have become, yet, whenever it is made plainly to appear that it is. wrong in theory and practice, and is unsupported by reason or principle, it should no longer be considered of any binding force ; and the courts, looking to right rather than precedent, should never hesitate so to declare.

When, however, we examine the three cases alluded to, we will find that they should not be considered authority on this point because, in deciding either of those cases, the question involved in this case was not the question upon which those cases turned, or was essential to the decision rendered.

In Smith v. The State, 43 Texas, 643, the indictment charged that the defendant ‘ ‘ made an assault on George Ballard, striking him a blow on the head with a large persimmon stick, a deadly weapon, inflicting a wound of which he died the next day,” etc. There the mortal wound was located by the allegation that the blow was on the head. Inasmuch as the location of the wound was alleged, it was not necessary that the court should decide that “ the indictment must state in what part of the body the injury was inflicted. ’ ’

In the case of Nelson v. The State, 1 Texas Ct. of App. 41, the charge in the indictment was that the mortal wound was inflicted upon the left side of deceased. There the wound was located—the question not being as to the location, but whether or not the proof, showing that it was actually inflicted upon the right side instead of the left, supported the indictment. It was not necessary in that case that the court should have decided “that the indictment should state in what part of the body the mortal wound was inflicted.” And in these two cases the language used in regard to this matter—if it could be at all considered with the main point decided, which Ave do not admit, since it was not a question presented in the case—is simply obiter dicta.

In the case of Williams v. The State, 1 Texas Ct. of App. 465, which was an appeal on the refusal of bail upon an indictment for murder, the charge was that the death was caused “by inflicting in and upon the body of one M. one mortal wound of the depth of five inches and of the breadth of half an inch.” In "affirming the judgment of the lower court this court said: “ We call the attention of the county attorney specially to the indictment in this case, and suggest a new one might perhaps obviate any objection to its sufficiency, by setting out more particularly the portion of the body upon which the mortal wound was inflicted.” This was not deciding that the indictment was insufficient, but was simply a recommendation to obviate on the trial the necessity of having to decide the very question which we are called upon to decide in the case at bar.

Neither of these cases are, or should be, considered as authoritatively deciding the point raised. If they can in any manner be so considered, then we unhesitatingly say that, in the light of the authorities adduced, and under the plain dictates of common sense and reason as applied to the plain construction and intention of our statutes as quoted above, and in furtherance of justice and the proper, certain, and efficient administration of the law, they should, and on this point will, be hereafter considered by this court to be overruled.

We think the indictment in this case is good and sufficient as an indictment for murder. This disposes of the only question really involved in the case ; for the charge of the court was a most able and unexceptionable presentation of the law applicable to the facts, and the facts amply warrant and sustain the finding and verdict of the jury.

The judgment of the lower court is, therefore, affirmed.

Affirmed.