The opinion of the court was delivered by
Brewer, J.:
l.Election boundaries. This, like the case of Baker v. Long, just decided, (ante, p. 341,) is a contested election case, coming from the same county, and contesting an election held at the same time. The parties in this case were candidates for the office of county clerk. The canvassers awarded the office to Anderson, stating the vote for him to be 584 and for Wildman 574. The contest court decided in favor of Wildman, and its decision was reversed on error in the district court. Wild-man brings the case here, and asks to have the decision of the district court reversed, and that of the contest court affirmed. The principal question arises on these facts: In November 1873, Smolan township was duly set off from ad-joining townships, by the county board. The order organizingit established the township,“with a voting precinct at the school-house of district No. 24.” In April 1874, certain sections were detached from Walnut, and added to Smolan township. July 20th 1874, the board made another order concerning Smolan township, to-wit, “that a voting precinct be and is hereby established in Smolan township, to be known as Huffman’s school-house precinct.” No other action was ever taken by the county commissioners regarding Smolan township, or election-precincts therein. As a matter of fact, the first election in Smolan township was not held at the school-house in district No. 24, but at Maltby’s school-house in district No. 6, in the eastern part of the township, that being a customary voting-place prior to the organization of the township. 'Maltby’s school-house was the only voting-place used by the electors until the election in controversy, in November 1875, when two voting-places were used, one at Maltby’s, and the other at Huffman’s school-house in [347]*347district No. 24. The only objection urged to this election, and to the use of the two voting-places, is in the fact that thb county board failed to prescribe any boundaries to the election-precincts. The contestor did not claim that any persons not legal electors of the township voted at either voting-place, or that any one voted at both places, or that any voter was rejected at one place on the ground that he ought to have voted at the other, and so lost his vote altogether, or that there was anything wrong in the mere conduct of the election. ' And on the. other hand it affirmatively appeared, that the county clerk informed the township trustee prior to the election that the county board had established a new voting-place at Hultman’s school-house; that he also spoke to some of the voters of the township about it, and that the trustee went around among the people a few days before the election informing them of the fact; that he caused ballot-boxes to-be provided for each voting-place; that he assisted at the organization of the election-board at Hultman’s school-house, and himself cast the second vote at that place; that the sheriff sent to each place notices of the election to be posted up as required by law, and that a large vote was polled in the township. In addition, the contestee produced before the contest court all the parties whose names appear on the poll-books of both voting-places, and offered to prove by them that they were all legal voters of the township and had voted at that election, and that their votes were cast in- respect to the office of county clerk as returned to the canvassing board.
Defective orders. Upon these facts ought the votes cast at either voting-place to be rejected? We think not. It may be conceded that the order of the county board in reference to the second precinct was defective in not giving its boundaries; that it.had no binding force upon the electors of the township, and might have been ignored by them altogether. Yet it had the semblance of legal force. It was the apparent creation of a voting precinct; and having been accepted by the people, the only ones interested in the matter, and acted upon by them as though it were in all respects legal [348]*348and binding, the defects in the order cannot now be made the means of disfranchising a body of lega] voters, innocent of wrong, seeking to exercise their rights of franchise, and only misled by the officers of the law. Even in organizations of a more permanent character, and exercising functions more constantly and seriously affecting the interests of the public, such for instance as townships, an acquiescence by the people may cure defects as serious as those in the order in question.
Defacto organizations. Suppose a township had been attempted to be crea£e(j foy an or¿er just as incomplete as this, and the people resident in the school-district in which was the school-house named — as here, “Hultman’s school-district”— had proceeded to set in motion the machinery of a township organization, it would not be long before acquiescence by the community in these proceedings would put beyond question the legality of the township, and the extent of its limits. It would be impossible to state beforehand the exact length of time that the acquiescence must run before the validity would be beyond dispute. Doubtless the time would vary in different cases. But still, being a defacto organization, it would soon to all intents and purposes become a de jwre organization. It could create debts which could’ be enforced against it. Its acts would be valid upon all within and without its boundaries. If this is true in reference to such permanent organizations, with such continuous duties and officers, how much more is it true in reference to these (so to speak) special organizations, which serve but a single purpose, and whose officers and duties expire in a single day? It may be conceded that time and place are matters of substance, and that to secure a valid election the appointed time and place must be regarded. It may also be conceded that a part of the electors have no right of their own volition to set up a separate voting-place, and insist that votes cast at such place be counted in the result. But this is no such case. The county board has unquestioned power to establish election-precincts. It attempted to create one. Its order was incomplete.
[349]*349informality election. [348]*348But, deemed sufficient by those whose [349]*349duty it was to carry it into effect, and by those who were to be affected by it, and actually recognized and carried into practical effect by all affected by it, it,, had sufficient semblance of legality and completeness to make valid the subsequent action. Our statute has this wise provision, that—
“ Whenever it shall satisfactorily appear that any person has received the highest number of votes for any office, such person shall receive the certificate of election, notwithstanding the provisions of law may not have been fully complied with in noticing and conducting the election, so that the real will of the people may not be defeated by any informality of any officer.” Gen. Stat. p. 411, §29.
Does it not., satisfactorily appear that the real will of the people was in favor of the contestee? They who voted were legal electors. They claimed and sought to exercise their right to vote. They voted at the place the officers designated. They voted in the manner prescribed by law.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Brewer, J.:
l.Election boundaries. This, like the case of Baker v. Long, just decided, (ante, p. 341,) is a contested election case, coming from the same county, and contesting an election held at the same time. The parties in this case were candidates for the office of county clerk. The canvassers awarded the office to Anderson, stating the vote for him to be 584 and for Wildman 574. The contest court decided in favor of Wildman, and its decision was reversed on error in the district court. Wild-man brings the case here, and asks to have the decision of the district court reversed, and that of the contest court affirmed. The principal question arises on these facts: In November 1873, Smolan township was duly set off from ad-joining townships, by the county board. The order organizingit established the township,“with a voting precinct at the school-house of district No. 24.” In April 1874, certain sections were detached from Walnut, and added to Smolan township. July 20th 1874, the board made another order concerning Smolan township, to-wit, “that a voting precinct be and is hereby established in Smolan township, to be known as Huffman’s school-house precinct.” No other action was ever taken by the county commissioners regarding Smolan township, or election-precincts therein. As a matter of fact, the first election in Smolan township was not held at the school-house in district No. 24, but at Maltby’s school-house in district No. 6, in the eastern part of the township, that being a customary voting-place prior to the organization of the township. 'Maltby’s school-house was the only voting-place used by the electors until the election in controversy, in November 1875, when two voting-places were used, one at Maltby’s, and the other at Huffman’s school-house in [347]*347district No. 24. The only objection urged to this election, and to the use of the two voting-places, is in the fact that thb county board failed to prescribe any boundaries to the election-precincts. The contestor did not claim that any persons not legal electors of the township voted at either voting-place, or that any one voted at both places, or that any voter was rejected at one place on the ground that he ought to have voted at the other, and so lost his vote altogether, or that there was anything wrong in the mere conduct of the election. ' And on the. other hand it affirmatively appeared, that the county clerk informed the township trustee prior to the election that the county board had established a new voting-place at Hultman’s school-house; that he also spoke to some of the voters of the township about it, and that the trustee went around among the people a few days before the election informing them of the fact; that he caused ballot-boxes to-be provided for each voting-place; that he assisted at the organization of the election-board at Hultman’s school-house, and himself cast the second vote at that place; that the sheriff sent to each place notices of the election to be posted up as required by law, and that a large vote was polled in the township. In addition, the contestee produced before the contest court all the parties whose names appear on the poll-books of both voting-places, and offered to prove by them that they were all legal voters of the township and had voted at that election, and that their votes were cast in- respect to the office of county clerk as returned to the canvassing board.
Defective orders. Upon these facts ought the votes cast at either voting-place to be rejected? We think not. It may be conceded that the order of the county board in reference to the second precinct was defective in not giving its boundaries; that it.had no binding force upon the electors of the township, and might have been ignored by them altogether. Yet it had the semblance of legal force. It was the apparent creation of a voting precinct; and having been accepted by the people, the only ones interested in the matter, and acted upon by them as though it were in all respects legal [348]*348and binding, the defects in the order cannot now be made the means of disfranchising a body of lega] voters, innocent of wrong, seeking to exercise their rights of franchise, and only misled by the officers of the law. Even in organizations of a more permanent character, and exercising functions more constantly and seriously affecting the interests of the public, such for instance as townships, an acquiescence by the people may cure defects as serious as those in the order in question.
Defacto organizations. Suppose a township had been attempted to be crea£e(j foy an or¿er just as incomplete as this, and the people resident in the school-district in which was the school-house named — as here, “Hultman’s school-district”— had proceeded to set in motion the machinery of a township organization, it would not be long before acquiescence by the community in these proceedings would put beyond question the legality of the township, and the extent of its limits. It would be impossible to state beforehand the exact length of time that the acquiescence must run before the validity would be beyond dispute. Doubtless the time would vary in different cases. But still, being a defacto organization, it would soon to all intents and purposes become a de jwre organization. It could create debts which could’ be enforced against it. Its acts would be valid upon all within and without its boundaries. If this is true in reference to such permanent organizations, with such continuous duties and officers, how much more is it true in reference to these (so to speak) special organizations, which serve but a single purpose, and whose officers and duties expire in a single day? It may be conceded that time and place are matters of substance, and that to secure a valid election the appointed time and place must be regarded. It may also be conceded that a part of the electors have no right of their own volition to set up a separate voting-place, and insist that votes cast at such place be counted in the result. But this is no such case. The county board has unquestioned power to establish election-precincts. It attempted to create one. Its order was incomplete.
[349]*349informality election. [348]*348But, deemed sufficient by those whose [349]*349duty it was to carry it into effect, and by those who were to be affected by it, and actually recognized and carried into practical effect by all affected by it, it,, had sufficient semblance of legality and completeness to make valid the subsequent action. Our statute has this wise provision, that—
“ Whenever it shall satisfactorily appear that any person has received the highest number of votes for any office, such person shall receive the certificate of election, notwithstanding the provisions of law may not have been fully complied with in noticing and conducting the election, so that the real will of the people may not be defeated by any informality of any officer.” Gen. Stat. p. 411, §29.
Does it not., satisfactorily appear that the real will of the people was in favor of the contestee? They who voted were legal electors. They claimed and sought to exercise their right to vote. They voted at the place the officers designated. They voted in the manner prescribed by law. Why should the mistakes of any officers operate to disfranchise them? We quote with approbation the clear and forcible language of Associate Justice Hanna in dissenting from the opinion of a majority of the contest court: “It is clearly proved on this trial to the satisfaction of the undersigned, that the county commissioners in establishing the Huffman's school-house precinct, and that thie county clerk, sheriff, and township trustee in giving notice to said voters of the creation of said-precinct, acted in good faith, and without any purpose.or intention of fraud or wrong; and that the voters in assembling at said Huffman's school-house on election-day, and then and there voting, acted in good faith, and as they believed and had good reason to believe in strict accordance with law. If any law was violated in the holding of said election at said place, it was a violation of which said voters had no knowledge, for which they cannot properly be held responsible, and for which they should not be punished — and which could not and did not in any manner affect the general result of the election. The recognized and admitted object of elections is to obtain expressions of the will of the people. [350]*350The conceded purpose of all statute laws regulating elections, is to provide means by which a full, fair, honest and untrammeled expression of the will of the people may be obtained through the ballot-box, in the choice of officers, and for other purposes. All laws, constructions of laws, rulings or decisions, that interfere with the accomplishment of such purpose, are subversive of the foundation principles of popular government.” In this matter then we see no error in the ruling of the district court.
2 Election rate°pi¿cespof" paper. Another question arises on these facts: In one of the precincts some of the votes cast were upon two pieces of paper, instead of one, as the statute directs. It seems that county and township tickets were both printed, that is, some tickets with only the names of the township officers and the candidates therefor, printed on them, and others having only the candidates for the county officers printed thereon. The voter folded the township ticket inside of the county ticket, and handed that to the judges as his ballot, and it was so received and placed in the ballot-box. Did this invalidate the vote of such voter? and ought the judges to have thrown out all such votes? The good faith of all’ parties is abundantly shown. And the vote can be rejected only by reason of the fact that it was upon two pieces of paper. There was no chance for mistake, for below the title of each office was the name of the candidate therefor —no possibility of an attempt to cast two votes for the same officer. It seems to us the provision of the statute we have heretofore quoted forbids the rejection of such a vote. Sec. 22 of the election law, Gen. Stat. p. 409, which requires certain action in case two or more ballots are found so folded together as to present the appearance of a single ballot, applies where the ballots are alike, or partially so, so as to indicate that a voter has by mistake or intentionally cast two votes for the same candidate. It is a rule in the interest of the purity of the ballot-box, and to guard against illegal votes. It should not be used as a means of disfranchising one whose vote, though upon two pieces of paper, plainly [351]*351indicates that he is casting but one vote upon each question and for each office.
The judgment of the district court will be affirmed.
All the Justices concurring.