Lacy, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
[275]*275It appears tliat on the 6th day of August, 1890, an injunction was granted by the circuit court judge, sitting in the county of Russell, to the petitioners, on their bill praying the same, and a receiver appointed, in accordance therewith, for the Virginia, Tennessee and Carolina Steel and Iron Company, the South Atlantic and Ohio Railroad Company, the Bailey Construction Company, and the Bristol Land Company, and others; and these companies, their agents, &c., were enjoined from all further interference with the said receiver and the affairs, property and effects and management of these companies. Under this order the receiver qualified as was required ; but circumstances not now necessary to be set forth so hindered the execution of this order, by conflicting orders of the circuit court judges — one sitting and acting in a circuit court not his own by authority of law, during the illness of the incumbent judge, on the one hand, and ex-parte orders by the sick judge, in his bed-chamber, on the other hand — that ■the same plaintiffs prepared a supplemental bill of injunction, and asking the appointment of a receiver, and set forth therein the substance of the original bill, and a narrative of the subsequent new facts, and presented it to the incumbent judge, the respondent herein, and prayed for an injunction. Upon this bill the respondent, made an endorsement as follows : “ Injunction refused. — Jno. A. Kelley, judge of the sixteenth judicial circuit of Virginia.”
Whereupon the complainants, as authorized by section 3438 of the Code of Virginia, by which it is provided that “ When a circuit or corporation court, or judge thereof shall refuse to award an injunction, a copy of the proceedings in court, or the original papers presented to a judge in vacation, with his order of refusal, may be presented to a judge of the Court of Appeals, who may thereupon award the injunction,” presented the said bill, &c., and the order of refusal of the circuit court judge endorsed thereon, to one of the judges of this court, and by him, as his order states, upon consideration of the bill, [276]*276exhibits, affidavits, and order of refusal, an injunction was awarded according to the prayer* of the bill, restraining the defendants, their agents, &c., from in any manner interfering with the said properties and effects of the said companies, and restraining the directors of these companies from acting as such until the further order of the court. And, as incident to the injunction order, and for the purpose of preserving'the property affected thereby, and for protecting the rights and interests of all parties in interest, and that the court may hold the property subject to the litigation pending, and administer to the parties their rights respectively, it was ordered that upon the perfection of the injunction awarded, by the execution of the required bond, &e., that John M. Bailey be appointed a receiver in this cause, and, as such receiver, to take -charge and possession of the property and assets of the companies named above. The receiver was required to execute bond in the penalty of $20,000, whereupon the said receiver was to be put into possession, by writ to that end directed by the clerk to the sheriff, &e.
This order -was, in part, executed, when, before its complete execution, the United States marshal, under an ex-parte order of the Federal circuit court judge, rescued the property from the hands of the sheriff, put him out before he had gotten full possession, and prevented him from completing the same. This interference was of short duration, the said order of the Federal circuit court being shortly thereafter annulled by the order in the case, of the Chief-Justice of the United States, by which the whole subject was remitted to the circuit court of the State of Virginia, John A. Kelley, the respondent, being the judge thereof, of 'Washington county. Whereupon the sheriff again attempted to enforce the order of the judge of this court, referred to above, but, as is stated, he was resisted by an armed force, and prevented thereby from an execution of the said order. The plaintiffs applied to the respondent, judge of the circuit court as aforesaid, to enforce the said [277]*277order of the appellate judge, by proper directions to the sheriff.
But the respondent refused to enter and enforce this order, but took the case upon amotion to dissolve the injunction of the appellate judge, and upon a motion to enjoin and restrain the order of such judge, and also to hear rules for contempt, and decided that there was no jurisdiction in a single judge of the Supreme Court ■ of Appeals to control, by vacation orders, the action of a circuit court in its direction to its receiver, or in enforcing injunctions pending in the circuit court, and that such appellate judge had no jurisdiction to modify, alter, or otherwise control the same, nor had he power to enter orders enforcing the same, and that the order of the appellate judge was null and void, and that the partial possession obtained under it was unlawful, and dismissed the proceedings for contempt for disobedience thereto, and, without otherwise disposing of the case on its merits, continued the same, possession of the property, assets, &c., to remain in the hands of the defendants until the 25th day of July, 1891. Whereupon, after giving notice as required by the statute, the plaintiffs applied for the peremptory writ of mcmdcanus from this court, to compel the said John A. Kelley, judge, to enter and enforce the order aforesaid of the appellate judge.
The said John A. Kelley, judge, answers and says that the acts complained of were judicial acts, and sitbmits that, although they should be held erroneous, they cannot he corrected by mandamus; and further stated that Joseph L. Kelley never appeared as counsel in the case ; and, in a written statement of considerable length, reiterated his refusal to enter and enforce the order of the appellate judge, and declares the same null and void, and that -when the receiver undertook, under the order of the appellate judge, to take possession as there authorized, in contravention of the order of respondent, he was guilty of an unlawful act and in contempt.
It will thus be seen that Judge John A. Kelley, a judge oí [278]*278an inferior court, has refused an injunction, and endorsed his refusal on the bill praying the same; that then, as authorized by the law of this state, as above cited, the plaintiffs in the said bill had presented the bill, with the order of refusal of the said circuit court judge entered thereon, to one of the judges of this court, by whom the injunction was awarded, and a receiver appointed and directed to take possession of the property; and that, passing by-intervening interruptions, as narrated above, the said order was presented by the plaintiffs to the circuit court judge, who declined to enter and enforce the same, and declared the same null and void, issued without authority of law, and any act done thereunder in contempt of his court.
How, let us briefly consider what is the law :
(1.) The statute confers upon the appellate judge authority to render such order. What is the character of this duty ? It cannot he declined by the appellate judge.
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Lacy, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
[275]*275It appears tliat on the 6th day of August, 1890, an injunction was granted by the circuit court judge, sitting in the county of Russell, to the petitioners, on their bill praying the same, and a receiver appointed, in accordance therewith, for the Virginia, Tennessee and Carolina Steel and Iron Company, the South Atlantic and Ohio Railroad Company, the Bailey Construction Company, and the Bristol Land Company, and others; and these companies, their agents, &c., were enjoined from all further interference with the said receiver and the affairs, property and effects and management of these companies. Under this order the receiver qualified as was required ; but circumstances not now necessary to be set forth so hindered the execution of this order, by conflicting orders of the circuit court judges — one sitting and acting in a circuit court not his own by authority of law, during the illness of the incumbent judge, on the one hand, and ex-parte orders by the sick judge, in his bed-chamber, on the other hand — that ■the same plaintiffs prepared a supplemental bill of injunction, and asking the appointment of a receiver, and set forth therein the substance of the original bill, and a narrative of the subsequent new facts, and presented it to the incumbent judge, the respondent herein, and prayed for an injunction. Upon this bill the respondent, made an endorsement as follows : “ Injunction refused. — Jno. A. Kelley, judge of the sixteenth judicial circuit of Virginia.”
Whereupon the complainants, as authorized by section 3438 of the Code of Virginia, by which it is provided that “ When a circuit or corporation court, or judge thereof shall refuse to award an injunction, a copy of the proceedings in court, or the original papers presented to a judge in vacation, with his order of refusal, may be presented to a judge of the Court of Appeals, who may thereupon award the injunction,” presented the said bill, &c., and the order of refusal of the circuit court judge endorsed thereon, to one of the judges of this court, and by him, as his order states, upon consideration of the bill, [276]*276exhibits, affidavits, and order of refusal, an injunction was awarded according to the prayer* of the bill, restraining the defendants, their agents, &c., from in any manner interfering with the said properties and effects of the said companies, and restraining the directors of these companies from acting as such until the further order of the court. And, as incident to the injunction order, and for the purpose of preserving'the property affected thereby, and for protecting the rights and interests of all parties in interest, and that the court may hold the property subject to the litigation pending, and administer to the parties their rights respectively, it was ordered that upon the perfection of the injunction awarded, by the execution of the required bond, &e., that John M. Bailey be appointed a receiver in this cause, and, as such receiver, to take -charge and possession of the property and assets of the companies named above. The receiver was required to execute bond in the penalty of $20,000, whereupon the said receiver was to be put into possession, by writ to that end directed by the clerk to the sheriff, &e.
This order -was, in part, executed, when, before its complete execution, the United States marshal, under an ex-parte order of the Federal circuit court judge, rescued the property from the hands of the sheriff, put him out before he had gotten full possession, and prevented him from completing the same. This interference was of short duration, the said order of the Federal circuit court being shortly thereafter annulled by the order in the case, of the Chief-Justice of the United States, by which the whole subject was remitted to the circuit court of the State of Virginia, John A. Kelley, the respondent, being the judge thereof, of 'Washington county. Whereupon the sheriff again attempted to enforce the order of the judge of this court, referred to above, but, as is stated, he was resisted by an armed force, and prevented thereby from an execution of the said order. The plaintiffs applied to the respondent, judge of the circuit court as aforesaid, to enforce the said [277]*277order of the appellate judge, by proper directions to the sheriff.
But the respondent refused to enter and enforce this order, but took the case upon amotion to dissolve the injunction of the appellate judge, and upon a motion to enjoin and restrain the order of such judge, and also to hear rules for contempt, and decided that there was no jurisdiction in a single judge of the Supreme Court ■ of Appeals to control, by vacation orders, the action of a circuit court in its direction to its receiver, or in enforcing injunctions pending in the circuit court, and that such appellate judge had no jurisdiction to modify, alter, or otherwise control the same, nor had he power to enter orders enforcing the same, and that the order of the appellate judge was null and void, and that the partial possession obtained under it was unlawful, and dismissed the proceedings for contempt for disobedience thereto, and, without otherwise disposing of the case on its merits, continued the same, possession of the property, assets, &c., to remain in the hands of the defendants until the 25th day of July, 1891. Whereupon, after giving notice as required by the statute, the plaintiffs applied for the peremptory writ of mcmdcanus from this court, to compel the said John A. Kelley, judge, to enter and enforce the order aforesaid of the appellate judge.
The said John A. Kelley, judge, answers and says that the acts complained of were judicial acts, and sitbmits that, although they should be held erroneous, they cannot he corrected by mandamus; and further stated that Joseph L. Kelley never appeared as counsel in the case ; and, in a written statement of considerable length, reiterated his refusal to enter and enforce the order of the appellate judge, and declares the same null and void, and that -when the receiver undertook, under the order of the appellate judge, to take possession as there authorized, in contravention of the order of respondent, he was guilty of an unlawful act and in contempt.
It will thus be seen that Judge John A. Kelley, a judge oí [278]*278an inferior court, has refused an injunction, and endorsed his refusal on the bill praying the same; that then, as authorized by the law of this state, as above cited, the plaintiffs in the said bill had presented the bill, with the order of refusal of the said circuit court judge entered thereon, to one of the judges of this court, by whom the injunction was awarded, and a receiver appointed and directed to take possession of the property; and that, passing by-intervening interruptions, as narrated above, the said order was presented by the plaintiffs to the circuit court judge, who declined to enter and enforce the same, and declared the same null and void, issued without authority of law, and any act done thereunder in contempt of his court.
How, let us briefly consider what is the law :
(1.) The statute confers upon the appellate judge authority to render such order. What is the character of this duty ? It cannot he declined by the appellate judge. lie must act, and when he does act, is it the action of an inferior judge, subject to the review of the circuit court judge, who, when it is presented to him, may enter and enforce it if he approves it, or annul it if he does not approve it ? This is obviously not so. It is not only not in contemplation of law that the appellate judge is to do an act subject to the approval of the circuit court judge as his superior, but he is authorized by the law to act only when he has refused his action, and, in contravention and review thereof. It is an appellate action, and an appellate power conferred on one of the judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals to annul an action of the circuit court judge which appears to him to be improper and erroneous. And if the pretension of the respondent is correct, then, as soon as he has been to this extent reviewed and reversed, he is immediately transferred from his inferior station, and made an appellate judge of an appellate judge, on whose action he may in turn sit with appellate power, and as the appellate judge has declared his action erroneous, so now he will declare the act of the [279]*279appellate judge null and void, and hold all acts done under it in contempt of his superior authority. This is the reduetio ub absurdum, and hot only declares the action of the appellate judge null and void, but annuls the law itself; because, if the order of the appellate judge was, in contemplation of law, to be by leave of the circuit court judge whom he overruled, then none can discern the object of the law.
But this contention of the circuit court judge is not only not the law, but is sustained by no opinion of any court, nor of any jurist, ever delivered. The law of this State is that this order which comes to the inferior judge, made over his head by the law’s prescript, must be by him enforced- — -entered and enforced. There is no other rational construction to be placed upon the statute itself.
Decided cases upon this subject are, therefore, not frequent. It was settled early in this century that when an injunction had been refused by a circuit court judge, and afterwards awarded by an appellate judge, it was the province of the inferior judge to enforce the same, and restrain any disobedience to the same, by attachment or other proper process, and this compelled the chancellor sitting in review of the order of his superior to enforce the same by effectual measures. Tollbridge v. Freebridge, 1 Ran. 206.
But the respondent insists, further, that the act in question has no application to this case, because the injunction in ques-. tion was the second and a supplemental bill for an injunction; but there again he is plainly at fault. Long ago (1823) that question also was put to rest by this court, when this court held that a motion to reinstate the injunction on additional evidence, tendered by the complainant, was in the nature of an original application for an injunction, and'that, on the refusal of the chancellor to reinstate the injunction, an application to the judges of this court, or any of them, (under the act of Rev. Code, 1819, Vol. I, p. 205, § 44) was proper under that act, and was not to be discharged by the chancellor (or inferior judge). [280]*280Gilliam v. Allen, 1 Rand. 414. And so tlie law lias 'remained to tlie present time.
The respondent cites the late case of Fredenheim v. Rohr, reported in 87 Va. 764, as sustaining his view; but there again he is at fault. In that case the order of the appellate judge ivas not set aside and annulled by the chancellor, but by him entered and enforced, and the receiver put in position by the court’s mandate to the sergeant directed. The order of the appellate judge ivas annulled in that case and the receiver set aside, but not by the chancellor. This was doue by the Court of Appeals, under the sanction of a majority of the judges. The mistake this circuit judge has made is in installing himself into the prerogative of sitting in appeal upon the order of his superior. That the Court of Appeals may annul such an order none will deny, but that is a different matter from the inferior judge undertaking this appellate role.
It is clear — too clear for further argument — that the respondent, an inferior judge, had no right nor power to annul this order.
Rut it remains yet to consider whether mandamus is the proper remedy to compel this judge to obey the law, or if he may annul the order, and by dilatory orders and continuances, under the guise of exercising judicial discretion, reviewable by appeal only, entirely defeat the samel
Without entering at length into a discussion of the nature and origin of the writ of mandamus, it is sufficient- to say it is an extraordinary remedy, in cases where the usual and ordinary modes of proceeding are powerless to afford remedies to the party aggrieved, and when, without its aid, there would be a failure of justice. It is said to be a high prerogative writ, usually issuing out of the highest court of general jurisdiction in a state, in the name of sovereignty, directed to any natural person, corporation, or inferior court of judicature within its jurisdiction, requiring them to do some,particular thing herein specified, and which appertains to their office or [281]*281duty. 3 Bla. Com. 110 ; 4 Bac. Abr. 495 ; Ma1rberry v. Madison, 1 Cru. 137, 168. It was introduced to prevent disorder from a failure of justice and a defect of police. Therefore it ought to be used upon all occasions where the law has established no specific remedy, and when, in justice and good government, there ought to be one. Lord Mansfield in Rex v. Barker, 3 Burr. 1265; Lord Ellenborough in Rex v. Archbishop of Canterbury, 8 East, 219.
But the party must have a perfect legal right, and the remedy extends to the control of all inferior, tribunals, corporations, and public officers, and even private individuals in some cases. Ang. & Ams. Corp. 761.
It is the proper remedy to compel the performance of a specific act when tin; act is ministerial in its character, but when the act is of a discretionary character, or of a judicial nature, it will lie only to compel action generally.
The general rule on this subject is that, if the inferior tribunal or corporate body has a discretion and exercises it, this discretion cannot be controlled by mandamus; but if the inferior tribunal refuse when the law requires them to act, and the party has no other adequate legal remedy, and when, in justice, there ought to be one, mandamus will lie to set them in motion to compel action, and, in proper cases, the court will settle the legal principle which should govern, but without controlling the discretion of the subordinate jurisdiction.
Mandamus, of course, will not lie to compel a judicial tribunal to decide any question submitted to its discretion in any particular way, and I will go further and say that, while it will lie to compel the inferior tribunal to act, speaking generally,if to act or not to act is matter submitted by law to the court’s discretion, it will not lie.
How let us inquire what discretion is vested in an inferior tribunal, when it receives the mandate of a superior court, which, by lawful authority, has reversed its action? If the circuit court of Washington county renders an' erroneous [282]*282decision, and the case is brought here by an appeal or writ of error, and the erroneous decision is reversed, and the mandate of this court is sent down, must that judicial tribunal review and revise or reverse and annul in its turn, at its discretion ? Can it exercise any discretion, or must it implicitly obey the mandate as it is written. It obviously can have and may exercise no discretion, but it must enter and enforce the same, and, if it fails or refuses, mandamus' would lie to compel obedience and compliance. If it may with impunity refuse to enter and enforce such order, to what end is an appellate tribunal established ? Back and forth from one court to the other orders go and come, each in turn reversing the other, and each powerless to enforce any order. Such is not the law.
"When a mandate goes down from the appellate tribunal to-the inferior tribunal, whose action has been reviewed and reversed, there is no discretion; that has been exercised, and in the exercise been exhausted, so far as it is established by the law; and the simple province of the inferior tribunal is to obey the command of the superior.
Xow, let us see, the circuit court judge is vested by law with a discretion to grant or to refuse to grant an injunction when the bill is presented to him, and mandamus will not lie to compel him to grant nor to compel him to refuse to grant the injunction; but when he has exercised his discretion, and refused to grant the injunction — and the law provides that, in the discretion of the appellate judge, upon application, he may exercise his discretion, and refuse to grant or grant the injunction, which is to be certified to the inferior court — what discretion further has the inferior court ih the premises ? None whatever. The lower court has been in so far reversed by thé appellate court judge, by lawful authority, and the lower judge must enter and enforce the' same, and he has no discretion in the premises This being so, why should not mandamus issue to compel the court to act ? It is settled law that when this order from an appellate court or an appellate judge, made in [283]*283review of the order of an inferior court, comes down, the lower court must enter and enforce it. It is an order in his court in the latter case, and it is an order in his court in the former case; but it is there in each case for him to enter and obey. He may not set aside and annul it upon any pretext whatever. That may be done in a proper case by the Court of Appeals when, in the latter case, it reaches that tribunal; but it is not the province of the lower court to do this. Being, then, a matter of plain duty, and in no wise dependent upon any discretion of any sort, it must be entered and enforced as made, and mandamus will lie to enforce the performance of this plain legal duty.
We have said nothing concerning the merits of the case. They are in no wise involved, and do not affect this decision in any degree. Whether the order ivas a proper one cannot, in this proceeding, be considered by this court. That the case is exceptional in character, as the respondent declares, and whether, as is freely asserted, armed resistance is made, and may again be made by organized bands of lawless men, armed and handed to defy the law, is not now the question. When this order here made goes down it will be obeyed by the judge below, and when the mandate issues accordingly, the law will be enforced, and the mandate of the courts executed. It may be safely considered that the orders of the judiciary will be enforced in this case, as in all others in this state. The mandamus will issue as prayed for.