Opinion by
Morrison, J.,
The numerous assignments of error in this case really raise but two important questions. First, does the west line of the William Nichols warrant and survey extend to the lake ? In other words, is the east line of the lake the west line of the William Nichols warrant? If under the evidence in the case and the offers which were rejected,_ this question can be an[455]*455swerecl in the affirmative, then the defendant had no case and has no cause of complaint, because if there was no vacant land between the west line of the Nichols warrant and the lake, it is not contended by the defendant that any injustice was done him.
The second question raised is this : if the west line of the Nichols tract did not extend to the lake and there was a vacant piece of land between the true west line of this tract and the lake, had it been in the possession and occupancy of the plaintiffs and those under whom they held for more than thirty years ? If the first question should be determined against the plaintiffs, the verdict and judgment can be sustained on the second proposition if it was properly submitted to the jury.
It seems to us very clear that the William Nichols warrant as surveyed and returned to the land office is bounded on the west by the lake. The survey begins at the lake and rans east 278 perches to a white oak; thence north 235 perches to a hemlock) thence west 280 perches to a post in the edge of the lake. No question is raised as to the location of the white oak, the southeast corner and the hemlock, the northeast corner of the Nichols lot. The warrant and survey calls for the lake and there is no evidence of any monuments or marks upon the ground which would fix the line east of low water mark of the lake.
The plaintiffs having made a prima facie showing which would warrant the jury in finding that the edge of the lake by its various courses and distances was the west line of the Nichols warrant, and having gone farther and proved by at least five several witnesses an open, notorious and continuous possession of the land in dispute for more than thirty years, prior to the commencement of the suit, by the plaintiffs and those under whom they claim title, and having proved the possession of the defendant at the time of bringing suit rested. The defendant then put in evidence a certified copy of the William Nichols survey, and as we understand it this survey clearly shows that the Nichols warrant was bounded on the west by the lake. The defendant also offered'the warrant from the commonwealth for the William Nichols tract. This warrant and survey put in evidence by the defendant, located the Nichols tract so that the west line of it was identical with the [456]*456east line of Harvey’s lake. The defendant then called a surveyor and proposed to show by parol evidence of a recent survey that the Nichols warrant did not go to Harvey’s lake, thus he was seeking to contradict the warrant and survey which he had put in evidence, for the purpose of convincing the jury that there was vacant land between the Nichols lot and the lake. He did not propose to show that there were any original marks on the ground on or along the west line of the Nichols warrant, as he proposed to locate it, which would affect or control the calls for the lake. As was well said by the learned court below': “In the absence of a marked line on the ground the courses and distances would be controlled by the call for the lake, and that would be so even if the distances of the north and south lines of the Nichols warrant had to be extended to reach the call. This case is not within the principle that the lines marked on the ground control the return of the surveyor, even where that calls for a natural or other fixed monument. It is within the principle that a call for an adjoinder will overrule the line returned by courses and distances where there are no lines upon the ground. It was immaterial, therefore, even if true, that a survey by courses and distances, ignoring the call for the lake, would locate the west line of the Nichols tract at some point other than the lake.
“ But entirely apart from this question the plaintiff’s case rested upon proof of a continuous possession of the land in dispute, in himself and those from whom he derived title, for a period of nearly fifty years, a continuous possession for more than thirty years prior to the inception of the title from the commonwealth upon which the defendant relied. The evidence of such continuous possession, and the evidence in behalf of the defendant upon this point was submitted to the jury who found for the plaintiff.”
“ Where there has been a continuous possession of lands or tenements for thirty years, it shall be presumed, as betwen the parties litigant, other than the commonwealth, that the title thereof shall have been parted with by the commonwealth: ” Act of April 27, 1855, section 6, P. L. 868, Purdon, page 1211.
The learned court further says : “Now, whether the land in dispute is part of the William Nichols warrant or not, the jury having found as a fact,—and the evidence warranted the finding, [457]*457—that the plaintiff and his predecessors in title have had continuous possession of it for more than thirty years before the inception of defendant’s claim, the presumption of title out of the commonwealth arises, and it is a presumption juris et de jure.”
The weakness of the defendant’s case is that the record shows that he proved the west line of the Nichols lot and the east line of the lake to be identical. He then attempted to prove that this was not a fact by showing that a survey had been made which gave the Nichols tract its entire quantity of land 400 acres and allowance, and yet left a piece of vacant land between the Nichols lot and the lake. In attempting to do this he was hr conflict with a long line of cases which hold in effect that he could not establish the west line of the Nichols lot away from the lake as against the calls in the survey, unless he could show actual lines or inonuinents on the ground. This he did not propose to do. The appellant cites Wharton v. Garvin, 34 Pa. 340, in support of his contention that the west line of the Nichols lot need not go to the lake, but we think this case is decidedly against his contention. This case holds that “ generally, a survey is to be carried to its calls, unless there are actual lines on the ground excluding them. In that case the lines on the ground will control the calls, for they constitute the survey. But when there are no natural monuments or lines called for, by which the closing line is to be fixed and ascertained, and no line on the ground, it follows of necessity, that the survey is to be closed by a direct line between the termini of the lines on the ground or as fixed by the courses and distances returned, to ascertain these termini. It was ascertained, in this case, that the north and south boundaries, by their courses and distances, did not reach the river by the number of rods already stated. And if we are to discard the river as a call, then, the west boundary must necessarily be closed by a straight line from point to point of the side lines. There is no other process by which it may be done. A call, to stand as a boundary, must be indicated to be such with sufficient certainty to show that it was so intended.”
Now in the above case it clearly appears that the survey and warrant did not call for the river as the west boundary of the [458]*458lot.
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Opinion by
Morrison, J.,
The numerous assignments of error in this case really raise but two important questions. First, does the west line of the William Nichols warrant and survey extend to the lake ? In other words, is the east line of the lake the west line of the William Nichols warrant? If under the evidence in the case and the offers which were rejected,_ this question can be an[455]*455swerecl in the affirmative, then the defendant had no case and has no cause of complaint, because if there was no vacant land between the west line of the Nichols warrant and the lake, it is not contended by the defendant that any injustice was done him.
The second question raised is this : if the west line of the Nichols tract did not extend to the lake and there was a vacant piece of land between the true west line of this tract and the lake, had it been in the possession and occupancy of the plaintiffs and those under whom they held for more than thirty years ? If the first question should be determined against the plaintiffs, the verdict and judgment can be sustained on the second proposition if it was properly submitted to the jury.
It seems to us very clear that the William Nichols warrant as surveyed and returned to the land office is bounded on the west by the lake. The survey begins at the lake and rans east 278 perches to a white oak; thence north 235 perches to a hemlock) thence west 280 perches to a post in the edge of the lake. No question is raised as to the location of the white oak, the southeast corner and the hemlock, the northeast corner of the Nichols lot. The warrant and survey calls for the lake and there is no evidence of any monuments or marks upon the ground which would fix the line east of low water mark of the lake.
The plaintiffs having made a prima facie showing which would warrant the jury in finding that the edge of the lake by its various courses and distances was the west line of the Nichols warrant, and having gone farther and proved by at least five several witnesses an open, notorious and continuous possession of the land in dispute for more than thirty years, prior to the commencement of the suit, by the plaintiffs and those under whom they claim title, and having proved the possession of the defendant at the time of bringing suit rested. The defendant then put in evidence a certified copy of the William Nichols survey, and as we understand it this survey clearly shows that the Nichols warrant was bounded on the west by the lake. The defendant also offered'the warrant from the commonwealth for the William Nichols tract. This warrant and survey put in evidence by the defendant, located the Nichols tract so that the west line of it was identical with the [456]*456east line of Harvey’s lake. The defendant then called a surveyor and proposed to show by parol evidence of a recent survey that the Nichols warrant did not go to Harvey’s lake, thus he was seeking to contradict the warrant and survey which he had put in evidence, for the purpose of convincing the jury that there was vacant land between the Nichols lot and the lake. He did not propose to show that there were any original marks on the ground on or along the west line of the Nichols warrant, as he proposed to locate it, which would affect or control the calls for the lake. As was well said by the learned court below': “In the absence of a marked line on the ground the courses and distances would be controlled by the call for the lake, and that would be so even if the distances of the north and south lines of the Nichols warrant had to be extended to reach the call. This case is not within the principle that the lines marked on the ground control the return of the surveyor, even where that calls for a natural or other fixed monument. It is within the principle that a call for an adjoinder will overrule the line returned by courses and distances where there are no lines upon the ground. It was immaterial, therefore, even if true, that a survey by courses and distances, ignoring the call for the lake, would locate the west line of the Nichols tract at some point other than the lake.
“ But entirely apart from this question the plaintiff’s case rested upon proof of a continuous possession of the land in dispute, in himself and those from whom he derived title, for a period of nearly fifty years, a continuous possession for more than thirty years prior to the inception of the title from the commonwealth upon which the defendant relied. The evidence of such continuous possession, and the evidence in behalf of the defendant upon this point was submitted to the jury who found for the plaintiff.”
“ Where there has been a continuous possession of lands or tenements for thirty years, it shall be presumed, as betwen the parties litigant, other than the commonwealth, that the title thereof shall have been parted with by the commonwealth: ” Act of April 27, 1855, section 6, P. L. 868, Purdon, page 1211.
The learned court further says : “Now, whether the land in dispute is part of the William Nichols warrant or not, the jury having found as a fact,—and the evidence warranted the finding, [457]*457—that the plaintiff and his predecessors in title have had continuous possession of it for more than thirty years before the inception of defendant’s claim, the presumption of title out of the commonwealth arises, and it is a presumption juris et de jure.”
The weakness of the defendant’s case is that the record shows that he proved the west line of the Nichols lot and the east line of the lake to be identical. He then attempted to prove that this was not a fact by showing that a survey had been made which gave the Nichols tract its entire quantity of land 400 acres and allowance, and yet left a piece of vacant land between the Nichols lot and the lake. In attempting to do this he was hr conflict with a long line of cases which hold in effect that he could not establish the west line of the Nichols lot away from the lake as against the calls in the survey, unless he could show actual lines or inonuinents on the ground. This he did not propose to do. The appellant cites Wharton v. Garvin, 34 Pa. 340, in support of his contention that the west line of the Nichols lot need not go to the lake, but we think this case is decidedly against his contention. This case holds that “ generally, a survey is to be carried to its calls, unless there are actual lines on the ground excluding them. In that case the lines on the ground will control the calls, for they constitute the survey. But when there are no natural monuments or lines called for, by which the closing line is to be fixed and ascertained, and no line on the ground, it follows of necessity, that the survey is to be closed by a direct line between the termini of the lines on the ground or as fixed by the courses and distances returned, to ascertain these termini. It was ascertained, in this case, that the north and south boundaries, by their courses and distances, did not reach the river by the number of rods already stated. And if we are to discard the river as a call, then, the west boundary must necessarily be closed by a straight line from point to point of the side lines. There is no other process by which it may be done. A call, to stand as a boundary, must be indicated to be such with sufficient certainty to show that it was so intended.”
Now in the above case it clearly appears that the survey and warrant did not call for the river as the west boundary of the [458]*458lot. “ The survey, as returned, did not exhibit a protraction to the river, and the closing or west line as proposed by the draft, was a straight line 238 perches long; leaving a vacant strip, the land in controversy, apparently excluded from the survey.”
In the case under consideration the southwest corner calls for the lake as does the northwest corner and there is no straight line drawn from one of these points to the other. Therefore the conclusion is inevitable that the survey is to be closed on the west by running from one of these points along the edge of the lake to the other, and this absolutely excludes the idea of any vacant land lying between a line so established and the lake.
Complaint is made that the court permitted the return of the writ of ejectment sworn to by the deputy sheriff to be read in evidence. In view of the fact that the defendant took the stand and proved that he was in possession of the premises in dispute at the institution of the suit and the service of the writ, no harm was done by allowing the return to be read in evidence. The defendant was in possession and was contending for the right of possession, and it does not come with very good grace for him to complain that incompetent evidence of his possession was offered by the plaintiff and received by the court. If he had offered no evidence of his possession, and the only evidence of it had been this return, it might have been proper for the defendant to urge that the return sworn to by the deputy sheriff was incompetent evidence. But whether it was or not is not now decided.
The appellant seemed to attach considerable importance to a hemlock said to have been found on the west line of the Nichols lot and the claim is made that this would establish this line east of the line of the lake. The appellant has not printed in his paper-book the warrant and return of survey which the reco'rd shows he offered in evidence. We have been furnished, however, a copy of the survey certified by the secretary of internal affairs. This shows a hemlock in the west line of the Nichols tract, but it appears to stand in the edge of the lake, and it is perhaps forty rods north of the land in dispute. Therefore, we are of the opinion that there was no error in the ruling of the court in regard to this hemlock. There is nothing in the record to show that the west line of the Nichols lot could have [459]*459been changed from the east line of the lake by this hemlock. Even if it does not stand in the edge of the lake it is difficult to see how it would change the line at the point of location of the land in dispute. There can be no question about the southwest corner, the one near the land in dispute being in the edge of the lake.
The appellant having failed to print the warrant and return of survey, which he offered in evidence, we assume what the court below says in regard to the warrant and survey to be true.
A careful examination of the evidence leads us to the conclusion that the case was well tried and a just conclusion reached. And, therefore, the assignments of error are all dismissed and the judgment affirmed.