1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 6 * * *
7 WIIFM, INC., Case No. 2:21-CV-955 JCM (VCF)
8 Plaintiff(s), ORDER
9 v.
10 DOORBUSTERS LOCK & SAFE, LLC,
11 Defendant(s).
12 13 Presently before the court is plaintiff WIIFM, Inc.’s (“WIIFM”) motion for a 14 preliminary injunction.1 (ECF No. 3). Defendants Doorbusters Lock & Safe, LLC (“DLS”) 15 and its principal Eli Levi (collectively “defendants”) responded in opposition (ECF No. 8) to 16 which WIIFM replied (ECF No. 12). 17 I. BACKGROUND 18 WIIFM offers locksmith services in Clark County, Nevada, under the trade name 19 “Liberty Lock & Security.” (ECF No. 3 at 5). It is the senior user and owner of the 20 “LIBERTY” service mark and a Statue of Liberty logo mark. (Compl., ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 8–13; 21 ECF No. 3 at 5). In December 2017, WIIFM learned that DLS was infringing on its marks 22 by offering locksmith services in Clark County under the trade name “Liberty Lock & Key” 23 24
25 1 The court will decide this preliminary injunction motion without a hearing. See 26 Gryglak v. HSBC Bank USA, N.A., 802 F. App’x 292, 293 (9th Cir. 2020) (“[T]here is no presumption in favor of evidentiary hearings under Rule 65 of the Federal Rules of Civil 27 Procedure. The circumstances of this case did not require the district court to hold an evidentiary hearing, and we find no abuse of discretion in its failing to do so.” (citing Int’l 28 Molders’ & Allied Workers’ Local Union No. 164 v. Nelson, 799 F.2d 547, 554–55 (9th Cir. 1986))). 1 and a Statute of Liberty logo mark.2 (ECF No. 3 at 5). DLS had been using these marks 2 since 2012. (Id.). The parties’ places of business are within three miles of each other. (Id. at 3 9). 4 WIIFM sued DLS in Nevada state court in January 2018 and the parties eventually 5 reached a settlement via mediation in April 2019. (Id. at 5–6). WIIFM agreed to pay 6 $255,000—an initial $75,000 payment and monthly payments over two years—in exchange 7 for DLS transferring any rights it had in the marks at issue. (Id. at 6). A security agreement 8 was executed alongside WIIFM’s payment obligations. (Id.). DLS had a 90-day transition 9 period after WIIFM’s initial payment to wind up its use of the marks. (Id.). This included 10 obligations to use commercially reasonable efforts to rebrand and rename itself; remove the 11 marks from its vehicles, advertising, social media, and a list of websites; and transfer its state 12 and federal registrations of the Liberty mark to WIIFM. (Id. at 6–7). 13 WIIFM claims that DLS has not performed its wind-up obligations. After the 90-day 14 transition period, a 10-day default cure period, and to this day, the marks are associated with 15 DLS on at least five websites. (Id. at 7). DLS never transferred its Nevada registration of 16 the Liberty service mark. (Id. at 7–8). It also did not remove signage at its place of business 17 with the Statute of Liberty logo mark. (Id. at 8). WIIFM also avers that confused customers 18 sent payments to DLS for locksmith services that WIIFM performed. (Id. at 8–9). WIIFM 19 stopped making monthly payments after September 2019, asserting that it is excused from its 20 payment obligations due to DLS’s material breach. (Id. at 8). In response, DLS sent WIIFM 21 a demand letter in April 2021 asking for an itemized list of its collateral including the 22 intellectual property at issue. (Id.). 23 WIIFM alleges three claims under the Lanham Act, fraudulent inducement arising in 24 the settlement negotiations, breach of the settlement agreement, and two conversion claims 25 for retaining the confused customer payments. (ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 76–141). It also asks for a 26 declaratory judgment that DLS materially breached the settlement agreement and thus cannot 27 assemble and sell WIIFM’s collateral. (Id. ¶¶ 142–147). WIIFM now moves to
28 2 Any references to “Liberty Lock” in this order are to defendant DLS. 1 preliminarily enjoin DLS from infringing on its marks and assembling its collateral. (ECF 2 No. 3 at 9). 3 II. LEGAL STANDARD 4 A preliminary injunction is “an extraordinary remedy that may only be awarded upon 5 a clear showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief.” Winter v. Natural Res. Def. 6 Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 22 (2008). A plaintiff must show: (1) a likelihood of success on 7 the merits, (2) a likelihood of irreparable harm, (3) that the balance of hardships tips in its 8 favor, and (4) that the public interest favors an injunction. Id. at 20. 9 Alternatively, the Ninth Circuit has maintained its serious question and sliding scale 10 test post-Winter. Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1134 (9th Cir. 11 2011); see also Lopez v. Heckler, 713 F.2d 1432, 1435 (9th Cir. 1983) (noting that the Ninth 12 Circuit has “two interrelated legal tests” for preliminary injunctions that are “the outer 13 reaches of a single continuum”). Under this test, “serious questions going to the merits and a 14 balance of hardships that tips sharply towards the plaintiff can support issuance of a 15 preliminary injunction” so long as the other two Winter elements are met. Alliance for the 16 Wild Rockies, 632 F.2d at 1131 (internal quotation marks omitted). And “a stronger showing 17 of one element may offset a weaker showing of another.” Id. 18 III. DISCUSSION 19 The parties give short shrift to their settlement’s arbitration provision even though 20 “[t]he arbitrability of a particular dispute is a threshold issue.” Nagrampa v. MailCoups, 21 Inc., 469 F.3d 1257, 1268 (9th Cir. 2006). The arbitration provision says:
22 Any action or proceedings against any of the Parties hereto relating in any way to Liberty Lock’s obligations during the Transition Period shall be 23 solely brought by way of binding arbitration before the Mediator. Aside from disputes arising out of the Parties’ obligations during the Transition 24 Period, any other action or proceedings against any of the Parties hereto relating in any way to this Settlement Agreement or the subject matter hereof 25 shall be brought and enforced exclusively in the competent courts of Nevada, County of Clark, and the Parties hereto consent to the sole and exclusive 26 jurisdiction of such courts in respect of the action or proceeding.
27 (ECF No. 3-4 at 8 (Section 14) (emphasis added)). The parties also agreed that “whether or 28 not Liberty Lock made commercially reasonable efforts to comply with the [Transition 1 Period] obligations set forth in Section 2(c) herein will be determined solely by the Mediator 2 and in accordance with Section 14 herein.” (Id. at 5 (Section 2d)). Moreover, “the Security 3 Interest shall be deemed terminated in the event that Liberty Lock fails to comply with its 4 obligations” and “[p]rior to terminating the Security Interest for Liberty Lock’s failure to 5 comply with its obligations . . . WIIFM shall proceed in the manner described in Section 14.” 6 (Id. at 6 (Section 4a)). 7 The parties’ agreed-upon mediation provider is JAMS (id. at 2) which empowers its 8 mediators to “grant whatever interim measures are deemed necessary, including injunctive 9 relief and measures for the protection or conservation of property and disposition of 10 disposable goods.” JAMS Comprehensive Arbitration Rules & Procedures, Rule 24(e) 11 (effective June 1, 2021).
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1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 6 * * *
7 WIIFM, INC., Case No. 2:21-CV-955 JCM (VCF)
8 Plaintiff(s), ORDER
9 v.
10 DOORBUSTERS LOCK & SAFE, LLC,
11 Defendant(s).
12 13 Presently before the court is plaintiff WIIFM, Inc.’s (“WIIFM”) motion for a 14 preliminary injunction.1 (ECF No. 3). Defendants Doorbusters Lock & Safe, LLC (“DLS”) 15 and its principal Eli Levi (collectively “defendants”) responded in opposition (ECF No. 8) to 16 which WIIFM replied (ECF No. 12). 17 I. BACKGROUND 18 WIIFM offers locksmith services in Clark County, Nevada, under the trade name 19 “Liberty Lock & Security.” (ECF No. 3 at 5). It is the senior user and owner of the 20 “LIBERTY” service mark and a Statue of Liberty logo mark. (Compl., ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 8–13; 21 ECF No. 3 at 5). In December 2017, WIIFM learned that DLS was infringing on its marks 22 by offering locksmith services in Clark County under the trade name “Liberty Lock & Key” 23 24
25 1 The court will decide this preliminary injunction motion without a hearing. See 26 Gryglak v. HSBC Bank USA, N.A., 802 F. App’x 292, 293 (9th Cir. 2020) (“[T]here is no presumption in favor of evidentiary hearings under Rule 65 of the Federal Rules of Civil 27 Procedure. The circumstances of this case did not require the district court to hold an evidentiary hearing, and we find no abuse of discretion in its failing to do so.” (citing Int’l 28 Molders’ & Allied Workers’ Local Union No. 164 v. Nelson, 799 F.2d 547, 554–55 (9th Cir. 1986))). 1 and a Statute of Liberty logo mark.2 (ECF No. 3 at 5). DLS had been using these marks 2 since 2012. (Id.). The parties’ places of business are within three miles of each other. (Id. at 3 9). 4 WIIFM sued DLS in Nevada state court in January 2018 and the parties eventually 5 reached a settlement via mediation in April 2019. (Id. at 5–6). WIIFM agreed to pay 6 $255,000—an initial $75,000 payment and monthly payments over two years—in exchange 7 for DLS transferring any rights it had in the marks at issue. (Id. at 6). A security agreement 8 was executed alongside WIIFM’s payment obligations. (Id.). DLS had a 90-day transition 9 period after WIIFM’s initial payment to wind up its use of the marks. (Id.). This included 10 obligations to use commercially reasonable efforts to rebrand and rename itself; remove the 11 marks from its vehicles, advertising, social media, and a list of websites; and transfer its state 12 and federal registrations of the Liberty mark to WIIFM. (Id. at 6–7). 13 WIIFM claims that DLS has not performed its wind-up obligations. After the 90-day 14 transition period, a 10-day default cure period, and to this day, the marks are associated with 15 DLS on at least five websites. (Id. at 7). DLS never transferred its Nevada registration of 16 the Liberty service mark. (Id. at 7–8). It also did not remove signage at its place of business 17 with the Statute of Liberty logo mark. (Id. at 8). WIIFM also avers that confused customers 18 sent payments to DLS for locksmith services that WIIFM performed. (Id. at 8–9). WIIFM 19 stopped making monthly payments after September 2019, asserting that it is excused from its 20 payment obligations due to DLS’s material breach. (Id. at 8). In response, DLS sent WIIFM 21 a demand letter in April 2021 asking for an itemized list of its collateral including the 22 intellectual property at issue. (Id.). 23 WIIFM alleges three claims under the Lanham Act, fraudulent inducement arising in 24 the settlement negotiations, breach of the settlement agreement, and two conversion claims 25 for retaining the confused customer payments. (ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 76–141). It also asks for a 26 declaratory judgment that DLS materially breached the settlement agreement and thus cannot 27 assemble and sell WIIFM’s collateral. (Id. ¶¶ 142–147). WIIFM now moves to
28 2 Any references to “Liberty Lock” in this order are to defendant DLS. 1 preliminarily enjoin DLS from infringing on its marks and assembling its collateral. (ECF 2 No. 3 at 9). 3 II. LEGAL STANDARD 4 A preliminary injunction is “an extraordinary remedy that may only be awarded upon 5 a clear showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief.” Winter v. Natural Res. Def. 6 Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 22 (2008). A plaintiff must show: (1) a likelihood of success on 7 the merits, (2) a likelihood of irreparable harm, (3) that the balance of hardships tips in its 8 favor, and (4) that the public interest favors an injunction. Id. at 20. 9 Alternatively, the Ninth Circuit has maintained its serious question and sliding scale 10 test post-Winter. Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1134 (9th Cir. 11 2011); see also Lopez v. Heckler, 713 F.2d 1432, 1435 (9th Cir. 1983) (noting that the Ninth 12 Circuit has “two interrelated legal tests” for preliminary injunctions that are “the outer 13 reaches of a single continuum”). Under this test, “serious questions going to the merits and a 14 balance of hardships that tips sharply towards the plaintiff can support issuance of a 15 preliminary injunction” so long as the other two Winter elements are met. Alliance for the 16 Wild Rockies, 632 F.2d at 1131 (internal quotation marks omitted). And “a stronger showing 17 of one element may offset a weaker showing of another.” Id. 18 III. DISCUSSION 19 The parties give short shrift to their settlement’s arbitration provision even though 20 “[t]he arbitrability of a particular dispute is a threshold issue.” Nagrampa v. MailCoups, 21 Inc., 469 F.3d 1257, 1268 (9th Cir. 2006). The arbitration provision says:
22 Any action or proceedings against any of the Parties hereto relating in any way to Liberty Lock’s obligations during the Transition Period shall be 23 solely brought by way of binding arbitration before the Mediator. Aside from disputes arising out of the Parties’ obligations during the Transition 24 Period, any other action or proceedings against any of the Parties hereto relating in any way to this Settlement Agreement or the subject matter hereof 25 shall be brought and enforced exclusively in the competent courts of Nevada, County of Clark, and the Parties hereto consent to the sole and exclusive 26 jurisdiction of such courts in respect of the action or proceeding.
27 (ECF No. 3-4 at 8 (Section 14) (emphasis added)). The parties also agreed that “whether or 28 not Liberty Lock made commercially reasonable efforts to comply with the [Transition 1 Period] obligations set forth in Section 2(c) herein will be determined solely by the Mediator 2 and in accordance with Section 14 herein.” (Id. at 5 (Section 2d)). Moreover, “the Security 3 Interest shall be deemed terminated in the event that Liberty Lock fails to comply with its 4 obligations” and “[p]rior to terminating the Security Interest for Liberty Lock’s failure to 5 comply with its obligations . . . WIIFM shall proceed in the manner described in Section 14.” 6 (Id. at 6 (Section 4a)). 7 The parties’ agreed-upon mediation provider is JAMS (id. at 2) which empowers its 8 mediators to “grant whatever interim measures are deemed necessary, including injunctive 9 relief and measures for the protection or conservation of property and disposition of 10 disposable goods.” JAMS Comprehensive Arbitration Rules & Procedures, Rule 24(e) 11 (effective June 1, 2021). 12 The court’s limited role under the Federal Arbitration Act is to determine (1) whether 13 a valid agreement to arbitrate exists and (2) whether the agreement covers the dispute at 14 issue. Nguyen v. Barnes and Noble, Inc., 763 F.3d 1171, 1175 (9th Cir. 2014). The FAA 15 leaves no room for discretion; the court must stay judicial proceedings and compel 16 arbitration of claims covered by an enforceable arbitration agreement. Id.; see also Dean 17 Witter Reynolds v. Byrd, 470 U.S. 213, 218 (1985). And when the parties “have agreed to 18 arbitrate some matters pursuant to an arbitration clause, the law’s permissive policies in 19 respect to arbitration counsel that any doubts concerning the scope of arbitral issues should 20 be resolved in favor of arbitration.” Granite Rock Co. v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 561 U.S. 21 287, 298 (2010) (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 22 To that end, the Ninth Circuit has warned that it is “inappropriate for the district court 23 to grant preliminary injunctive relief” when a plaintiff’s claims are arbitrable and the 24 arbitrator is authorized to grant interim relief. Simula, Inc. v. Autoliv, Inc., 175 F.3d 716, 726 25 (9th Cir. 1999). Courts consistently deny interim relief when an arbitrator can issue such 26 relief. See, e.g., DHL Info. Servs. (Americas), Inc. v. Infinite Software Corp., 502 F. Supp. 27 2d 1082, 1083 (C.D. Cal. 2007) (denying a preliminary injunction motion because “it is best 28 not to carve out interim relief from the issues the arbitrator will decide”); Bank of Hemet v. 1 Open Sols., Inc., No. CV 10-692 CAS OPX, 2011 WL 486572, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 3, 2 2011) (compelling arbitration despite a request for preliminary injunctive relief); Bank 3 Leumi, USA v. Miramax Distribution Servs., LLC, No. 2:18-CV-07574-SVW-KS, 2018 WL 4 7568361, at *8 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 27, 2018) (vacating an application for a writ of attachment 5 and compelling arbitration). 6 DLS points to the arbitration provision merely to argue that WIIFM does not have a 7 likelihood of success on its breach of contract claim. (ECF No. 8 at 16). That is because the 8 claim is “based on DLS’s alleged failure to employ commercially reasonable efforts to fulfill 9 its [Transition Period] obligations” which “fall[s] squarely within the confines” of the 10 arbitration provision. (Id.). And it also argues that WIIFM “may not unilaterally declare that 11 DLS breached the Settlement Agreement. That is a matter to be decided through 12 Arbitration.” (Id. at 18). 13 In response, WIIFM offers a strained reading of the arbitration provision. (ECF No. 14 12 at 7). Again, the arbitration provision requires that “[a]ny action or proceedings against 15 any of the Parties hereto relating in any way to Liberty Lock’s obligations during the 16 Transition Period shall be solely brought by way of binding arbitration before the 17 Mediator.” (ECF No. 3-4 at 8 (Section 14) (emphasis added)). According to WIIFM, it is 18 required to arbitrate during the 90-day Transition Period only and is free to litigate ongoing 19 breaches after the Transition Period. (ECF No. 12 at 8). 20 That is, the “during the Transition Period” clause modifies the “any action or 21 proceedings” clause. The court is unpersuaded. Moreover, even though the breaches 22 “during and after the Transition Period are connected to each other” and “public 23 policy . . . favor[s] arbitration,” WIIFM rebuffs arbitration as duplicative of this litigation. 24 (Id.). This argument neglects the court’s duty to resolve any doubts over the scope of arbitral 25 issues in favor of arbitration. 26 At bottom, WIIFM seeks to enjoin DLS from infringing on its marks and assembling 27 its collateral. (ECF No. 3 at 9). The crux of this twofold injunction is whether DLS 28 breached its wind-up obligations in the Transition Period. The parties unambiguously 1 | delegated this preliminary question to the mediator. Any ongoing infringement and Lanham 2| Act violations by DLS began with a breach of its wind-up obligations in the Transition Period. 4 DLS’s right to WUFM’s collateral turns on whether WIIFM’s payment obligations 5 | were excused which turns on whether DLS breached its wind-up obligations in the Transition 6| Period. 7 Given this preliminary question, the broad scope of the arbitration provision, and the 8 | court’s duty to resolve any doubts over the scope of arbitral issues in favor of arbitration, WIFM’s motion for a preliminary injunction is DENIED and this case is STAYED pending 10 | the alternative dispute resolution procedures in Section 14 of the settlement agreement. IV. CONCLUSION 12 Accordingly, 13 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that WIIFM’s motion for 14| preliminary injunction (ECF No. 3) be, and the same hereby is, DENIED. 15 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that this case is STAYED pending the alternative 16} dispute resolution procedures in Section 14 of the settlement agreement. The parties shall 17 | file a status report within 30 days after such procedures conclude. 18 DATED July 9, 2021. 19 Mts ©. Atala 0 UNITED,STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
es C. Mahan District Judge -6-