USCA11 Case: 20-12231 Date Filed: 04/27/2021 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 20-12231 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
Agency No. A209-391-985
WIDNER ANTHONY LEONARD,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL, Respondent. ________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals ________________________
(April 27, 2021)
Before WILSON, ROSENBAUM, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Widner Anthony Leonard seeks review of the Board of Immigration
Appeals’ order affirming the immigration judge’s denial of his applications for
asylum, statutory withholding of removal, and protection under the United Nations USCA11 Case: 20-12231 Date Filed: 04/27/2021 Page: 2 of 8
Convention Against Torture. Because we agree that Leonard was not eligible for
these forms of relief, we deny his petition.
I.
Leonard, a native and citizen of Haiti, entered the United States in 2016 and
applied for admission. Because he did not possess valid entry documents, the
Department of Homeland Security charged him with removability. Leonard
admitted the factual allegations in his notice to appear but applied for asylum,
statutory withholding of removal, and protection under CAT.
In support of his applications, he alleged that he had been “harmed and
menaced a lot of times” in Haiti because he supported a political party known as
the Struggling People’s Organization. According to Leonard, a man named
Jacques Stevenson Thimoleon—the “Minister of Planning” in Haiti—sent
“bandits” to threaten Leonard into supporting the opposing political party, the Tet
Kale Party. He said that Thimoleon’s men severely beat him and threatened to kill
him if he did not leave Haiti. Leonard did not go to the police about these
incidents; instead, he fled the country.
The immigration judge held a hearing on Leonard’s applications for relief.
At the hearing, Leonard said that the Tet Kale Party had attacked his family and
recently killed his father for not turning him in. The immigration judge asked
Leonard why he had not mentioned his father’s death before; Leonard replied that
2 USCA11 Case: 20-12231 Date Filed: 04/27/2021 Page: 3 of 8
he only answered questions he was asked. Leonard then conceded that there was
no evidence in the record—other than his own testimony—to show that Thimoleon
existed. When asked why he did not submit medical records to corroborate his
claimed attacks, Leonard said that he did not have the phone number for the
hospital. He also admitted that his siblings could read and write but that he had not
submitted letters from any of them in support of his requests for relief.
The immigration judge found Leonard removable as charged and denied his
applications for relief, concluding that his testimony was not credible and his
allegations were not corroborated. The Board affirmed; it agreed that Leonard did
not provide sufficient evidence of his eligibility for relief. This petition followed.
II.
We review our subject matter jurisdiction de novo. Martinez v. U.S. Att’y
Gen., 446 F.3d 1219, 1221 (11th Cir. 2006). Where we have jurisdiction, we
review only the decision of the Board except to the extent the Board expressly
adopts the immigration judge’s decision. Flores-Panameno v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 913
F.3d 1036, 1040 (11th Cir. 2019). Insofar as the Board adopts the immigration
judge’s reasoning, we review the immigration judge’s decision too. Id.
We review legal conclusions de novo and factual findings under the
substantial evidence test. Lopez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 914 F.3d 1292, 1297 (11th Cir.
2019). Under the substantial evidence test, we will affirm the agency’s factual
3 USCA11 Case: 20-12231 Date Filed: 04/27/2021 Page: 4 of 8
findings so long as they are “supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative
evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Id. (quotation omitted). We
cannot reverse a determination regarding the availability of corroborating evidence
unless we find that a reasonable trier of fact would be “compelled to conclude” that
such evidence was unavailable. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4).
III.
An asylum applicant must establish with specific and credible evidence past
persecution on account of a statutorily listed factor or a well-founded fear that the
statutorily listed factor will cause future persecution. Forgue v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
401 F.3d 1282, 1287 (11th Cir. 2005). The standard for statutory withholding of
removal is higher than that for asylum, so where an applicant cannot meet the
burden for asylum, he necessarily cannot meet the burden for withholding of
removal. Amaya-Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1247, 1249 n.3 (11th
Cir. 2006).
An applicant’s testimony, if credible, may be sufficient to meet his burden
for asylum. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii); 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b). But if the
immigration judge determines that an applicant should provide evidence to
corroborate his testimony, then the applicant must provide the corroborating
evidence unless he does not have it and cannot reasonably obtain it. 8 U.S.C.
4 USCA11 Case: 20-12231 Date Filed: 04/27/2021 Page: 5 of 8
§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). An applicant’s failure to corroborate his testimony can be
fatal to his asylum application. 1 Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1287.
The weaker an applicant’s testimony, the greater the need for corroborative
evidence. See Yang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 418 F.3d 1198, 1201 (11th Cir. 2005). And
as the Board and immigration judge explained, Leonard’s testimony was weak and
often contradictory. He was inconsistent, for example, about the circumstances of
his father’s death—something that went to the “very heart of his claim.” He was
also inconsistent about whether he was threatened with handguns in Haiti. So
regardless of credibility, the agency acted properly in requiring reasonably
available corroborative evidence. Id.
But Leonard did not present any evidence to corroborate his testimony that
he was persecuted in the past or had a well-founded fear of future harm. He did
not provide, for example, evidence from the Struggling People’s Organization, his
mother, his siblings, or his other relatives to corroborate his party membership, his
political activities, the alleged attacks, Thimoleon’s existence, or the fact or cause
of his father’s death. Instead, the record included only his Haitian passport, a Haiti
Country Report, Leonard’s asylum application, and notes taken by an immigration
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USCA11 Case: 20-12231 Date Filed: 04/27/2021 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 20-12231 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
Agency No. A209-391-985
WIDNER ANTHONY LEONARD,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL, Respondent. ________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals ________________________
(April 27, 2021)
Before WILSON, ROSENBAUM, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Widner Anthony Leonard seeks review of the Board of Immigration
Appeals’ order affirming the immigration judge’s denial of his applications for
asylum, statutory withholding of removal, and protection under the United Nations USCA11 Case: 20-12231 Date Filed: 04/27/2021 Page: 2 of 8
Convention Against Torture. Because we agree that Leonard was not eligible for
these forms of relief, we deny his petition.
I.
Leonard, a native and citizen of Haiti, entered the United States in 2016 and
applied for admission. Because he did not possess valid entry documents, the
Department of Homeland Security charged him with removability. Leonard
admitted the factual allegations in his notice to appear but applied for asylum,
statutory withholding of removal, and protection under CAT.
In support of his applications, he alleged that he had been “harmed and
menaced a lot of times” in Haiti because he supported a political party known as
the Struggling People’s Organization. According to Leonard, a man named
Jacques Stevenson Thimoleon—the “Minister of Planning” in Haiti—sent
“bandits” to threaten Leonard into supporting the opposing political party, the Tet
Kale Party. He said that Thimoleon’s men severely beat him and threatened to kill
him if he did not leave Haiti. Leonard did not go to the police about these
incidents; instead, he fled the country.
The immigration judge held a hearing on Leonard’s applications for relief.
At the hearing, Leonard said that the Tet Kale Party had attacked his family and
recently killed his father for not turning him in. The immigration judge asked
Leonard why he had not mentioned his father’s death before; Leonard replied that
2 USCA11 Case: 20-12231 Date Filed: 04/27/2021 Page: 3 of 8
he only answered questions he was asked. Leonard then conceded that there was
no evidence in the record—other than his own testimony—to show that Thimoleon
existed. When asked why he did not submit medical records to corroborate his
claimed attacks, Leonard said that he did not have the phone number for the
hospital. He also admitted that his siblings could read and write but that he had not
submitted letters from any of them in support of his requests for relief.
The immigration judge found Leonard removable as charged and denied his
applications for relief, concluding that his testimony was not credible and his
allegations were not corroborated. The Board affirmed; it agreed that Leonard did
not provide sufficient evidence of his eligibility for relief. This petition followed.
II.
We review our subject matter jurisdiction de novo. Martinez v. U.S. Att’y
Gen., 446 F.3d 1219, 1221 (11th Cir. 2006). Where we have jurisdiction, we
review only the decision of the Board except to the extent the Board expressly
adopts the immigration judge’s decision. Flores-Panameno v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 913
F.3d 1036, 1040 (11th Cir. 2019). Insofar as the Board adopts the immigration
judge’s reasoning, we review the immigration judge’s decision too. Id.
We review legal conclusions de novo and factual findings under the
substantial evidence test. Lopez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 914 F.3d 1292, 1297 (11th Cir.
2019). Under the substantial evidence test, we will affirm the agency’s factual
3 USCA11 Case: 20-12231 Date Filed: 04/27/2021 Page: 4 of 8
findings so long as they are “supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative
evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Id. (quotation omitted). We
cannot reverse a determination regarding the availability of corroborating evidence
unless we find that a reasonable trier of fact would be “compelled to conclude” that
such evidence was unavailable. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4).
III.
An asylum applicant must establish with specific and credible evidence past
persecution on account of a statutorily listed factor or a well-founded fear that the
statutorily listed factor will cause future persecution. Forgue v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
401 F.3d 1282, 1287 (11th Cir. 2005). The standard for statutory withholding of
removal is higher than that for asylum, so where an applicant cannot meet the
burden for asylum, he necessarily cannot meet the burden for withholding of
removal. Amaya-Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1247, 1249 n.3 (11th
Cir. 2006).
An applicant’s testimony, if credible, may be sufficient to meet his burden
for asylum. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii); 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b). But if the
immigration judge determines that an applicant should provide evidence to
corroborate his testimony, then the applicant must provide the corroborating
evidence unless he does not have it and cannot reasonably obtain it. 8 U.S.C.
4 USCA11 Case: 20-12231 Date Filed: 04/27/2021 Page: 5 of 8
§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). An applicant’s failure to corroborate his testimony can be
fatal to his asylum application. 1 Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1287.
The weaker an applicant’s testimony, the greater the need for corroborative
evidence. See Yang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 418 F.3d 1198, 1201 (11th Cir. 2005). And
as the Board and immigration judge explained, Leonard’s testimony was weak and
often contradictory. He was inconsistent, for example, about the circumstances of
his father’s death—something that went to the “very heart of his claim.” He was
also inconsistent about whether he was threatened with handguns in Haiti. So
regardless of credibility, the agency acted properly in requiring reasonably
available corroborative evidence. Id.
But Leonard did not present any evidence to corroborate his testimony that
he was persecuted in the past or had a well-founded fear of future harm. He did
not provide, for example, evidence from the Struggling People’s Organization, his
mother, his siblings, or his other relatives to corroborate his party membership, his
political activities, the alleged attacks, Thimoleon’s existence, or the fact or cause
of his father’s death. Instead, the record included only his Haitian passport, a Haiti
Country Report, Leonard’s asylum application, and notes taken by an immigration
1 We address only the Board’s conclusion that Leonard did not meet his burden of sufficiently corroborating his claims. Because the Board did not consider whether Leonard’s claim should be wholly rejected due to lack of credibility or whether he was previously firmly resettled in Brazil, we do not address those issues either. Flores-Panameno, 913 F.3d at 1040. 5 USCA11 Case: 20-12231 Date Filed: 04/27/2021 Page: 6 of 8
officer during his credible fear interview. The immigration judge specifically
asked Leonard about various pieces of corroborative evidence during his hearing;
he responded that he could have provided additional evidence but “didn’t know”
he was supposed to. He also said that he had fled Haiti too quickly to gather the
evidence himself and that his family has a lot “going on right now.”
None of Leonard’s proffered explanations for his failure to provide the
required corroborating evidence show that it was not reasonably obtainable. As the
immigration judge pointed out, Leonard could have contacted his relatives or other
organization members once he arrived in the United States for supporting
statements. Given Leonard’s allegations that his mother was present for a stabbing
incident and that he fled to his aunt’s house shortly after being threatened, it was
reasonable for Leonard to seek out letters from his family to corroborate those
claims. See In re J-Y-C-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 260, 265 (BIA 2007). Moreover,
although Leonard testified that he did not have the contact information for the
hospital he was treated at, he could have accessed this information through his own
research or by reaching out to relatives once he arrived in the United States. Even
if Leonard did not know he needed to provide this corroborating evidence, he
failed to show that any of this information was unavailable to him, as required by
the Act. See id. at 266; see also 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii).
6 USCA11 Case: 20-12231 Date Filed: 04/27/2021 Page: 7 of 8
Taking all of this together, we conclude that substantial evidence supported
the agency’s determination that Leonard could have reasonably obtained
corroborating evidence to support his request for asylum. That means that the
Board did not err in affirming the immigration judge’s denial of Leonard’s
applications for asylum and statutory withholding of removal.
IV.
Leonard also challenges the immigration judge’s denial of protection under
CAT. 2 An applicant seeking protection under CAT must establish that it is more
likely than not that he would be tortured by or with the acquiescence of
government officials if forced to return to the proposed country of removal. Reyes-
Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 369 F.3d 1239, 1242 (11th Cir. 2004). Leonard’s CAT
claim rests on the same factual basis as his asylum and statutory withholding of
removal claims. So because we find that he did not sufficiently corroborate his
testimony that he had a well-founded fear of persecution in Haiti, we similarly find
that he did not show that it was more likely than not that he would be tortured by
government officials if forced to return. Id.
* * *
2 The government contends that Leonard did not exhaust this claim. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1). But in his brief to the Board, Leonard specifically challenged the immigration judge’s denial of CAT protection and alleged that he would be killed by a government official if forced to return to Haiti. This was sufficient to exhaust available administrative remedies for this claim. See Amaya-Artunduaga, 463 F.3d at 1250. 7 USCA11 Case: 20-12231 Date Filed: 04/27/2021 Page: 8 of 8
Substantial evidence supports the agency’s decision to deny Leonard’s
requests for relief, so we deny Leonard’s petition for review.
PETITION DENIED.