Deemer, J.
The. accident occurred on the evening of August 21, 1909, at a railway crossing known as the “Weaver crossing, ’ ’ which is about a mile north of the depot at the town of Coin. Plaintiff, who was driving an automobile in which he had as a guest one Hutchinson, while attempting tó cross this crossing going in an easterly direction, was struck by one of defendant’s regular trains, known as No. 50, en route from Omaha, Neb., to some point in Missouri, and his companion was killed, the automobile practically destroyed, and plaintiff himself cut, bruised, and injured. It is claimed that the train was running at an unusual and dangerous rate of speed; that it gave no signals for the crossing; that the right of way was covered by weeds and brush which had grown so high as to totally obscure the approach of trains to the crossing; and that the crossing itself had become out of repair and was practically impassable. Plaintiff alleges that he took the usual or more than the usual precautions and was guilty of no negligence on his part. All these allegations were denied by the defendant, and it specifically pleaded contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff.
As we understand it, the only negligence submitted to the jury was the question as to whether or not defendant’s employés gave proper signals of the approach of the train. All other matters alleged were treated as secondary to this one main question and as perhaps having some bearing thereon, but not as primary grounds of negligence. The instructions themselves will be considered, so far as necessary in a subsequent part of this opinion. Fourteen errors are assigned, and, to such as are regarded as material or controlling, we shall [705]*705give our attention. The attached plat will aid in understanding the ease.
This plat, the top of which is to the north, shows the highway upon which the plaintiff was traveling; the way in which it approaches and crosses the railway; the Weaver crossing; and the town of Coin. There is also another crossing shown on the map, known as “Whitmore’s,” which is about a half mile north of the Weaver crossing. The other railway shown on the map is the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, but it crosses the defendant’s tracks and runs east and west. It crosses the Wabash tracks by an overhead bridge which is something like thirty feet above the rails of defendant’s tracks. The ground to the north of this crossing and on the west side of defendant’s tracks is high, and it is claimed was so covered by timber and weeds at the time of the accident that one [706]*706going north on the highway leading to the Weaver crossing could not see an approaching train until he was. within fifteen feet of the west rail of the defendant’s tracks. The crossing is near the foot of a hill, which runs nearly three miles to the north of the crossing, and the curvature in the track is rather sharp, as the plat indicates. The train which struck the plaintiff was coming from the north and west, and plaintiff was going north with his machine from the town of Coin, intending to cross the railway at the Weaver crossing. It is also contended that the crossing was bad because of a washout of dirt from the east rail of the track, leaving a drop off of from six to ten inches deep. What is known as the ‘ ‘ Gibson corner” (not marked on the plat) is from 280 to 300 feet west of the Weaver crossing, and the road is slightly downgrade from this corner to the defendant’s tracks. There is also a bridge in the highway, not shown by the map, 300 or 400 yards south of the Gibson corner. Plaintiff drove over this bridge, went to the Gibson corner, and thence eastward to the Weaver crossing, where he was struck by the train. The train came coasting down the hill, no smoke or steam escaping from the engine, and as plaintiff claims, at the rate of sixty miles an hour, without any signals or warning sounds being made within a mile of the crossing^ He says that his view of the train was obstructed by reason of the topography of the ground between him and the train and because the intervening hill or rise in the ground was covered by timber and by brush and weeds, and that notwithstanding diligence on his part, both in the handling of his machine and in looking and listening for the approach of the train, he did not see it until he was within four or five feet of the tracks, it then being from fifty to one hundred feet away, and that, notwithstanding every effort on his part, he was struck by the train.
[707]*7071. Railroads: crossing accident: evidence harmless error. [706]*706I. The first errors complained of relate to rulings on the admission and rejection of testimony. A witness, over [707]*707defendant’s objections, was permitted to testify that h.9 considered plaintiff good in the handling of engines. The object in introducing the testimony is not clearly shown. It was doubtless proper to show that plaintiff was a skilled mechanic in fixing the amount of his damages; but it was not proper for plaintiff to show that he was skilled in the handling of engines for the purpose of having the jury infer that he was careful at the time of the accident. However, it doubtless was competent on plaintiff’s theory that, after seeing the engine and train approaching, he used ordinary care to avoid the accident, and his skill in handling the engine might have had some bearing upon that question. But the answer of the witness that he considered the plaintiff good in the handling of engines was perhaps not as explicit as it should have been, and the court might well have excluded it on any theory. On the other hand, we do not see how any prejudice could have resulted from failure to exclude it. The question, at any rate, was a very collateral one and could have had no bearing, upon the case, save as we have indicated.
2. Same: evidence: conclusion. Plaintiff was asked whether the engine whistled between the Whitmore and the Weaver crossings, and he said it did not. The question called for a £ac^ an(f wfj;nesg assumed to answer it. The weight of his testimony was for the jury, and the answer was not a conclusion.
3. Same: evidence: cross examination. A man by the name of Teel, who was a baggageman on the train which struck the plaintiff, testified for the defendant as to the sounding of four whistles as the train approached the town of Coin on the evening in question.* On cross-examination, over defendant’s objections, plaintiff’s counsel was permitted to ask Mm about other signals made by the engine on this trip on its passage from Council Bluffs to Coin. This line of examination was clearly admissible to test his powers [708]*708of observation and recollection. So much for the rulings on evidence.
II. General complaint is lodged against the instructions, and of some of them in particular. The main point is that the court failed to refer to section 1571-h of the Code Supplement, which reads as follows:
No person shall operate a motor vehicle on a public highway at a rate of speed greater than is reasonable and proper, having regard to the traffic and use of the highway, or so as to endanger the life and limb of any person. . . .
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Deemer, J.
The. accident occurred on the evening of August 21, 1909, at a railway crossing known as the “Weaver crossing, ’ ’ which is about a mile north of the depot at the town of Coin. Plaintiff, who was driving an automobile in which he had as a guest one Hutchinson, while attempting tó cross this crossing going in an easterly direction, was struck by one of defendant’s regular trains, known as No. 50, en route from Omaha, Neb., to some point in Missouri, and his companion was killed, the automobile practically destroyed, and plaintiff himself cut, bruised, and injured. It is claimed that the train was running at an unusual and dangerous rate of speed; that it gave no signals for the crossing; that the right of way was covered by weeds and brush which had grown so high as to totally obscure the approach of trains to the crossing; and that the crossing itself had become out of repair and was practically impassable. Plaintiff alleges that he took the usual or more than the usual precautions and was guilty of no negligence on his part. All these allegations were denied by the defendant, and it specifically pleaded contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff.
As we understand it, the only negligence submitted to the jury was the question as to whether or not defendant’s employés gave proper signals of the approach of the train. All other matters alleged were treated as secondary to this one main question and as perhaps having some bearing thereon, but not as primary grounds of negligence. The instructions themselves will be considered, so far as necessary in a subsequent part of this opinion. Fourteen errors are assigned, and, to such as are regarded as material or controlling, we shall [705]*705give our attention. The attached plat will aid in understanding the ease.
This plat, the top of which is to the north, shows the highway upon which the plaintiff was traveling; the way in which it approaches and crosses the railway; the Weaver crossing; and the town of Coin. There is also another crossing shown on the map, known as “Whitmore’s,” which is about a half mile north of the Weaver crossing. The other railway shown on the map is the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, but it crosses the defendant’s tracks and runs east and west. It crosses the Wabash tracks by an overhead bridge which is something like thirty feet above the rails of defendant’s tracks. The ground to the north of this crossing and on the west side of defendant’s tracks is high, and it is claimed was so covered by timber and weeds at the time of the accident that one [706]*706going north on the highway leading to the Weaver crossing could not see an approaching train until he was. within fifteen feet of the west rail of the defendant’s tracks. The crossing is near the foot of a hill, which runs nearly three miles to the north of the crossing, and the curvature in the track is rather sharp, as the plat indicates. The train which struck the plaintiff was coming from the north and west, and plaintiff was going north with his machine from the town of Coin, intending to cross the railway at the Weaver crossing. It is also contended that the crossing was bad because of a washout of dirt from the east rail of the track, leaving a drop off of from six to ten inches deep. What is known as the ‘ ‘ Gibson corner” (not marked on the plat) is from 280 to 300 feet west of the Weaver crossing, and the road is slightly downgrade from this corner to the defendant’s tracks. There is also a bridge in the highway, not shown by the map, 300 or 400 yards south of the Gibson corner. Plaintiff drove over this bridge, went to the Gibson corner, and thence eastward to the Weaver crossing, where he was struck by the train. The train came coasting down the hill, no smoke or steam escaping from the engine, and as plaintiff claims, at the rate of sixty miles an hour, without any signals or warning sounds being made within a mile of the crossing^ He says that his view of the train was obstructed by reason of the topography of the ground between him and the train and because the intervening hill or rise in the ground was covered by timber and by brush and weeds, and that notwithstanding diligence on his part, both in the handling of his machine and in looking and listening for the approach of the train, he did not see it until he was within four or five feet of the tracks, it then being from fifty to one hundred feet away, and that, notwithstanding every effort on his part, he was struck by the train.
[707]*7071. Railroads: crossing accident: evidence harmless error. [706]*706I. The first errors complained of relate to rulings on the admission and rejection of testimony. A witness, over [707]*707defendant’s objections, was permitted to testify that h.9 considered plaintiff good in the handling of engines. The object in introducing the testimony is not clearly shown. It was doubtless proper to show that plaintiff was a skilled mechanic in fixing the amount of his damages; but it was not proper for plaintiff to show that he was skilled in the handling of engines for the purpose of having the jury infer that he was careful at the time of the accident. However, it doubtless was competent on plaintiff’s theory that, after seeing the engine and train approaching, he used ordinary care to avoid the accident, and his skill in handling the engine might have had some bearing upon that question. But the answer of the witness that he considered the plaintiff good in the handling of engines was perhaps not as explicit as it should have been, and the court might well have excluded it on any theory. On the other hand, we do not see how any prejudice could have resulted from failure to exclude it. The question, at any rate, was a very collateral one and could have had no bearing, upon the case, save as we have indicated.
2. Same: evidence: conclusion. Plaintiff was asked whether the engine whistled between the Whitmore and the Weaver crossings, and he said it did not. The question called for a £ac^ an(f wfj;nesg assumed to answer it. The weight of his testimony was for the jury, and the answer was not a conclusion.
3. Same: evidence: cross examination. A man by the name of Teel, who was a baggageman on the train which struck the plaintiff, testified for the defendant as to the sounding of four whistles as the train approached the town of Coin on the evening in question.* On cross-examination, over defendant’s objections, plaintiff’s counsel was permitted to ask Mm about other signals made by the engine on this trip on its passage from Council Bluffs to Coin. This line of examination was clearly admissible to test his powers [708]*708of observation and recollection. So much for the rulings on evidence.
II. General complaint is lodged against the instructions, and of some of them in particular. The main point is that the court failed to refer to section 1571-h of the Code Supplement, which reads as follows:
No person shall operate a motor vehicle on a public highway at a rate of speed greater than is reasonable and proper, having regard to the traffic and use of the highway, or so as to endanger the life and limb of any person. . . . Upon approaching a crossing of intersecting public highways, or a bridge, or a sharp curve, or a steep descent, and also in traversing -such crossing, bridge, curve or descent, a person operating a motor vehicle shall have it under control and operate it at a rate of speed less than hereinbefore specified, and in no event greater than is reasonable and proper, having regard to the traffic then on such highway and the safety of the public.
4. Same: crossing accident: statue instruction. We do not see that it has any bearing upon the case, save as it requires the operator to have his machine under control in certain instances and to operate it no faster than was reasonable and proper, having regard to > the safety of the public. This was incumbent 0n plaintiff, notwithstanding the statute which has but a remote application, if any at all, to railway crossings. Plaintiff was obliged to use reasonable and ordinary care in approaching the crossing, not only for his own safety, but the safety of the public as well. The defendant asked no instruction upon the proposition that the statute applied, and, as it does not do so in terms, there was no error in failing to instruct with reference thereto.
Instruction No. 8 is complained of. It reads as follows:
[709]*7095. Same: negligence: instruction: sufficiency. [708]*708The plaintiff claims that the defendant company, through its employees, was negligent in that it allowed the train in [709]*709question to approach the crossing, where the accident occurred, noiselessly, without signals or warnings, and a NigtL rate of speed. Now, there is no positive provision of law requiring signals or warnings of the approach of a train to a crossing, excepting that above set out requiring the sounding of the whistle twice, sharply, at least sixty rods before reaching the crossing, and the ringing of the bell continuously thereafter until the crossing is passed. There is no law limiting the rate of speed at which trains may be run at places like the crossing in question. It cannot be said as a matter of law that any rate of speed would, in and of itself, be negligence. But the defendant company was required to so run and manage its train as it approached the crossing in question, and to give such signals on the approach of its train to the crossing as would protect persons passing over said crossing from unnecessary danger, when such persons were using reasonable care on their part by a vigilant use of their senses of sight and of hearing to learn of the approach of the train and to avoid injury. If it appears from the evidence that at the time in question, by reason of obstructions along the highway or defendant’s right of way preventing those approaching the crossing on the highway from seeing or hearing the approach of the train from the northward, and that by reason of the speed at which the defendant’s train approached the crossing, ordinary care and prudence on defendant’s part in protecting persons who were attempting to pass over said crossing from unnecessary danger required that signals other and additional to those required by the statute should be given so as to warn persons near the crossing of the approach of the train and enable them to avoid injury when exercising reasonable care on their part, then it was the duty of the defendant company to give such additional signals, and a failure so to do would be negligence. But, as before stated, it cannot be said that any rate of speed in approaching the crossing in question would be, in and of itself, negligence. And it cannot be said that the defendant company was required by law to give any signals other or different from those provided by the statute as the train approached the crossing, unless by reason of obstructions to seeing and hearing the train as it approached the crossing and the speed at which the train approached the crossing, and such additional signals were necessary in order to protect persons approaching the crossing from unnecessary danger from the approach of [710]*710the train, when such persons, upon their part, were exercising reasonable care by a vigilant use of their senses of sight and hearing to observe and know of the approach of the train to the crossing. If it appears from the evidence that the signals required by the statute (that is, the sounding of the whistle twice, sharply, at least sixty rods before reaching the crossing, and the ringing of the bell continuously thereafter until the crossing was passed) were sufficient to apprise persons of the approach of the train, when such persons were exercising reasonable care upon their part in looking and listening for the train, then the law would not require that the defendant should give any other or additional signals to those required by the statute. And negligence cannot be imputed to the defendant company by reason of the speed at which it runs its train at the crossing, if in approaching the crossing it gave such signals or warnings of the approach of the train to the crossing as were reasonably sufficient to apprise persons approaching the crossing of the approach of the train to the crossing so that such persons could avoid injury by the exercise of reasonable care upon their part. What signals were in fact given by the employees of the defendant in charge of said train as the train approached the crossing, and whether they were sufficient, when considering the surroundings at the crossing and the speed of the train, to apprise persons approaching the crossing of the approach of the train, so that such persons could avoid injury by vigilant use of their senses-of sight and hearing, are all questions of fact to be decided by you from all of the evidence bearing thereon. Unless it does appear from the evidence that the employees of the defendant in charge of the train in question failed to give the statutory signals or failed to give such signals additional thereto as ordinary prudence would have dictated were necessary in order to apprise persons approaching the crossing of the approach of the train in time so that such persons could avoid injury by the exercise of reasonable care upon their part, then, in my judgment, the evidence will fail to show negligence upon the part of the defendant in this ease, and in that event your verdict should be for the defendant.
We do not exactly understand the criticism made of this. It seems to us to fairly cover the case even from defendant’s standpoint, and no error is pointed out which [711]*711would justify its condemnation. The instruction has support in Kinyon v. Railroad Co., 118 Iowa, 349; Bruggeman v. Railroad Co., 147 Iowa, 187. See, also, Baltimore & O. R. R. v. Griffith, 159 U. S. 603 (16 Sup. Ct. 105, 40 L. Ed. 274).
The general complaint of the instructions that they were abstract rather than concrete, academic instead of practical, and that they did not fairly cover the case is without merit.
6.Practice: motion for directed verdiet: waiver. III. At the conclusion of plaintiff’s testimony, and again at the conclusion of all the evidence, defendant moved for a directed verdict, and these motions were both overruled. The first ruling was waived because defendant did not rest thereon but proceeded -¿q introduce its own testimony. The second was not waived, and, as the same points are made in the motion for a new trial, they will next be considered. The propositions are: First, that there was no evidence of any negligence on the part of the defendant; and, second, that the testimony conclusively shows that plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence.
7. Same: verdict: conclusiveness. On the issue of negligence (that is, as to failure to blow the whistle or ring the bell after the signal had been given for the Whitmore crossing, and as to the condition weeds an¿ brush upon the right of way, an¿ ag †0 obstructions to a view of a train approaching the crossing or of the engineer in seeing one' at or approaching the crossing as he approached it with his train), the testimony is in sharp and irreconcilable conflict. The greater number of witnesses seem to be with the defendant ; but it is not our province, on appeal, to settle such conflicts. These, under our system, are for a jury. If this were not so, a jury would have no function to perform.
[712]*7128. Railroads : negative and positive evidence. [711]*711Defendant contends that plaintiff’s testimony on the question of negligence was all negative in character, and [712]*712that its testimony was all positive, and that positive should
always outweigh negative testimony. The trouble with this argument lies in the first premise. The testimony for plaintiff under our eases was not purely negative in character. See Selensky v. R. R. Co., 120 Iowa, 113; Mackerall v. R. R. Co., 111 Iowa, 549. Again there was a sharp dispute in the testimony regarding the speed of the train, but here again the question was for a jury.
9. Same: contributory negligence: evidence. As to contributory negligence of the plaintiff, the same observations may be made. Plaintiff’s vers^°‘n the a®air from the time he turned at the Gibson corner, where it is conceded, as we understand it, that he could not have seen the approaching train, was as follows:
We were going about twelve miles an hour when we turned the corner. While going up to the comer, I was paying attention to the car and was driving. I wasn’t engaged in conversation. I wasn’t talking or laughing. I spoke once to my companion in the automobile. Was no laughing or loud talking. I don’t know whether or not there was any bell ringing on any railroad engine on the Wabash track at that time within a radius of a half mile. I did not hear a bell. When I got to the corner that evening, as I turned around the corner I shut the gasoline off the ear and let it coast down hill and held it with the brake. I had regular pneumatic tires. The surface of this highway at this crossing was in good condition, just as smooth as the floor, no rough places to speak of, no chucks, bumps, or anything. The car didn’t make any noise. There wasn’t any exhaust. I had the fire shut off going down that hill. It made no noise going to the crossing. Well, we turned the corner about twelve miles an hour, and I slowed down on the way to about four miles an hour until down about the crossing. I had a speedometer on the car. Had observed the speeds we were making at various times. The speedometer was located on the dashboard in front of me. When we got within fifteen feet of the west rail we were going at a good fast walk of an ordinary man. I looked where I could see the track and kept watching and looking for [713]*713a train both ways up and down the Wabash track. We turned at the corner and started down the hill and I kept watching to see if there was a train coining. We wasn’t talking at all. I listened for the train all the way down. When I got to the edge of the right of way I kept watching up and down the track. Up the track mostly to see if there was a train coming. Listening all the time and wasn’t talking. Looked to see if there was a train coming. I didn’t know the weeds had grown up along the track so high as they was; in fact, I didn’t know there was weeds there, and I didn’t know there was what you call a dangerous crossing if you slowed up and watched for the train. I hadn’t been over that crossing that evening, but I had been the day before. No, I didn’t notice there were weeds that day. I don’t know whether the weeds were high enough to exclude the view of an approaching train. I had been over that crossing the afternoon before that day. I noticed a kind of jump-off on the east side of the east rail where the dirt had been worn away six or eight inches. When I got within thirty feet of the west rail I was listening and looking up the track to see if a train was coming. I suppose I looked down the track. When I got within twenty feet of the west rail I kept watching up the track, listening for bell or whistle. Heard nothing. I didn’t hear a train whistle at any time coming down the hill. I didn’t hear a bell at any time. When within fifteen feet of the west rail I looked up the track and kept watching. Didn’t see a train coming. Listened all the time. No sound of bell or whistle. When I got within ten feet of the track I looked up the track and kept watching all the time and listening. Heard and seen nothing. The auto and I were making no noise. We weren’t talking. Hutchinson never said a word from the corner down to the crossing. Never spoke. Q. What did you do, when you arrived within about six feet of the crossing, Avith reference to looking or listening? A. Well, I Avas beginning to pay attention to the crossing ahead in the road, for I knew I had a bad place to cross, and I paid attention to the crossing as well as trying to look for the train. Q. Did you look? A. I did. Looked and listened, heard and saw nothing. Wasn’t making any noise. It was a quiet summer evening. My hearing is supposed to be good. Never had any trouble. I discovered the train approaching me that evening when the front rim of the front wheel of my automobile was about four feet from the west rail of the Wabash track, near as I can guess. The [714]*714train was between fifty and one hundred feet up the track, as near as I can estimate, when I first saw it. I heard no noise. The track there above the crossing is straight, I suppose, about, oh, a little over eighty rods, maybe further. It is straight until above the Whitmore crossing. There it curves to the west. Where it curves toward the west above the Whitmore crossing, there is a hill to the west and south of the railway. The edge of the crossing is out' probably one and one-half to two feet outside of the rail, so that when I first discovered the train I was within two or three feet of the edge of the cars as it would pass along. Well, when I first saw the engine, I first started to stop, started to reach for the emergency brake. , I seen if I stopped then would stop the car on the track, and I thought my only salvation was to get across, so I had my hand —my foot on the throttle and opened the throttle on the engine and started across. I put my foot on the throttle in order to give it more power. That started it ahead. It picked up speed as soon as I opened the throttle. Well, I did it all in an instant. I couldn’t tell how long. It just rushed through my mind, and as soon as I saw it I started for the brake and I knew if I stopped I would stop on the track. The best thing I could do was to press down on the throttle and open the car. It picked up speed as soon as I opened the car. I don’t know whether I was on the track when the train struck the automobile. I know it struck. I know that much about it. I had a top on the automobile that night. The top was up, and I was on the south side as we went east, handling the wheel. My companion sat on the front seat on the left side. He possibly weighed one hundred and thirty-five or one hundred and forty pounds. His height was probably five feet four or six inches. I couldn’t say how many bows there were in that top. Probably three. Just one on the left side in front.
There were no other eyewitnesses, save some who were at the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad depot, some four hundred or five hundred feet northwest of the Weaver crossing, and they did not pretend to see plaintiff when struck, although they heard the train coming on the defendant’s road. These witnessses did not see the automobile after it had passed the Gibson corner.
Except some testimony as to the topography of the [715]*715ground, this is the entire testimony on the question of contributory negligence, and we think it made a case for a jury.
10. Verdict: definiteness. IV. The verdict was in this form: “We, the jury, find for the plaintiff, L. H. Wiar, and fix the amount of his damages at $1,995, and interest at 6 per cent, interest per annum from December 21,1909.” The complaint made of it first appears in an amendment to the motion for a new trial which was filed more than a month after the verdict was returned. The only complaint then made was:
(1) The verdict returned by the jury and which was filed March 4, 1912, does not find in any definite sum for the plaintiff and is void for uncertainty.
(2) The jury ignored the instructions of the court, which instructions required that they find a definite sum, if they should find for the plaintiff, in that they return as their verdict finding that the plaintiff’s damages were in the sum of $1,995, ‘and interest at 6 per cent, interest per annum from December 21, 1909. ’
We do not regard this as tenable. The interest was manifestly not included in the verdict; and to find the total amount allowed was a mere matter of computation, and this the clerk or the court might make. Stevens v. Campbell, 6 Iowa, 538; Helphrey v. Railroad Co., 29 Iowa, 480.
11. New trial amendment to motion. Under our previous holdings, the amendment to the motion came too late in any event. Dutton v. Seevers, 89 Iowa, 302. The amendment was n0£ jn tbtis respect germane to anything covered by the original motion. The motion to strike appellee’s amended abstract is overruled.
Finding no prejudicial error, the judgment must be, and it is Affirmed.
Weaver, C. J., and Gaynor and Withrow, JJ., concur.