Whyte Monkee Productions LLC v. Netflix, Inc.

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 WHYTE MONKEE PRODUCTIONS LLC, Case No. 23-cv-03438-PCP et al., 8 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 9 DISMISS v. 10 NETFLIX, INC., 11 Defendant.

12 13 This case involves two different lawsuits in two different courts, each arising from the 14 same series of events surrounding Netflix’s production of the documentary series Tiger King. In 15 September 2020, plaintiffs Whyte Monkee Productions LLC and Timothy Sepi (collectively, 16 “plaintiffs”) sued Netflix, Inc. (“Netflix”) and Royal Goode Productions in the Western District of 17 Oklahoma alleging that Netflix displayed unauthorized derivatives of eight cinematographic works 18 owned by plaintiffs in violation of the federal Copyright Act. No. 5:20-cv-00933-D (W.D. Okla.). 19 Plaintiffs filed their second amended complaint in the Oklahoma litigation on December 13, 2021. 20 Id. at Dkt. No. 40. The Oklahoma district court granted summary judgment to Netflix with respect 21 to all eight videos, finding that plaintiffs did not own seven of the videos and that Netflix’s use of 22 the eighth video qualified as fair use. See Whyte Monkee Prods., LLC v. Netflix, Inc., 601 F. Supp. 23 3d 1117 (W.D. Okla. 2022). The court entered final judgment in accordance with its ruling on 24 April 27, 2022.1 25 1 On appeal, the Tenth Circuit affirmed the district court’s grant of summary judgment with 26 respect to the seven unowned videos but reversed with respect to the eighth video, remanding for further consideration of the fair use defense. Whyte Monkee Prods., LLC v. Netflix, Inc., 97 F.4th 27 699 (10th Cir. 2024). On May 13, 2024, the panel vacated its decision in part and agreed to rehear 1 Plaintiffs filed this lawsuit against Netflix in California state court in March 2023. The 2 complaint alleges that Netflix’s use in Tiger King of the eight videos at issue in the Oklahoma 3 litigation also supports claims by them and against Netflix under the copyright laws of Australia, 4 Great Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, and Spain.2 5 After Netflix removed this case to federal court and this Court denied plaintiffs’ motion to remand, 6 Netflix moved to dismiss, arguing that res judicata/claim preclusion bars all of the claims in this 7 lawsuit. Because plaintiffs have failed to allege any cause of action that could not have been 8 litigated in the Oklahoma proceeding, their lawsuit is precluded by the final Oklahoma district 9 court judgment. Plaintiffs’ case is therefore dismissed with prejudice. 10 I. LEGAL STANDARD 11 In considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion contending that a complaint fails to state a claim 12 upon which relief may be granted, the Court must “accept all factual allegations in the complaint 13 as true and construe the pleadings in the light most favorable” to the nonmoving party. Rowe v. 14 Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp., 559 F.3d 1028, 1029–30 (9th Cir. 2009). While legal conclusions “can 15 provide the complaint’s framework,” the Court will not assume they are correct unless adequately 16 “supported by factual allegations.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, at 664 (2009). 17 On a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, materials outside the complaint can be considered if they are 18 incorporated by reference therein or otherwise judicially noticeable. See United States v. Ritchie, 19 342 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir. 2003) (“A [district] court may ... consider certain materials— 20 documents attached to the complaint, documents incorporated by reference in the complaint, or 21 matters of judicial notice—without converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary 22 judgment.”). Federal Rule of Evidence 201 permits judicial notice of “a fact that is not subject to 23 reasonable dispute” because it is “generally known.” This allows courts to “take judicial notice of 24 undisputed matters of public record, including documents on file in federal or state courts.” Harris 25 26 2 This Order cites to plaintiffs’ second amended complaint in the Oklahoma litigation as “Okla. 27 Compl.” No. 5:20-cv-00933-D (W.D. Okla.), Dkt. No. 40. This Order cites to the complaint in this 1 v. Cnty. of Orange, 682 F.3d 1126, 1131 (9th Cir. 2012) (internal citation omitted). 3 2 A court may properly dismiss a plaintiff’s claims under Rule 12(b)(6) if the claims are 3 barred by res judicata. See Scott v. Kuhlmann, 746 F.2d 1377, 1378 (9th Cir. 1984). “Under the 4 doctrine of claim preclusion, a final judgment forecloses ‘successive litigation of the very same 5 claim, whether or not relitigation of the claim raises the same issues as the earlier suit.’” Taylor v. 6 Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 892 (2008) (citing New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 748 (2001)). 7 Claim preclusion prevents “parties from contesting matters that they have had a full and fair 8 opportunity to litigate.” Id. (citing Montana v. United States, 440 U.S. 147, 153-54 (1979)). This 9 “opportunity to litigate” encompasses not only claims that were actually litigated but also those 10 claims that a party could have raised in a prior suit but failed to do so. See id. 11 “Although the Full Faith and Credit Clause does not apply to successive actions in federal 12 courts … the underlying principle of that clause does apply through the doctrine of res judicata.” 13 Harrah’s Club v. Van Blitter, 902 F.2d 774, 777 (9th Cir. 1990). Accordingly, where a party 14 asserts the defense of claim preclusion, courts apply the law of the forum in which the prior court 15 reached final judgment. Because the Western District of Oklahoma reached final judgment on 16 plaintiffs’ claims, this Court applies Tenth Circuit caselaw to the question of claim preclusion. 17 “To apply claim preclusion, three elements must exist: (1) a final judgment on the merits in 18 an earlier action; (2) identity of parties or privies in the two suits; and (3) identity of the cause of 19 action in both suits.” Lenox MacLaren Surgical Corp. v. Medtronic, Inc., 847 F.3d 1121, 1239 20 (10th Cir. 2017) (cleaned up). The third element is analyzed under a “transactional test,” which 21 asks whether the claim asserted in subsequent litigation arises out of “the same transaction, or 22 series of connected transactions as a previous suit.” Yapp v. Excel Corp., 186 F.3d 1222, 1227 23 (10th Cir. 1999) (cleaned up). Although courts have articulated different factors that can be 24 considered under this transactional test, the central question is whether the claims in the two suits 25 arise out of one “discrete and unitary factual occurrence.” Id. Courts will allow a second suit to 26 proceed only where that suit “raises new and independent claims, not part of the previous 27 1 transaction.” Hatch v. Boulder Town Council, 471 F.3d 1142, 1150 (10th Cir. 2006). 2 II. ANALYSIS 3 The Court’s analysis of the first two requirements for claim preclusion—a final merits 4 judgment and identify of the parties—is straightforward: This litigation involves plaintiffs and a 5 defendant that were all parties to a prior lawsuit that reached final judgment. In both suits, 6 plaintiffs Sepi and Whyte Monkee sued defendant Netflix. The Oklahoma district court rendered 7 final judgment after granting summary judgment for Netflix on all eight claims. 5:20-cv-00933-D 8 (W.D. Okla.), Dkt. No. 58; see Whyte Monkee, 601 F. Supp. 3d at 1139. Although that case is still 9 on appeal to the Tenth Circuit, the panel has not issued a mandate disturbing the district court’s 10 final judgment, and a federal court’s “final judgment retains all of its res judicata consequences 11 pending decision of the appeal.” Phelps v. Hamilton, 122 F.3d 1309, 1318 (10th Cir. 1997) 12 (quoting 18 C. Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 4433, at 308 13 (1981)). 14 The third requirement’s “transactional test” involves a “pragmatic” analysis considering 15 (1) “whether the facts are related in time, space, origin, or motivation,” (2) whether the two suits 16 might comprise “a convenient trial unit,” and (3) whether treating the suits as a single unit 17 “conforms to the parties’ expectations or business understanding or usage.” Yapp, 186 F.3d at 18 1227 (cleaned up). 19 Here, the Oklahoma lawsuit and this suit are clearly “related in time, space, origin, or 20 motivation.” Id. The only difference between the two complaints is the location where Netflix is 21 said to have published Tiger King. Plaintiffs’ two complaints otherwise arise from the same set of 22 “discrete and unitary factual occurrence[s],” id.: Mr. Sepi’s creation of the videos (Cal. Compl. at 23 8 ¶ 7; Okla. Compl. at 2-3 ¶¶ 10, 14), Netflix’s acquisition of “hard drives” containing those 24 videos (Cal. Compl. at 9 ¶ 12; Okla. Compl. at 4 ¶ 21), Netflix’s production of “derivative works” 25 as part of its Tiger King documentary series (Cal. Compl. at 9 ¶¶ 12-13; Okla. Compl. at 5 ¶ 28), 26 Netflix’s use of the same eight videos (Cal. Compl. at 8 ¶ 9; Okla Compl. at 3 ¶¶ 15, 16), and 27 Netflix’s unauthorized “display[] . . . and distribution[]” of those videos (Cal. Compl. at 10 ¶ 14; 1 alleged that defendants, lacking permission, “copied, prepared derivative works, distributed, 2 marketed, and published Clips of Plaintiffs’ Copyrighted works.” Okla. Compl. at 5 ¶¶ 26, 25. In 3 this suit, although the complaint never mentions “ownership,” its identification of plaintiffs as the 4 “legal authors,” coupled with claims of “unauthorized” distribution, necessarily implies a theory of 5 ownership. Cal. Compl. at 7–17 ¶¶ 21, 29, 37, 44, 52, 60, 68, 76, 84, 92, 100. In other words, both 6 suits arise from the same underlying facts and are premised on the same theory that Netflix did not 7 own the videos; that Netflix did not have authorization to publish the videos; and that Netflix 8 nonetheless used its online streaming platform to publish the videos. 9 Notwithstanding the two cases’ shared core of facts, plaintiffs assert that this suit is 10 different from the Oklahoma suit because in this case “the acts which give rise to liability occurred 11 in foreign nations and countries.” Cal. Compl. at 9 ¶ 13. As noted above, however, nearly all of 12 the alleged acts giving rise to Netflix’s purported liability are common across both suits, and the 13 only differing fact is the location where Netflix published the documentary. That difference, 14 standing alone, does not render the two cases unrelated “in time, space, origin, or motivation.” 15 Yapp, 186 F.3d at 1227. 16 The two lawsuits would also form a “convenient trial unit.” Id. at 1227. Nearly all of the 17 facts between the two suits are identical. The only real factual difference between the two is where 18 the distribution of the videos occurred, a relatively minor issue that would likely be undisputed. 19 The only legal difference between the two suits is what law applies to each form of distribution, 20 but given the factual overlap, the legal issues should be decided in tandem. For example, both suits 21 will turn in part on the issue of ownership. In Oklahoma, the district court dedicated 14 pages of 22 its order to analyzing whether Sepi could claim ownership of any of the videos under the work- 23 for-hire doctrine. Whyte Monkee, 601 F. Supp. 3d at 1128-34 (W.D. Okla. 2022). And this Court 24 has already concluded, in denying plaintiffs’ motion to remand, that “[u]nder each of the foreign 25 laws at issue, an essential element of a copyright claim is copyright ownership. … [and] the 26 question of ownership as between Mr. Sepi and Whyte Monkee would require application of the 27 Copyright Act’s work-for-hire provisions.” Whyte Monkee Productions LLC v. Netflix, Inc., ––– F. 1 convenient for one court to complete this analysis one time. Further, litigating all claims that arise 2 from the shared factual predicate underlying both lawsuits would also “conform[] to the parties’ 3 expectations” of how such litigation should progress. Yapp, 186 F.3d at 1227. Plaintiffs’ claims 4 rely on a single act of alleged improper publishing, and the parties should certainly expect all 5 claims arising out of that one act to proceed in tandem. 6 Plaintiffs next invoke the separate accrual doctrine to claim that the prior lawsuit does not 7 preclude this case. That doctrine provides that “[e]ach wrong gives rise to a discrete claim that 8 accrues at the time the wrong occurs.” Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., 572 U.S. 663, 671 9 (2014) (cleaned up). Relying on Media Rights Techs, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 922 F.3d 1014 (9th 10 Cir. 2019), plaintiffs argue that a new claim against Netflix arose each time it published Tiger 11 King in a new country, and that this case encompasses publications occurring after the filing of 12 their second amended complaint in the Oklahoma litigation. 13 Plaintiffs’ argument fails for multiple reasons. First, plaintiffs do not actually allege that 14 Netflix distributed Tiger King in any new countries after the filing of their second amended 15 complaint in the Oklahoma suit. So, even if Media Rights were on point, it would not support 16 plaintiffs’ preferred outcome.4 Second, plaintiffs’ reliance on Media Rights is misplaced because 17 the central copyright issue here involves ownership, not republication. In Media Rights, plaintiff 18 Media Rights Technologies (“MRT”) sued defendant Microsoft alleging that Microsoft had 19 improperly used MRT’s software code in Microsoft products. Id. at 1019. The parties dismissed 20 their first patent infringement suit with prejudice pursuant to a settlement agreement. Id. MRT 21 then sued Microsoft a second time because, while the first suit was pending, MRT discovered that 22 Microsoft had continued to sell the infringing products. Id. at 1019-20. The Court held that MRTs 23 claims in the second suit were not precluded because “the separate-accrual rule means that a new 24 cause of action for copyright infringement accrued each time Microsoft sold an allegedly 25 4 As early as December 30, 2020, plaintiffs were aware that Netflix distributed Tiger King to an 26 international audience. In opposing Netflix’s motion to transfer, plaintiffs stated, “[t]he more significant acts of infringement … are the acts of streaming the Documentary containing 27 infringing Copyrighted Clips to viewers across the world.” No. 5:20-cv-00933-D (W.D. Okla.), 1 infringing product.” Id. at 1023. The Court concluded that only sales that occurred prior to the 2 filing of the first case were barred. 3 Media Rights was a case about improper copying in which neither party disputed 4 ownership. By contrast, plaintiffs’ claims rise or fall on the question of ownership, which accrue 5 only once—namely, at the time “when plain and express repudiation of co-ownership is 6 communicated to the claimant.” Seven Arts Filmed Ent. Ltd. v. Content Media Corp. PLC, 733 7 F.3d 1251, 1254 (9th Cir. 2013) (cleaned up); see also Consumer Health Info. Corp. v. Amylin 8 Pharms., Inc., 819 F.3d 992, 886 (7th Cir. 2016). The Tenth Circuit endorsed this approach to 9 copyright cases involving ownership claims in Stan Lee Media, Inc. v. Walt Disney Co., 774 F.3d 10 1292 (10th Cir. 2014). Stan Lee sued Disney, claiming ownership of various Marvel characters. 11 Id. at 1299. Lee’s claimed ownership interest “stemm[ed] from a contractual assignment.” Id. at 12 1300 n.4. The Tenth Circuit held that Lee’s cause of action accrued in 2011 when he “expressly 13 repudiated” that contractual agreement. The Court dismissed his claim because “[w]here 14 ownership is the basis of the copyright dispute, [the] ‘accrual-upon-express-repudiation’ rule 15 prohibits infringement actions when the freestanding ownership action would be time-barred.” Id. 16 (citations omitted). Thus, under either Ninth or Tenth Circuit caselaw, plaintiffs’ foreign copyright 17 claims accrued when Netflix repudiated plaintiffs’ ownership interest in seven of the videos at 18 issue. Netflix did this no later than December 2020 when it asserted in its Answer that plaintiffs 19 lacked standing for want of any ownership interest in the videos. Plaintiffs filed their second 20 amended complaint with the Oklahoma district court one year later, after any foreign infringement 21 claim arising from Netflix’s alleged non-ownership of the videos had already accrued. 22 Finally, plaintiffs argue that even if the requirements for claim preclusion are generally 23 satisfied, their foreign copyright infringement claims are not precluded because the Oklahoma 24 court lacked jurisdiction over those claims. 25 If a party could not have brought a particular claim in prior litigation, that party will not be 26 precluded from litigating it in a subsequent suit where it can be pursued. Strickland v. City of 27 Albuquerque, 130 F.3d 1408, 1412 (10th Cir. 1997) (“If … the court in the first action would 1 competent court presenting the omitted theory … [is] not precluded.”). Accordingly, if the initial 2 court lacked jurisdiction over a claim pursued in a subsequent suit, a final judgment in the first 3 lawsuit will not have preclusive effect in the second suit. 4 Plaintiffs suggest that this exception applies here. Plaintiffs do not contest the Oklahoma 5 court’s subject matter jurisdiction but contend that the Court lacked personal jurisdiction over 6 Netflix with respect to plaintiffs’ foreign copyright infringement claims. 7 The Oklahoma district court’s jurisdiction was co-terminus with that of the Oklahoma state 8 courts. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(k)(1). Oklahoma’s long-arm jurisdictional statute authorizes courts to 9 “exercise jurisdiction on any basis consistent with the … Constitution of the United States.” Okla. 10 Stat. Ann., tit. 12 § 2004(F). The Constitution requires a defendant to have “certain minimum 11 contacts with the [forum] state.” Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 12 923 (2011) (cleaned up) (quoting International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 13 (1945)). Personal jurisdiction under the “minimum contacts” test comes in two forms: general or 14 specific. Netflix is neither incorporated nor headquartered in Oklahoma and thus is not “at home” 15 for the purposes of general personal jurisdiction. Id. at 924. But the Oklahoma district court likely 16 would have had specific personal jurisdiction over the foreign copyright claims because, as 17 outlined above, the foreign copyright claims arise from the same facts as those alleged in the 18 Oklahoma litigation. Both suits allege a collaboration between Netflix and Royal Goode, in which 19 Royal Goode filmed in and acquired the eight videos from the Garold Wayne Zoological Park in 20 Oklahoma. See Cal. Compl. at 7–9 ¶¶1,12; Whyte Monkee, 601 F. Supp. 3d at 1125. If the 21 relationship between Netflix and Royal Goode was sufficient to subject Netflix to specific 22 personal jurisdiction in Oklahoma for the domestic copyright claims, it was likely sufficient for 23 the foreign copyright claims as well. 24 In any event, even if Netflix’s contacts with Oklahoma alone were insufficient for the 25 Oklahoma court to exercise jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ foreign copyright claims, the court would 26 have had pendent personal jurisdiction over those claims. “[O]nce a district court has personal 27 jurisdiction over a defendant for one claim, it may piggyback onto that claim other claims over 1 facts as the claim over which it has proper personal jurisdiction.” United States v. Botefuhr, 309 2 F.3d 1263, 1272 (0th Cir. 2002); see also Action Embroidery Corp. v. Atlantic Embroidery, Inc., 3 368 F.3d 1174, 1180 (9th Cir. 2004) (“[A] court may assert pendent personal jurisdiction over a 4 || defendant with respect to a claim for which there is no independent basis of personal jurisdiction 5 so long as it arises out of a common nucleus of operative facts with a claim in the same suit over 6 || which the court does have personal jurisdiction.”). As already noted, the domestic and foreign 7 copyright claims both arise from the same common nucleus of fact: the ownership, creation, and 8 distribution of the Tiger King series across the same streaming platform. Thus, even if there were 9 || not an independent basis for the Oklahoma federal court to adjudicate plaintiffs’ foreign copyright 10 || claims, once the district court acquired personal jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ domestic copyright 11 claims it had the power to exercise pendent personal jurisdiction over the foreign claims should 12 || plaintiffs have chosen to pursue them. 5 13 Wl. CONCLUSION 14 Because plaintiffs assert claims against Netflix in this lawsuit that they could and should 3 15 have asserted in their prior lawsuit against Netflix, and because that prior lawsuit has reached final a 16 || judgment, this suit is barred by the doctrine of claim preclusion. The Court GRANTS Netflix’s 3 17 motion and dismisses all claims against Netflix with prejudice. IT IS SO ORDERED. 19 Dated: November 22, 2024 20 Ze. 21 L Coy 9 P. Casey Fitts United States District Judge 23 24 25 26 27 28